Biology:Citrus junos

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Yuzu
Yuzu oranges (6459456959).jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Rutaceae
Genus:
Citrus
Species:
C. junos
Binomial name
Citrus junos
Siebold ex Tanaka

Citrus junos[1][2] or yuzu (from Japanese ユズ) (or more precisely, Citrus × junos [C. reticulata × C. ichangensis]) is a citrus fruit and plant in the family Rutaceae. It is called yuja (from Korean 유자) in Korean cuisine context. Both Japanese yuzu and Korean yuja are cognates of Chinese yòuzi (柚子), but the Chinese word means pomelo. Yuzu is called xiāngchéng (香橙) in Chinese.

Description

The fruit looks somewhat like a small grapefruit with an uneven skin, and can be either yellow or green depending on the degree of ripeness. Yuzu fruits, which are very aromatic, typically range between 5.5(2.16in) and 7.5 cm (2.95in) in diameter, but can be as large as a regular grapefruit (up to 10 cm(3.93in) or larger).

Yuzu forms an upright shrub or small tree, which commonly has many large thorns. Leaves are notable for a large petiole, resembling those of the related kaffir lime and ichang papeda, and are heavily scented.

Yuzu closely resembles sudachi (a Japanese citrus from Tokushima Prefecture) in many regards; they share a similar mandarin-ichang papeda ancestry, though yuzu eventually ripen to an orange colour, and there are subtle differences between the flavours of the fruit.

  • Citrus junos fruits and cross sections

  • The leaves have large leaf-like petioles.

  • Yuzu (left) comparing to mandarin orange (right).

Cultivation

The Yuzu originated and grows wild in central China and Tibet. It was introduced to Japan and Korea during the Tang Dynasty and it is in these nations that it is cultivated most widely.[3]

It is unusual among citrus plants in being relatively frost-hardy, due to its cold-hardy C. ichangensis ancestry, and can be grown in regions with winters at least as low as -9 °C (15 °F) where more sensitive citrus would not thrive.

Varieties and similar fruits

In Japan, an ornamental version of yuzu called hana yuzu (花ゆず, 花柚子) "flower yuzu" is also grown for its flowers rather than its fruit. A sweet variety of yuzu known as the yuku, only present in Japan, became severely endangered during the 1970s and 1980s; a major attempt has been made to revive this varietal in southern Japan .[4] Another variety of yuzu in Japan, with knobby skin is called shishi yuzu (獅子柚子, literally "lion yuzu").[5]

Dangyuja, a Korean citrus fruit from Jeju Island, is often considered a type of yuja due to its similar shape and flavour, but it is genealogically a variety of pomelo.

Use

Culinary use

Japan

The yuzu's flavour is tart, closely resembling that of the grapefruit, with overtones of mandarin orange. It is rarely eaten as a fruit, though in the Japanese cuisine its aromatic zest (outer rind) is used to garnish some dishes, and its juice is commonly used as a seasoning, somewhat as lemon is used in other cuisines.

It is an integral ingredient (along with sudachi, daidai, and other similar fruits) in the citrus-based sauce ponzu, and yuzu vinegar is also produced.

Yuzu is often combined with honey to make yuzu hachimitsu (柚子蜂蜜)—a kind of syrup that is used to make yuzu tea (柚子茶) or as an ingredient in alcoholic drinks such as the yuzu sour (柚子サワー).[6]

It is also used to make liquor (such as yuzukomachi, 柚子小町) and wine.[7][8]

Yuzu can also be used to make various sweets including marmalade and cake.

Yuzu kosho (also yuzukosho, literally "yuzu and pepper"), is a spicy Japanese sauce made from green or yellow yuzu zest, green or red chili peppers, and salt.

Slivered yuzu rind is also used to garnish a savoury, salty egg-pudding dish called chawanmushi, as well as miso soup.[9]

It is often used along with sudachi and kabosu.

Yuzu has also been used extensively in the flavoring of many snack products, such as Doritos.

  • A bottle of yuzu vinegar

Korea

Further information: Yuja-cha and Yuja-hwachae

In Korean cuisine, yuja is most commonly used to make yuja-cheong (yuja marmalade) and yuja tea. Yuja-cheong can be made by sugaring peeled, depulped, and thinly sliced yuja, and yuja-cha (yuja tea) can be made by mixing hot water with yuja-cheong. Yuja-hwachae (yuja punch), a variety of hwachae (fruit punch), is another common dessert made with yuja. Yuja is also a common ingredient in Korean-style western food, such as salads.[10]

Western world

Beginning in the early 21st century, yuzu has been increasingly used by chefs in the United States and other Western nations, achieving notice in a 2003 article in The New York Times .[11]

Other uses

Yuzu is also known for its characteristically strong aroma, and the oil from its skin is marketed as a fragrance. In Japan, bathing with yuzu on Tōji, the winter solstice, is a custom that dates to at least the early 18th century.[12][13][14] Whole yuzu fruits are floated in the hot water of the bath, sometimes enclosed in a cloth bag, releasing their aroma.[15] The fruit may also be cut in half, allowing the citrus juice to mingle with the bathwater. The yuzu bath, known commonly as yuzuyu, but also as yuzuburo, is said to guard against colds, treat the roughness of skin,[13] warm the body, and relax the mind.

The body of the taepyeongso, a Korean traditional oboe, close to the Chinese Suona or the Zurna, is often made from jujube, mulberry or yuzu wood.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Citrus junos Siebold ex Tanaka". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 18 April 2012. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-50064889. 
  2. ↑ "Taxon: Citrus junos Siebold ex Tanaka". National Plant Germplasm System. 11 May 2014. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=10725. 
  3. ↑ "Yuzu ichandrin (papeda hybrid). Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka. Citrus ichangensis X C. reticulata var. austere". Citrusvariety.ucr.edu. http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/yuzu1.html. Retrieved 2012-11-17. 
  4. ↑ Kurokawa, Yoko (January 7, 2009). "The Yuko, a Native Japanese Citrus". The Tokyo Foundation. http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/series/japanese-traditional-foods/vol.-11-the-yuko-a-native-japanese-citrus. 
  5. ↑ photo
  6. ↑ 5分. "柚子サワー | ホームクッキング【キッコーマン】". Kikkoman.co.jp. http://www.kikkoman.co.jp/homecook/search/recipe.php?numb=00003764. Retrieved 2012-03-04. 
  7. ↑ [1]
  8. ↑ [2]
  9. ↑ Janet Fletcher (May 31, 2006). "Yuzu & Huckleberry, Flavors of the Moment: How these and other obscure ingredients end up on so many Bay Area menus". SFGate / San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/food/article/YUZU-HUCKLEBERRY-FLAVORS-OF-THE-MOMENT-How-2496103.php. 
  10. ↑ "Bureau of Taste: Korean All-Purpose Yuzu Salad Dressing". 12 September 2014. http://www.souschef.co.uk/bureau-of-taste/korean-yuzu-salad-dressing/. 
  11. ↑ Karp, David (December 3, 2003). "The Secrets Behind Many Chefs' Not-So-Secret Ingredient". The New York Times: p. 12. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/03/dining/03YUZU.html. 
  12. ↑ Emi, Doi (December 21, 2017). "Soaking and Seasoning: The Aromatic Pleasures of "Yuzu"". https://www.nippon.com/en/views/b06004/. "Yuzuyu dates from the Edo period (1603–1868) and may have been partially inspired by a form of Japanese wordplay called goroawase—the characters for “winter solstice” (冬至) and “hot-spring cure” (湯治) can both be read as tōji." 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Yuzuyu" (in Japanese). Nihon Kokugo Daijiten. Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. http://rekishi.jkn21.com/. Retrieved 2012-02-28. 
  14. ↑ "Yuzu" (in Japanese). Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. http://rekishi.jkn21.com/. Retrieved 2012-05-22. 
  15. ↑ "Yuzuyu" (in Japanese). Dijitaru daijisen. Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. http://rekishi.jkn21.com/. Retrieved 2012-05-22. 

External links

Audio

Wikidata ☰ Q867776 entry




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