Biology:Junin virus
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Junin virus | |
The Junin virus or Junín virus is an arenavirus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). The virus takes its name from the city of Junín, around which the first cases of infection were reported, in 1958.
Morphology and genome structure
The Junin virus[1] is a negative sense ssRNA enveloped virion with a variable diameter between 50 and 300 nm. The surface of the particle encompasses a layer of T-shaped glycoproteins, each extending up to 10 nm outwards from the envelope, which are important in mediating attachment and entry into host cells.
The Junin virus genome is composed of two single-stranded RNA molecules, each encoding two different genes in an ambisense orientation. The two segments are termed 'short (S)' and 'long (L)' owing to their respective lengths. The short segment (around 3400 nucleotides in length) encodes the nucleocapsid protein and the glycoprotein precursor (GPC). The GPC is subsequently cleaved to form two viral glycoproteins, GP1 and GP2, which ultimately form the T-shaped glycoprotein spike which extends outwards from the viral envelope. [1]. The long segment (around 7200 nucleotides in length) encodes the viral polymerase and a zinc-binding protein. The virus is spread by rodents.
Epidemiology and disease
A member of the genus Arenavirus, Junin virus characteristically causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). AHF leads to severe compromise of the vascular, neurological and immune systems and has a mortality rate between 20 and 30%.[2] Symptoms of the disease are conjunctivitis, purpura, petechiae and occasionally sepsis. The symptoms of the disease can be confusing; the condition can be mistaken for a different one, especially during the first week when it can resemble a flu.
Since the discovery of the Junin virus in 1958, the geographical distribution of the pathogen, although still confined to Argentina, has expanded. At the time of discovery, Junin virus was confined to an area of around 15,000 km². At the beginning of 2000, the region with reported cases grew to around 150,000 km². The natural hosts of Junin virus are rodents, particularly Mus musculus, Calomys spp. and Akodon azarae. Direct rodent-to-human transmission only takes place when a person makes direct contact with the excrement of an infected rodent; this can occur by ingestion of contaminated food or water, inhalation of particles in urine or direct contact of an open wound with rodent feces.
Prevention and control
A investigational new drug (in US) vaccine (Candid1[3] ) was developed at the US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease (USAMRIID)[4] at Ft. Detrick, MD in the last 1980s which has shown to be safe, well tolerated and effective in reducing mortality and morbidity due to AHF.[5] [6][7][8] The vaccine, that came from an XJ strain of the Junin virus, was continually passaged a total of 44 times in newborn mouse brains, and a total of 19 times along with cloning in FRhL cells. Over 90% of the volunteers for Phase 1 and 2 of Clinical Trials developed antibodies against the Junin virus, and 99% developed an adequate immune response specific for Junin virus. Moreover, a large efficacy study of n=6,500, where 3, 255 individuals were randomly selected to take Candid 1 and where 3,245 individuals were randomly selected to take a placebo resulted in 23 cases of Junin-like infections, where 22 out of the 23 cases were from the placebo group. This efficacy study resulted in a 95% vaccine efficacy rating. Currently, the Candid 1 vaccine, otherwise known as the Junin vaccine, is licensed in Argentina by the regulatory agency of Argentina where Junin virus is endemic to the region. People in laboratories that come in constant contact with Junin virus are also recommended to take the Junin vaccine to prevent transmission.[9]
References
- ↑ "Junin virus". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=11619&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock.
- ↑ Rebecca Wattam (2004). "Junin Virus". Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech. Archived from the original on 2006-08-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20060828224634/http://pathport.vbi.vt.edu/pathinfo/pathogens/Junin_virus.html.
- ↑ Goñi, SE. "Genomic features of attenuated Junín virus vaccine strain candidate.". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7252058_Genomic_features_of_attenuated_Junn_virus_vaccine_strain_candidate.
- ↑ McKee, Kelly (1993). "Safety and Immunogenicity of a Live-Attenuated Junin (Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever) Vaccine in Rhesus Monkeys". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a265569.pdf.
- ↑ Enria, D. A.; Oro, J. G. Barrera (2002). Junin Virus Vaccines. 263. pp. 239–261. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56055-2_12. ISSN 0070-217X.
- ↑ "Junin Virus Vaccines.". Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 2002. Archived from the original on 2014-09-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20140904203355/http://nihbrp.com/Citations/completed/HumanHealthEcologyTeam/JuninVirus/Enria_JuninVirus_MicrobiolImmun_2002.pdf.
- ↑ Peters CJ; Buchmeir M; Rollin Pierre E; Ksiazek Thomas G (1996). Arenaviruses.
- ↑ Maiztegui JI (1998). "Protective Efficacy of a Live Attenuated Vaccine against Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/177/2/277.full.pdf.
- ↑ Pittman, Phillip R., and Stanley A. Plotkin. (2013) "41 – Biodefense and Special Pathogen Vaccines." Biodefense and Special Pathogen Vaccines - Vaccines (Sixth Edition)
Wikidata ☰ Q3560890 entry
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