Astronomy:List of largest nebulae

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NGC 604, one of largest nebulae (H II region) is located in the Triangulum Galaxy (viewed by the Hubble Space Telescope).

Below is a list of the largest known nebulae so far discovered, ordered by actual diameter. This list is prone to change because of inconsistencies between studies, the great distances of nebulae from our stellar neighborhood, and the constant refinement of technology and engineering.

Caveats

Nebulae have no standardized boundaries, so the measurements are subject to revision. Furthermore, scientists are still defining the features and parameters of nebulae. Because of these rapid developments and adjustments, this list may be unreliable.

Lyman alpha nebulae around quasars can have sizes between 15 kpc and 460 kpc.[1] Especially large Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN) can have large sizes of ≳100 kpc.[2] Farina et al. 2019 table 5 has an extensive compilation of Lyman alpha nebulae around quasars.[1] For now this list contains only the largest ELANs, with sizes larger than 300 kpc.

List

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
List of the largest nebulae
Image Nebula Maximum dimension
(in light-years/parsecs) 		Type Notes
Abell 3391/3395 ICM[3] 49,000,000 ly (15,000,000 pc)[3] Intracluster medium (ICM) Continuous warm-hot emission filament between two galaxy clusters.
Abell 1659S ICM[4] 2,413,000 ly (740,000 pc)[4] Intracluster medium (ICM) One of the gas clumps of the Abell 1659 galaxy cluster.
Abell 1659N ICM[4] 1,618,000 ly (496,000 pc)[4] Intracluster medium (ICM) One of the gas clumps of the Abell 1659 galaxy cluster.
Slug Nebula[5] 1,500,000 ly (460,000 pc)[6] Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN) Around the quasar UM287 at around z=2.3. Cosmic filament illuminated by the quasar.
MAMMOTH-1 1,441,000 ly (442,000 pc)[7] Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN) The nebula is associated with the galaxy overdensity BOSS1441,[7] which is a protocluster at z=2.3. The nebula represents the circumgalactic medium. Its emission is powered by starburst and an obscured AGN. One of the most extended ELAN discovered as of 2019.[8]
99px NGC 262 Halo Cloud 1,300,000 ly (400,000 pc)[9] H I region Spiral nebula surrounding NGC 262, which is one of the largest known galaxies.
99x99px Ivory Nebula 1,190,500 ly (365,000 pc)[2] Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN) Also called MLAN1 at z=2.31. Another ELAN, called MLAN 10 is nearby.
99x99px Q0042−2627 nebula 1,040,000 ly (320,000 pc)[5] Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN) Around the quasar LBQS 0042-2627, at z=3.280
Jackpot Nebula[10] 1,010,000 ly (310,000 pc)[11] Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN) Four quasars embedded in the nebula. Likely progenitor of a massive galaxy cluster at z=2.05.
99x99px Fabulous Nebula[12] 969,000 ly (297,000 pc)[13] Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN) Also called SDSS J1020+1040 nebula, after the central quasar (aka 4C 10.29), located at z=3.164. Inspiraling material.[13] Will likely evolve into an elliptical galaxy.[12]
99px Leo Ring 650,000 ly (200,000 pc)[14] HVC A large ring of cold gas that formed from a collision of two galaxies.[15]
99px Magellanic Stream 600,000 ly (180,000 pc)[16] complex of HVCs Connects the Large and Small Magellanic clouds; extends across 180° of the sky.
99x99px filament near TXS 0206-048 391,000 ly (120,000 pc)[17] [O II] nebula Longest cool filament near a quasar as of 2022. Quasar is located at z=1.13. Filament is accreted into the galaxy and subsequently to the quasar.
99x99px EELR of 3C 458 363,000 ly (111,000 pc)[18] emission line nebula The size is likely larger. The paper only describes the maximal distance to the nucleus and not the entire size.
99x99px nebula around the Teacup galaxy 363,000 ly (111,000 pc)[19] ionized nebula part of the circumgalactic medium around the Teacup galaxy, illuminated by the AGN
99px Lyman-alpha blob 1 300,000 ly (92,000 pc)[20] LαB
99px Himiko Gas Cloud 55,000 ly (17,000 pc)[21] Intergalactic cloud
(possible LαB) 		One of the most massive lyman-alpha blobs known
HVC 127-41-330 20,000 ly (6,100 pc)[22] HVC
99px Smith's Cloud 9,800 ly (3,000 pc)[23] HVC Extends about 20° of the sky
99px Tarantula Nebula 1,895 ly (581 pc)[24][lower-alpha 1] H II region Most active starburst region in the Local Group
99px NGC 604 1,520 ly (470 pc)[25][26][lower-alpha 2] H II region Largest H II region located in the Triangulum Galaxy
99px N44 1,000 ly (310 pc)[27] Emission nebula Contains a 250 light year wide superbubble that was probably formed from stellar winds.[28]
99px N11 1,000 ly (310 pc)[29] H II region N11 is the second largest star formation region in the Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy.
99px NGC 2404 940 ly (290 pc) H II region Largest H II region located in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403
99px NGC 595 880 ly (270 pc)[30] H II region Contains massive stars that have strong stellar winds.
99px Ring Nebula (NGC 6822) 838 ly (257 pc) H II region The Ring Nebula is located in the lower right of the image
99px Gum Nebula 809–950 ly (248–291 pc)[31][32] Emission nebula Extends about 36° of the sky
99px Bubble Nebula (NGC 6822) 758 ly (232 pc)[33][34][35] H II region The Bubble Nebula is located in the upper left of the image
99px NGC 6188 600 ly (180 pc)[36] Emission nebula
99px NGC 592 580 ly (180 pc)[37][38] H II region Located in the Triangulum Galaxy
99x99px Cygnus X 560 ly (170 pc) radio and infrared emission nebula[39] Cygnus X is relative nearby, but hidden behind dark clouds, dimensions on the sky are 7° x 7°[40] and distance is 1400 pc[39]
99x99px Sh2-310 531–681 ly (163–209 pc)[41][lower-alpha 3] H II region Nebula surrounding VY Canis Majoris, which is one of largest known stars.
99px Carina Nebula 460 ly (140 pc)[42] H II region Nearest giant H II region to Earth
99px Dragonfish Nebula 450 ly (140 pc)[43] Emission nebula
99px N119 430–570 ly (131–175 pc)[44] H II region Peculiar S-shape
99px RCW 49 350 ly (110 pc)[45] H II region
99px Soul Nebula 330 ly (100 pc)[46] H II region
99px Heart Nebula 330 ly (100 pc)[47] H II region Has been named the “Heart nebula” because of its resemblance to a human heart.
99px Henize 70 (N70 or DEM L301)[48] 300 ly (92 pc)[49] H II region The N 70 Nebula, in the Large Magellanic Cloud has a shell structure and is really a bubble in space. It is a "Super Bubble".
99px Barnard's Loop 300 ly (92 pc)[50][51] H II region Supernova over the last 4 million years probably carved cavities in gas clouds forming the semi circle shape of Barnard's loop.
99px Sh2-54 252 ly (77 pc)[52][53] H II region
99px Prawn Nebula 250 ly (77 pc)[54] H II region
99px Simeis 147 160 ly (49 pc)[55] Supernova remnant
99px NGC 7822 150 ly (46 pc)[56] Emission nebula
99px IC 2944 Emission nebula
99px Eagle Nebula 140 ly (43 pc)[57] H II region Part of another diffuse nebula IC 4703.
99px Rosette Nebula 130 ly (40 pc)[58] H II region Only 36 stars were known to be in this nebula but the Chandra telescope increased the number of known stars to 160.
99px Lagoon Nebula 110 ly (34 pc)[59] H II region
99px Veil Nebula 100–130 ly (31–40 pc)[60] Supernova remnant Located in the Cygnus Loop
99px NGC 3576 100 ly (31 pc)[61] Emission nebula
99px N41 100 ly (31 pc)[62] Emission nebula
The following well-known nebulae are listed for the purpose of comparison.
99px Orion Nebula 20 ly (6.132 pc)[63] Diffuse Nebula The closest major star formation region to Earth.[64]
99px Crab Nebula 11 ly (3.4 pc)[65] Supernova remnant The remnant of a supernova that occurred in 1054 AD.[66]
99px Bubble Nebula 6[67]-10[68][69] ly (1.84-3.066 pc) Emission nebula
99px Helix Nebula 5.74 ly (1.76 pc)[70] Emission nebula
99px Eightburst Nebula 0.8 ly (0.2453 pc)[71] Emission nebula
99px Homunculus Nebula 0.58 ly (0.1778 pc) [72] Emission nebula Surrounds the star system Eta Carinae.
99px Stingray Nebula 0.16 ly (0.049 pc)[73] Emission nebula One of the smallest nebulae.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ distance × sin( diameter_angle ) = 1,895 ly
  2. ↑ distance × sin( diameter_angle ) = 1,520 ly
  3. ↑ Those measurements are based on an apparent diameter of 480 arcminutes (') plus an assumed distance of 1.5 kpc and the current distance of VY CMa which is about 1.17 kpc as the nebula is sometimes found to have the same distance as VY CMa.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Farina, Emanuele Paolo; Arrigoni-Battaia, Fabrizio; Costa, Tiago; Walter, Fabian; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Drake, Alyssa B.; Decarli, Roberto; Gutcke, Thales A. et al. (2019-12-01). "The REQUIEM Survey. I. A Search for Extended Lyα Nebular Emission Around 31 z > 5.7 Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal 887 (2): 196. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab5847. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2019ApJ...887..196F. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Li, Mingyu; Zhang, Haibin; Cai, Zheng; Liang, Yongming; Kashikawa, Nobunari; Ma, Ke; Fan, Xiaohui; Prochaska, J. Xavier et al. (2024-12-01). "MAMMOTH-Subaru. II. Diverse Populations of Circumgalactic Lyα Nebulae at Cosmic Noon". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 275 (2): 27. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad812c. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2024ApJS..275...27L. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Reiprich, T. H. et al. (2021). "The Abell 3391/95 galaxy cluster system". Astronomy & Astrophysics 647: A2. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039590. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Tiwari, Juhi; Singh, Kulinder Pal (2022). "The complex intracluster medium of Abell 1569 and its interaction with central radio galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 509 (3): 3321–3338. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3188. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Borisova, Elena; Cantalupo, Sebastiano; Lilly, Simon J.; Marino, Raffaella A.; Gallego, Sofia G.; Bacon, Roland; Blaizot, Jeremy; Bouché, Nicolas et al. (2016-11-01). "Ubiquitous Giant Lyα Nebulae around the Brightest Quasars at z ∼ 3.5 Revealed with MUSE". The Astrophysical Journal 831 (1): 39. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/1/39. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...831...39B. 
  6. ↑ Cantalupo, Sebastiano; Arrigoni-Battaia, Fabrizio; Prochaska, J. Xavier; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Madau, Piero (2014-02-01). "A cosmic web filament revealed in Lyman-α emission around a luminous high-redshift quasar". Nature 506 (7486): 63–66. doi:10.1038/nature12898. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24463517. Bibcode: 2014Natur.506...63C. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.506...63C/abstract. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cai, Zheng; Fan, Xiaohui; Yang, Yujin; Bian, Fuyan; Prochaska, J. Xavier; Zabludoff, Ann; McGreer, Ian; Zheng, Zhen-Ya et al. (2017-03-01). "Discovery of an Enormous Lyα Nebula in a Massive Galaxy Overdensity at z = 2.3". The Astrophysical Journal 837 (1): 71. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa5d14. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...837...71C. 
  8. ↑ Emonts, Bjorn H. C.; Cai, Zheng; Prochaska, J. Xavier; Li, Qiong; Lehnert, Matthew D. (2019-12-01). "The Cold Circumgalactic Environment of MAMMOTH-I: Dynamically Cold Gas in the Core of an Enormous Lyα Nebula". The Astrophysical Journal 887 (1): 86. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab45f4. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2019ApJ...887...86E. 
  9. ↑ "The New York Times". Distant galaxy found to be largest known. 1987-03-13. https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/13/us/distant-galaxy-found-to-be-largest-known.html. 
  10. ↑ Cai, Zheng; Fan, Xiaohui; Peirani, Sebastien; Bian, Fuyan; Frye, Brenda; McGreer, Ian; Prochaska, J. Xavier; Lau, Marie Wingyee et al. (2016-12-01). "Mapping the Most Massive Overdensity Through Hydrogen (MAMMOTH) I: Methodology". The Astrophysical Journal 833 (2): 135. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/135. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...833..135C. 
  11. ↑ Hennawi, Joseph F.; Prochaska, J. Xavier; Cantalupo, Sebastiano; Arrigoni-Battaia, Fabrizio (2015-05-01). "Quasar quartet embedded in giant nebula reveals rare massive structure in distant universe". Science 348 (6236): 779–783. doi:10.1126/science.aaa5397. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25977547. Bibcode: 2015Sci...348..779H. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Sci...348..779H/abstract. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Arrigoni Battaia, Fabrizio; Chen, Chian-Chou; Liu, Hau-Yu Baobab; De Breuck, Carlos; Galametz, Maud; Fumagalli, Michele; Yang, Yujin; Zanella, Anita et al. (2022-05-01). "A Multiwavelength Study of ELAN Environments (AMUSE2). Mass Budget, Satellites Spin Alignment, and Gas Infall in a Massive z 3 Quasar Host Halo". The Astrophysical Journal 930 (1): 72. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac5a4d. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...930...72A. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Arrigoni Battaia, Fabrizio; Prochaska, J. Xavier; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Obreja, Aura; Buck, Tobias; Cantalupo, Sebastiano; Dutton, Aaron A.; Macciò, Andrea V. (2018-01-01). "Inspiraling halo accretion mapped in Ly α emission around a z ∼ 3 quasar". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 473 (3): 3907–3940. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2465. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2018MNRAS.473.3907A. 
  14. ↑ "The mysterious Leo giant gas ring explained by a billion year old collision between two galaxies". Canada France Hawaii Telescope. 2010. http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/en/news/LeoRing/. 
  15. ↑ "News CFHT - Leo Ring is a remnant of an old galaxy collision". https://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/en/news/LeoRing/. 
  16. ↑ COSMOS - The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy. Swinburne University of Technology. 
  17. ↑ Johnson, Sean D.; Schaye, Joop; Walth, Gregory L.; Li, Jennifer I. -Hsiu; Rudie, Gwen C.; Chen, Hsiao-Wen; Chen, Mandy C.; Epinat, Benoît et al. (2022-12-01). "Directly Tracing Cool Filamentary Accretion over >100 kpc into the Interstellar Medium of a Quasar Host at z = 1". The Astrophysical Journal 940 (2): L40. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aca28e. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...940L..40J. 
  18. ↑ Balmaverde, B.; Capetti, A.; Marconi, A.; Venturi, G.; Chiaberge, M.; Baldi, R. D.; Baum, S.; Gilli, R. et al. (2019-12-01). "The MURALES survey. II. Presentation of MUSE observations of 20 3C low-z radio galaxies and first results". Astronomy and Astrophysics 632: A124. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935544. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2019A&A...632A.124B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019A&A...632A.124B. 
  19. ↑ Martin, Montserrat Villar; Lavers, Antonio Cabrera; Humphrey, Andrew; Silva, Marckelson; Almeida, Cristina Ramos; Piqueras, Javier; Emonts, Bjorn (2018-02-21). "A 100 kpc nebula associated with the "Teacup" fading quasar". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 474 (2): 2302–2312. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2911. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  20. ↑ "Giant Space Blob Glows from Within". ESO Press Release. 17 August 2011. http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1130/. 
  21. ↑ Hsu, Jeremy (2009-04-22). "Giant Mystery Blob Discovered Near Dawn of Time". SPACE.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/090422-space-blob.html. 
  22. ↑ Josh Simon (Spring 2005). Dark Matter in Dwarf Galaxies: Observational Tests of the Cold Dark Matter Paradigm on Small Scales (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley. Bibcode:2005PhDT.........2S. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2006.
  23. ↑ Lockman, Felix J.; Benjamin, Robert A.; Heroux, A. J.; Langston, Glen I. (May 2008). "The Smith Cloud: A High-Velocity Cloud Colliding with the Milky Way". The Astrophysical Journal 679 (1): L21. doi:10.1086/588838. Bibcode: 2008ApJ...679L..21L. 
  24. ↑ "Results for Tarantula Nebula". http://messier.seds.org/xtra/ngc/n2070.html. "30 Doradus .. 49 kpc +- 3 kpc" 
  25. ↑ Barba, Rodolfo (2004). "An in-depth analysis of a prototypical giant H II region: NGC 604". HST Proposal ID #10419: 10419. Bibcode: 2004hst..prop10419B. 
  26. ↑ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 604. http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/. 
  27. ↑ "Roses in the Southern Sky". ESO. 3 November 2003. http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0332/. 
  28. ↑ "Mysterious "Superbubble" Hollows Out Nebula in New Hubble Image - NASA Science" (in en-US). 2 November 2021. https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/mysterious-asuperbubblea-hollows-out-nebula-in-new-hubble-image/. 
  29. ↑ "N11 complex in LMC". astronomy and observation. http://astronomyandobservation.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/n11-complex-in-lmc.html. 
  30. ↑ "NGC 595: A Great Diffuse Nebula in M33". http://messier.seds.org/more/m033_n595.html. 
  31. ↑ Sushch, I.; Hnatyk, B.; Neronov, A. (2011). "Modeling of the Vela complex including the Vela supernova remnant, the binary system γ2 Velorum, and the Gum nebula". Astronomy and Astrophysics 525: A154. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015346. Bibcode: 2011A&A...525A.154S. 
  32. ↑ "result for Gum 12". Galaxy Map. http://galaxymap.org/cgi-bin/details.py?id=27340&t=hii&s=4_p29.0xp31.0&name=Gum%2012. 
  33. ↑ Karachentsev et al. 2004
  34. ↑ Karachentsev & Kashibadze 2006
  35. ↑ Cannon et al. 2006
  36. ↑ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: NGC 6188: Dragons of Ara (7 June 2022)
  37. ↑ "NGC 592 NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database Results". http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/?q=byname&out_equinox=J2000.0&of=pre_text&out_csys=Equatorial&omegav=0.73&omegam=0.27&obj_sort=RA%20or%20Longitude&img_stamp=YES&objname=NGC%20592&corr_z=1&hconst=73&extend=no&list_limit=5. 
  38. ↑ "Site of Professor C. Seligman: NGC 550 - 599" (in en-US). http://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc5a.htm#592. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Rygl, K. L. J.; Brunthaler, A.; Sanna, A.; Menten, K. M.; Reid, M. J.; van Langevelde, H. J.; Honma, M.; Torstensson, K. J. E. et al. (March 2012). "Parallaxes and proper motions of interstellar masers toward the Cygnus X star-forming complex. I. Membership of the Cygnus X region" (in en). Astronomy and Astrophysics 539: A79. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118211. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2012A&A...539A..79R. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...539A..79R/abstract. 
  40. ↑ Beerer, I. M.; Koenig, X. P.; Hora, J. L.; Gutermuth, R. A.; Bontemps, S.; Megeath, S. T.; Schneider, N.; Motte, F. et al. (September 2010). "A Spitzer View of Star Formation in the Cygnus X North Complex" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 720 (1): 679–693. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/720/1/679. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...720..679B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...720..679B/abstract. 
  41. ↑ Sharpless, Stewart (1959). "A Catalogue of H II Regions". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 4: 257. doi:10.1086/190049. Bibcode: 1959ApJS....4..257S. 
  42. ↑ "NGC 3372 - The Eta Carinae Nebula". http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/nebulae/ngc3372.html. 
  43. ↑ "Dragonfish Coming at You in Infrared". https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/spitzer/multimedia/pia14885.html. 
  44. ↑ Ambrocio-Cruz, P.; Rosado, M.; Laval, A.; Le Coarer, E.; Russeil, D.; Amram, P. (July 22, 2008). "Kinematic field of the S-shaped nebula N119 in the LMC". Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica 44: 355. Bibcode: 2008RMxAA..44..355A. http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rmaa/v44n2/v44n2a10.pdf. 
  45. ↑ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Cosmic Construction Zone RCW 49 (3 June 2004)
  46. ↑ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Deep Field: W5: The Soul Nebula (14 March 2023)
  47. ↑ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Deep Field: The Heart Nebula (13 December 2023)
  48. ↑ "N70. HENIZE 70 – Astrodrudis". https://astrodrudis.com/n70-henize-70/. 
  49. ↑ "N70 Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud". https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso9948d/. 
  50. ↑ Wilson, B.A.; Dame, T.M.; Masheder, M.R.W.; Thaddeus, P. (2005). "A uniform CO survey of the molecular clouds in Orion and Monoceros". Astronomy and Astrophysics 430 (2): 523–539. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035943. Bibcode: 2005A&A...430..523W. http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=bibcode&Itemid=129&bibcode=2005A%2526A...430..523WFUL. Retrieved 2018-11-15. 
  51. ↑ O'Dell, C.R.; Ferland, G.J.; Porter, R.L.; van Hoof, P.A.M. (2011). "Physical Conditions in Barnard's Loop, Components of the Orion-eridanus Bubble, and Implications for the Warm Ionized Medium Component of the Interstellar Medium". The Astrophysical Journal 733 (1): 9. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/733/1/9. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...733....9O. 
  52. ↑ Sharpless, Stewart (December 1959). "A Catalogue of H II Regions". Astrophysical Journal Supplement 4: 257. doi:10.1086/190049. Bibcode: 1959ApJS....4..257S. 
  53. ↑ Reipurth, B. (December 2008). "The Young Cluster NGC 6604 and the Serpens OB2 Association". Handbook of Star Forming Regions, Volume II: The Southern Sky 5: 590. Bibcode: 2008hsf2.book..590R. 
  54. ↑ "Cosmic Recycling". http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1535/. 
  55. ↑ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Supernova Remnant Simeis 147 (13 January 2022)
  56. ↑ Seligman, Courtney. "New General Catalogue objects: NGC 7800 - 7840". http://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc78.htm#7822. 
  57. ↑ "Messier 16". http://messier.seds.org/m/m016.html. 
  58. ↑ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: The Rosette Nebula (14 February 2012)
  59. ↑ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: The Lagoon Nebula without Stars (8 August 2022)
  60. ↑ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Western Veil Nebula without Stars (18 October 2023)
  61. ↑ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: NGC 3576: The Statue of Liberty Nebula (28 September 2016)
  62. ↑ Henize, Karl G. (September 1956). "Catalogues of Hα-emission Stars and Nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 2: 315. doi:10.1086/190025. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 1956ApJS....2..315H. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1086/190025. 
  63. ↑ Hillenbrand, Lynne A.; Hartmann, Lee W. (1998-01-10). "A Preliminary Study of the Orion Nebula Cluster Structure and Dynamics" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 492 (2): 540–553. doi:10.1086/305076. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1998ApJ...492..540H. 
  64. ↑ "Messier 42 (The Orion Nebula) - NASA Science" (in en-US). 19 October 2017. https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/science/explore-the-night-sky/hubble-messier-catalog/messier-42/. 
  65. ↑ Hester, J. Jeff (2008-09-01). "The Crab Nebula: An Astrophysical Chimera" (in en). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 46 (1): 127–155. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110608. ISSN 0066-4146. Bibcode: 2008ARA&A..46..127H. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110608. 
  66. ↑ "Messier 1 (The Crab Nebula) - NASA Science" (in en-US). 19 October 2017. https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/science/explore-the-night-sky/hubble-messier-catalog/messier-1/. 
  67. ↑ HubbleSite 2000.
  68. ↑ Nemiroff & Bonnell 2005.
  69. ↑ Nemiroff & Bonnell 2006.
  70. ↑ O'Dell, C. R.; McCullough, Peter R.; Meixner, Margaret (2004). "Unraveling the Helix Nebula: Its Structure and Knots". The Astronomical Journal 128 (5): 2339–2356. doi:10.1086/424621. Bibcode: 2004AJ....128.2339O. 
  71. ↑ Belland, Brent; Kirby, Evan; Boylan-Kolchin, Michael; Wheeler, Coral (2020-10-26). "NGC 6822 as a Probe of Dwarf Galactic Evolution". The Astrophysical Journal 903 (1): 10. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb5f4. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...903...10B. 
  72. ↑ Abraham, Zulema; Falceta-Gonçalves, Diego; Beaklini, Pedro P. B. (2014). "Η Carinae Baby Homunculus Uncovered by A/km/kmLMA". The Astrophysical Journal 791 (2): 95. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/95. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...791...95A. 
  73. ↑ Bobrowsky, M. (1994). "Narrowband HST imagery of the young planetary nebula Henize 1357". The Astrophysical Journal 426: L47–L50. doi:10.1086/187336. Bibcode: 1994ApJ...426L..47B. 

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