Biology:Blood orange

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Short description: Variety of orange with dark red flesh
Blood orange
BloodOrange.jpg
A sliced blood orange
SpeciesCitrus × sinensis
Cultivar groupBlood orange cultivars
OriginSouthern Mediterranean, 18th century
Cultivar group members
  • Tarocco (native to Italy)
  • Moro (native to Sicily, Italy)
  • Sanguinello (native to Spain )

The blood orange is a variety of orange (Citrus × sinensis) (also referred to as raspberry orange) with crimson, near blood-colored flesh.

The dark flesh color is due to the presence of anthocyanins, a family of polyphenol pigments common to many flowers and fruit, but uncommon in citrus fruits.[1] Chrysanthemin (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside) is the main compound found in red oranges.[2] The flesh develops its characteristic red color when the fruit develops with low temperatures during the night.[3] Sometimes, dark coloring is seen on the exterior of the rind as well. This depends on the variety of blood orange. The skin can be tougher and harder to peel than that of other oranges. Blood oranges have a unique flavor compared to other oranges, being distinctly raspberry-like in addition to the usual citrus notes.[3] The anthocyanin pigments of blood oranges begin accumulating in the vesicles at the edges of the segments, and at the blossom end of the fruit, and continue accumulating in cold storage after harvest.

The blood orange is a natural mutation of the orange, which is itself a hybrid, probably between the pomelo and the tangerine.[4] Within Europe, the arancia rossa di Sicilia (red orange of Sicily) has Protected Geographical Status.[5] In the Valencian Community, it was introduced in the second half of the 19th century.[6]

Cultivars

The three most common types of blood oranges are the Tarocco (native to Italy), the Sanguinello (native to Spain ), and the very dark Moro (native to Italy), the newest variety of the three.[7][8] Other less-common types include Maltaise demi sanguine, Washington Sanguine, Ruby, Doblafina, Delfino, Burris Valencia, Vaccaro, Grosse Ronde, Entrefina, and Sanguinello a Pignu.[9]

While also pigmented, Cara cara navels and Vainiglia sanguignos have pigmentation based on lycopene, not anthocyanins as blood oranges do.[7]

Moro

Immature 'Moro' blood orange fruit – 7 months from flowering

The Moro is the most colorful of the blood oranges, with a deep red flesh and a rind with a bright red blush.[10] The flavor is stronger and the aroma is more intense than a normal orange. This fruit has a distinct, sweet flavor with a hint of raspberry.[11] This orange possesses a more bitter taste than the 'Tarocco' or the 'Sanguinello'. The 'Moro' variety is believed to have originated at the beginning of the 19th century in the citrus-growing area around Lentini (in the Province of Syracuse in Sicily, Italy)[12][13] as a bud mutation[14] of the "Sanguinello Moscato".[7] The 'Moro' is a "deep blood orange",[7] meaning that the flesh ranges from orange-veined with ruby coloration, to vermilion, to vivid crimson, to nearly black.

Tarocco

The name Tarocco is thought to be derived from an exclamation of wonder expressed by the farmer who was shown this fruit by its discoverer. It is a medium-sized fruit and is perhaps the sweetest and most flavorful of the three types. The most popular table orange in Italy, it is thought to have derived from a mutation of the 'Sanguinello'. It is referred to as "half-blood", because the flesh is not accentuated in red pigmentation as much as with the 'Moro' and 'Sanguinello' varieties. It has thin orange skin, slightly blushed in red tones. The 'Tarocco' is one of the world's most popular oranges because of its sweetness (Brix to acid ratio is generally above 12.0) and juiciness. It has the highest vitamin C content of any orange variety grown in the world, mainly on account of the fertile soil surrounding Mount Etna, and it is easy to peel. The 'Tarocco' orange is seedless.

The University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection has delineated three subcultivars of 'Tarocco'. The 'Bream Tarocco', which was originally donated by Robert Bream of Lindsay, California, is of medium to large fruit with few to no seeds. 'Tarocco #7', or 'CRC 3596 Tarocco', is known for its flavor, but has a rind with little to no coloration. The 'Thermal Tarocco' was donated by A. Newcomb of Thermal Plaza Nursery in Thermal, California.

Sanguinello

A glass of Sanguinello juice

The Sanguinello /sæŋɡwɪˈnɛloʊ/, also called 'Sanguinelli' in the US (the plural form of its name in Italian), discovered in Spain in 1929, has a reddish skin, few seeds, and a sweet and tender flesh. 'Sanguinello', the Sicilian late "full-blood" orange, is close in characteristics to the 'Moro'. Where grown in the Northern Hemisphere, it matures in February, but can remain on trees unharvested until April. Fruit can last until the end of May. The peel is compact, and clear yellow with a red tinge. The flesh is orange with multiple blood-colored streaks.

History and background

Blood oranges may have originated in the southern Mediterranean, where they have been grown since the 18th century. They are a common orange grown in Italy. The anthocyanins – which give the orange its distinct maroon color – will only develop when temperatures are low at night, as during the Mediterranean fall and winter.[3] Blood oranges cultivated in the United States are in season from December to March (Texas), and from November to May (California).[15]

As food

Some blood orange juice may be somewhat tart; other kinds are sweet while retaining the characteristic blood orange taste. The oranges can also be used to create marmalade, and the zest can be used for baking.[16] A popular Sicilian winter salad is made with sliced blood oranges, sliced bulb fennel, and olive oil.[17] The oranges have also been used to create gelato, sorbet, and Italian soda.[18][19][20]

Nutrition

Raw blood oranges are a rich source (20% or greater of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C and dietary fiber, and a moderate source of folate (15% DV), with no other micronutrients in significant content.[21]

Gallery

  • A ripe blood orange, unpeeled

  • A slice of blood orange upside-down cake

  • Jars of blood orange marmalade

  • A peeled blood orange

See also

References

  1. ↑ Paolo, Rapisarda; Fabiana, Fanella; Emanuele, Maccarone (2000). "Reliability of Analytical Methods for Determining Anthocyanins in Blood Orange Juices". J. Agric. Food Chem. 48 (6): 2249–2252. doi:10.1021/jf991157h. PMID 10888531. 
  2. ↑ Felgines, C.; Texier, O.; Besson, C.; Vitaglione, P; Lamaison, J.-L.; Fogliano, V.; Scalbert, A.; Vanella, L. et al. (2008). "Influence of glucose on cyanidin 3-glucoside absorption in rats". Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 52 (8): 959–64. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700377. PMID 18646002. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 McGee, Harold (2004). On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen. New York: Scribner. pp. 376. ISBN 0-684-80001-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC&q=On+food+and+cooking%3A+the+science+and+lore+of+the+kitchen.. 
  4. ↑ Nicolosi, E.; Deng, Z. N.; Gentile, A.; La Malfa, S.; Continella, G.; Tribulato, E. (2000). "Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers". Theor. Appl. Genet. 100 (8): 1155–1166. doi:10.1007/s001220051419. 
  5. ↑ "IGP Arancia Rossa di Sicilia: Territory". IGP Arancia Rossa di Sicilia. http://www.aranciarossadisiciliaigp.it/en/territorio_consumerl.php. 
  6. ↑ Besó Ros, Adrià (2016) (in ca-valencia). Horts de tarongers. La formació del verger valencià. Valencia: Institució Alfons el Magnànim. p. 144. ISBN 978-84-7822-686-3. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Reuther, Walter; Batchelor, Leon Dexter; Webber, Herbert John (January 1967). "Horticultural Varieties of Citrus". Citrus Industry: Crop Protection. Volume I: History, World Distribution, Botany, and Varieties (Rev. ed.). University of California. ISBN 0-931876-24-9. http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html. 
  8. ↑ Russo, Susan (January 28, 2009). "Blood Oranges: Change You Can Believe In". Kitchen Window. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99883518. 
  9. ↑ "Blood/Pigmented Oranges" (in en). https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus-varieties/category-or-type/sweet-oranges/blood-pigmented. 
  10. ↑ Adams, William D.; Carol Brouwer; Ethan Natelson; Robert A. Randall (2006). Recommended Fruit and Nut Varieties: Harris County and Vicinity (Report). Texas AgriLife Extension Service. http://harris-tx.tamu.edu/hort/pubs/pubs/fruitnut.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-20. 
  11. ↑ "Types of Oranges – Blood, Navel, Valencia". Sunkist Growers, Incorporated. http://www.sunkist.com/products/oranges.aspx#moro. 
  12. ↑ "Orange Varieties". Innvista. http://www.innvista.com/health/foods/fruits/oranvar.htm. 
  13. ↑ "Pigmented Oranges". VioVi. http://www.viovi.com/inglese/agrumi_arance_pigmentate.htm. 
  14. ↑ "Bud mutations in persimmon". HortNET. http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/science/pers8.htm. 
  15. ↑ "Gourmet Sleuth: Blood Oranges". Gourmet Sleuth. http://www.gourmetsleuth.com/Articles/Produce-638/blood-oranges.aspx. 
  16. ↑ McClellan, Marisa (3 April 2009). "Blood Orange Marmalade". Food In Jars. http://www.foodinjars.com/2009/04/blood-orange-marmalade/. 
  17. ↑ "Il Forno: A winter salad: Sicilian Fennel and Orange Salad". typead. http://ilforno.typepad.com/il_forno/2004/02/a_winter_salad_.html. 
  18. ↑ "Blood Orange Gelato". Martha Stewart. http://www.marthastewart.com/recipe/blood-orange-gelato. 
  19. ↑ "Blood Orange Sorbet Recipe". Epicurious. 20 August 2004. http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/Blood-Orange-Sorbet-109091. 
  20. ↑ "Wegmans Frizzante European Soda, Blood Orange". Wegmans. http://www.wegmans.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?productId=366311&storeId=10052&langId=-1. 
  21. ↑ "Blood orange nutrients". P-O-P Interactive, Inc.. http://www.produceoasis.com/Items_folder/Fruits/BloodOrange.html. 



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