Astronomy:WASP-121b

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Short description: Hot Jupiter exoplanet orbiting WASP-121
WASP-121b / Tylos
WASP-121b 01.jpg
Artist's impression of WASP-121b and its host star
Discovery[1]
Discovered byL. Delrez et al.
Discovery date2015
Transit
Designations
Tylos[2]
Orbital characteristics[3]
0.02596+0.00043
−0.00063 astronomical unit|AU
Eccentricity<0.0032
Orbital period1.27492504(15) d
Inclination88.49°±0.16°
10°±10°
StarWASP-121
Physical characteristics[3]
Mean radius1.753±0.036 RJ
Mass1.157±0.070 Jupiter mass
Mean density0.266+0.024
−0.022 g/cm3
9.33+0.71
−0.67 m/s2 (0.95 g)
Physics2602±53 K (2,329 °C; 4,224 °F)[4]


WASP-121b, formally named Tylos,[2] is an exoplanet orbiting the star WASP-121.[5][6] WASP-121b is the first exoplanet found to contain water in an extrasolar planetary stratosphere (i.e., an atmospheric layer in which temperatures increase as the altitude increases).[5][6] WASP-121b is in the constellation Puppis,[7] and is about 858 light-years from Earth.[8][5][9]

Nomenclature

In August 2022, this planet and its host star were included among 20 systems to be named by the third NameExoWorlds project.[10] The approved names, proposed by a team from Bahrain, were announced in June 2023. WASP-121b is named Tylos after the ancient Greek name for Bahrain, and its host star is named Dilmun after the ancient civilization.[2]

Characteristics

WASP-121b - computer simulated views (August 2018)

WASP-121b is a hot Jupiter exoplanet with a mass about 1.16 times that of Jupiter and a radius about 1.75 times that of Jupiter. The exoplanet orbits WASP-121, its host star, every 1.27 days.[3]

In 2019 a work by Hellard et al. discussed the possibility of measuring the Love number of transiting hot Jupiters using HST/STIS. A tentative measurement of [math]\displaystyle{ h_2=1.4\pm0.8 }[/math] for WASP-121b was published in the same work.[11][12]

The planetary orbit is inclined to the equatorial plane of the star by 8.1°.[13]

Atmospheric composition

A spectral survey in 2015 attributed 2,500 °C (4,530 °F), hot[5] stratosphere absorption bands to water molecules, titanium(II) oxide (TiO) and vanadium(II) oxide (VO).[14] Neutral iron was also detected in the stratosphere of WASP-121b in 2020,[15][16] along with neutral chromium and vanadium.[17] The detection claims of titanium(II) oxide (TiO) and vanadium(II) oxide (VO) have since been disproved.[6][18][19][20]

Reanalysis of aggregated spectral data was published in June 2020. Neutral magnesium, calcium, vanadium, chromium, iron, and nickel, along with ionized sodium atoms, were detected. The low quality of available data preclude a positive identification of any molecular species, including water. The atmosphere appears to be significantly out of chemical equilibrium and possibly escaping.[21] The strong atmospheric flows beyond the Roche lobe, indicating ongoing atmosphere loss, were confirmed in late 2020.[13]

In 2021, the planetary atmosphere turned out to be slightly more blue and less absorbing, which may be an indication of planetary weather patterns.[22] By mid-2021, the presence of ions of iron, chromium, vanadium and calcium in the planetary atmosphere was confirmed.[23] In 2022, barium was also detected.[24] By 2022, an absence of titanium in the planetary atmosphere was confirmed and attributed to the nightside condensation of highly refractory titanium dioxide.[25]

Observations by the Hubble Space Telescope from 2016-2019, published in 2024, confirm variability in the atmosphere of WASP-121b.[26][27]

Possible exomoon

The sodium detected via absorption spectroscopy around WASP-121b[21] is consistent with an extrasolar gas torus, possibly fueled by a hidden exo-Io.[28]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Delrez, L.; Santerne, A.; Almenara, J.-M.; Anderson, D. R.; Collier-Cameron, A.; Díaz, R. F.; Gillon, M.; Hellier, C. et al. (2015), "WASP-121 b: A hot Jupiter close to tidal disruption transiting an active F star", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 458 (4): 4025–4043, doi:10.1093/mnras/stw522, Bibcode: 2016MNRAS.458.4025D 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "2022 Approved Names". IAU. https://www.nameexoworlds.iau.org/2022approved-names. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bourrier, V. et al. (March 2020). "Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS). III. Atmospheric structure of the misaligned ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b". Astronomy & Astrophysics 635: A205. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936640. Bibcode: 2020A&A...635A.205B. 
  4. ↑ Changeat, Q. et al. (May 2022). "Five Key Exoplanet Questions Answered via the Analysis of 25 Hot-Jupiter Atmospheres in Eclipse". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 260 (1): 3. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac5cc2. Bibcode: 2022ApJS..260....3C. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Landau, Elizabeth; Villard, Ray (2 August 2017). "Hubble Detects Exoplanet with Glowing Water Atmosphere". NASA. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6909. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Evans, Thomas M.; Sing, David K. et al. (2 August 2017). "An ultrahot gas-giant exoplanet with a stratosphere" (in en). Nature 548 (7665): 58–61. doi:10.1038/nature23266. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 28770846. Bibcode: 2017Natur.548...58E. 
  7. ↑ Staff. "Finding the constellation which contains given sky coordinates". djm.cc. http://djm.cc/constellation.html. 
  8. ↑ Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940  Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  9. ↑ Greicius, Tony (2018-08-07). "Water Is Destroyed, Then Reborn in Ultrahot Jupiters" (in en). NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/water-is-destroyed-then-reborn-in-ultrahot-jupiters. 
  10. ↑ "List of ExoWorlds 2022". IAU. 8 August 2022. https://www.nameexoworlds.iau.org/2022exoworlds. 
  11. ↑ Hellard, Hugo; Csizmadia, Szilárd; Padovan, Sebastiano; Sohl, Frank; Rauer, Heike (2020). "HST/STIS capability for Love number measurement of WASP-121b". The Astrophysical Journal 889 (1): 66. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab616e. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...889...66H. 
  12. ↑ waspplanets (2019-12-19). "The tidal shape of the exoplanet WASP-121b" (in en). https://wasp-planets.net/2019/12/19/the-tidal-shape-of-the-exoplanet-wasp-121b/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Borsa, F. et al. (2021), "Atmospheric Rossiter–Mc Laughlin effect and transmission spectroscopy of WASP-121b with ESPRESSO", Astronomy & Astrophysics 645: A24, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039344, Bibcode: 2021A&A...645A..24B 
  14. ↑ Staff (2015). "Planet WASP-121 b". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/wasp_121_b--2410/. Retrieved 3 August 2017. 
  15. ↑ Gibson, Neale P.; Merritt, Stephanie; Nugroho, Stevanus K.; Cubillos, Patricio E.; de Mooij, Ernst J. W.; Mikal-Evans, Thomas; Fossati, Luca; Lothringer, Joshua et al. (2020). "Detection of Fe I in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b, and a new likelihood-based approach for Doppler-resolved spectroscopy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493 (2): 2215. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa228. Bibcode: 2020MNRAS.493.2215G. 
  16. ↑ Cabot, Samuel H. C.; Madhusudhan, Nikku; Welbanks, Luis; Piette, Anjali; Gandhi, Siddharth (2020). "Detection of neutral atomic species in the ultra-hot jupiter WASP-121b". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494 (1): 363–377. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa748. Bibcode: 2020MNRAS.494..363C. 
  17. ↑ Ben-Yami, Maya; Madhusudhan, Nikku; Cabot, Samuel H. C.; Constantinou, Savvas; Piette, Anjali; Gandhi, Siddharth; Welbanks, Luis (2020). "Neutral Cr and V in the Atmosphere of Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121 B". The Astrophysical Journal 897 (1): L5. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab94aa. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...897L...5B. 
  18. ↑ Mikal-Evans, Thomas (27 June 2019). "An emission spectrum for WASP-121b measured across the 0.8–1.1 μm wavelength range using the Hubble Space Telescope". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488 (2): 2222–2234. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1753. Bibcode: 2019MNRAS.488.2222M. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1753. 
  19. ↑ Merritt, S. R.; Gibson, N. P.; Nugroho, S. K.; Mooij, E. J. W. de; Hooton, M. J.; Matthews, S. M.; McKemmish, L. K.; Mikal-Evans, T. et al. (2020-04-01). "Non-detection of TiO and VO in the atmosphere of WASP-121b using high-resolution spectroscopy" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 636: A117. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937409. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2020A&A...636A.117M. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/04/aa37409-19/aa37409-19.html. 
  20. ↑ Mikal-Evans, Thomas; Sing, David K.; Kataria, Tiffany; Wakeford, Hannah R.; Mayne, Nathan J.; Lewis, Nikole K.; Barstow, Joanna K.; Spake, Jessica J. (2020). "Confirmation of water emission in the dayside spectrum of the ultrahot Jupiter WASP-121b". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 496 (2): 1638–1644. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1628. Bibcode: 2020MNRAS.496.1638M. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Hoeijmakers, H.J.; Seidel, J.V.; Pino, L.; Kitzmann, D.; Sindel, J.P.; Ehrenreich, D.; Oza, A.V.; Bourrier, V. et al. (18 September 2020). "Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) - IV. A spectral inventory of atoms and molecules in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of WASP-121 b". Astronomy & Astrophysics 641: A123. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038365. Bibcode: 2020A&A...641A.123H. 
  22. ↑ Wilson, Jamie; Gibson, Neale P.; Lothringer, Joshua D.; Sing, David K.; Mikal-Evans, Thomas; De Mooij, Ernst J W.; Nikolov, Nikolay; Watson, Chris A. (2021), "Gemini/GMOS optical transmission spectroscopy of WASP-121b: Signs of variability in an ultra-hot Jupiter?", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503 (4): 4787–4801, doi:10.1093/mnras/stab797 
  23. ↑ Merritt, Stephanie R.; Gibson, Neale P.; Nugroho, Stevanus K.; De Mooij, Ernst J W.; Hooton, Matthew J.; Lothringer, Joshua D.; Matthews, Shannon M.; Mikal-Evans, Thomas et al. (2021), "An inventory of atomic species in the atmosphere of WASP-121b using UVES high-resolution spectroscopy", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 506 (3): 3853–3871, doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1878 
  24. ↑ Azevedo Silva, T. et al. (2022), "Detection of barium in the atmospheres of the ultra-hot gas giants WASP-76b and WASP-121b", Astronomy & Astrophysics 666: L10, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244489 
  25. ↑ Hoeijmakers, H. J.; Kitzmann, D.; Morris, B. M.; Prinoth, B.; Borsato, N.; Pino, L.; Lee, E. K. H.; Akın, C. et al. (2022), The Mantis Network III: A titanium cold-trap on the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121 b. 
  26. ↑ "Hubble observes a changing exoplanet atmosphere". ESA. 4 January 2024. https://esahubble.org/news/heic2401/. 
  27. ↑ Changeat, Quentin et al. (January 2024). "Is the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b variable?". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 
  28. ↑ Gebek, Andrea; Oza, Apurva (29 July 2020). "Alkaline exospheres of exoplanet systems: evaporative transmission spectra". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 497 (4): 5271–5291. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2193. Bibcode: 2020MNRAS.497.5271G. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/497/4/5271/5877918?redirectedFrom=fulltext. Retrieved 8 December 2020. 

External links

Coordinates: Sky map 07h 10m 24.0s, −39° 05′ 51″



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