Biology:Platynereis dumerilii

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Short description: Species of annelid worm

Platynereis dumerilii
File:PlatynereisDumeriliiAtoke.tif
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Clade: Pleistoannelida
Subclass: Errantia
Order: Phyllodocida
Family: Nereididae
Genus: Platynereis
Species:
P. dumerilii
Binomial name
Platynereis dumerilii
(Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1834[1])
Synonyms
List
  • Eunereis africana Treadwell, 1943
  • Heteronereis fucicola Örsted, 1843
  • Heteronereis maculata Bobretzky, 1868
  • Heteronereis malmgreni Claparède, 1868
  • Iphinereis fucicola (Örsted, 1843)
  • Leontis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833)
  • Leptonereis maculata Treadwell, 1928
  • Mastigonereis quadridentata Schmarda, 1861
  • Mastigonereis striata Schmarda, 1861
  • Nereilepas variabilis Örsted, 1843
  • Nereis (Platynereis) dumerilii Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833
  • Nereis (Platynereis) dumerilii striata (Schmarda, 1861)
  • Nereis (Platynereis) striata (Schmarda, 1861)
  • Nereis agilis Keferstein, 1862
  • Nereis alacris Verrill, 1880
  • Nereis antillensis McIntosh, 1885
  • Nereis dumerilii Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833
  • Nereis glasiovi Hansen, 1882
  • Nereis gracilis Hansen, 1882
  • Nereis megodon Quatrefages, 1866
  • Nereis peritonealis Claparède, 1868
  • Nereis taurica Grube, 1850
  • Nereis zostericola Örsted, 1843
  • Platynereis dumerili [lapsis]
  • Platynereis jucunda Kinberg, 1865
  • Platynereis striata (Schmarda, 1861)
  • Uncinereis lutea Treadwell, 1928
  • Uncinereis trimaculosa Treadwell, 1940

File:PlatynereisDumeriliiFemaleEpitoke.tif File:PlatynereisDumeriliiMaleEpitoke.tif

Platynereis dumerilii is a species of annelid polychaete worm.[3] It was originally placed into the genus Nereis[1] and later reassigned to the genus Platynereis.[4] Platynereis dumerilii lives in coastal marine waters from temperate to tropical zones. It can be found in a wide range from the Azores, the Mediterranean, in the North Sea, the English Channel, and the Atlantic down to the Cape of Good Hope, in the Black Sea, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Japan, the Pacific, and the Kerguelen Islands.[4] Platynereis dumerilii is today an important lab animal,[5] it is considered as a living fossil,[6][7][8] and it is used in many phylogenetic studies as a model organism.

Description

Platynereis dumerilii is a small marine ragworm: Males reach a length of 2 to 3 cm, while females reach a length of 3 to 4 cm.[9] Like a number of invertebrate phyla, Platynereis dumerilii has an axochord, a paired longitudinal muscle that displays striking similarities to the notochord regarding position, developmental origin, and expression profile.[10] Its early trochophore larva has a pair of the simplest eyes in the animal kingdom, each eye consists only of a photoreceptor cell and a pigment cell.[11]

Locomotion

P. dumerilii worms have a ciliated surface which beats synchronously to drive locomotion and fluid flow. Larvae have segmental multiciliated cells that regularly display spontaneous coordinated ciliary arrests, which compose the ciliomotor circuitry in the worms. Whole-body coordination of ciliary locomotion is performed by a "stop-and-go pacemaker system".[12]

As the worms develop, they use chaetae, and then parapodia, for locomotion. Unlike other polychaetes, in Platynereis larvae, the parapodia are used only for navigation while the cilia are responsible for propulsive force.[2]

Senses

Photoreceptor cells

Platynereis dumerilii larvae possess two kinds of photoreceptor cells: Rhabdomeric and ciliary photoreceptor cells.

The ciliary photoreceptor cells are located in the deep brain of the larva. They are not shaded by pigment and thus perceive non-directional light. The ciliary photoreceptor cells resemble molecularly and morphologically the rods and cones of the human eye. Additional, they express an ciliary opsin that is more similar to the visual ciliary opsins of vertebrate rods and cones than to the visual rhabdomeric opsins of invertebrates. Therefore, it is thought that the urbilaterian, the last common ancestor of mollusks, arthropods, and vertebrates already had ciliary photoreceptor cells.[13] The ciliary opsin is UV-sensitive (λmax = 383 nm),[14] and the ciliary photoreceptor cells react on non-directional UV-light by making the larvae swimming down. This forms a ratio-chromatic depth-gauge with phototaxis of the rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells of the eyes.[15]

A rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell forms with a pigment cell a simple eye.[16] A pair of these eyes mediate phototaxis in the early Platynereis dumerilii trochophore larva.[11] In the later nectochaete larva, phototaxis is mediated by the more complex adult eyes.[17] The adult eyes express at least three opsins: Two rhabdomeric opsins and a Go-opsin.[18][19] The three opsins there mediate phototaxis all the same way via depolarization,[19] even so a scallop Go-opsin is known to hyperpolarize.[20][21]

Chemical

P. dumerilii senses chemicals with four types of organs: The antennae, the palps, the nuchal organs, and the tentacular cirri. These organs detect food and chemical cues such as alcohols, esters, amino acids, and sugars.[22]

Among the four types, the antennae are the primary chemosensory organs and sense a broad range of chemicals, while the palps are specialized on taste, which means they detect food-related chemicals. The cirri are thin thread-like head appendages and are specialized in tactile sensation, but can also give spatial information from were a chemical cue is coming, since a single stimulus can elicit in the left and right cirrus a response at a different times.[22] The cirri also sense light: When they are shaded, the worm retreats rapidly into its tube to protect them. This behavior is called a shadow reflex.[23] The nuchal organ is a singular ciliated pit in P. dumerilii. Among annelids, nuchal organs are conserved and seem to have an important chemosensory function. However, what their exact function is, is still unclear.[22]

The signals from the four chemosensory organs are processed in a lateral region and in the mushroom bodies.[22] The mushroom bodies in annelids resemble those in insects by anatomy, morphology and gene expression. So probably, annelids and insects inherited mushroom bodies from their last common ancestor.[24]

Habitat

Platynereis dumerilii builds tubes on its substrate. The substrate may be algae-covered hard bottoms,[25] sea grass,[26][27] pelagic Sargassum rafts in the Sargasso Sea,[28][29] or even rotting plant debris.[30] Platynereis dumerilii commonly lives in depths of 0 to 5 meters,[31][32][26][25] and so is typical for shallow bright infra-littoral environments.[31] However, it has been also found on a buoy at 50 meters[33] and on rotting seaweed at 100 m.[34] It may also live in less favorable environments, like at thermal vents[35][36] or polluted areas near sewer outfall pipes.[37] It dominates polluted areas[38][39] and acidic areas with pH values around 6.5[40] fitting the preferred pH value of a subpopulation of late Platynereis dumerilii nectochaete larvae.[41] Larvae feed on plankton, and migrate vertically in the ocean in response to changes in light, causing a daily transport of biomass.[42]

Reproduction and development

Platynereis dumerilii is dioecious, that means it has two separate sexes.[43] Changes in light are importantly linked to reproduction. The bristle worm is originally found in the Bay of Naples, where it displays reproductive synchrony. The adult worms rise en masse to the water surface a few days after the full moon, during a one- to two-hour dark portion of the night between sunset and moonrise. In the worm’s natural environment, it is important to synchronize spawning to increase the potential for gametes to meet and fertilize. By detecting nighttime lighting in accordance with the lunar cycle, the worms synchronize reproductive activity. Worms that make L-Cry protein are better able to detect appropriate light conditions and synchronize the release of gametes. In addition, the molecule r-Opsin is extremely sensitive to light, and appears to help detect moonrise. Some combination of signals from r-Opsin and L-Cry is believed to help the worms to coordinate rising at a common time to spawn.[44][45][46]

During mating, the male swims around the female while the female is swimming in small circles. Both release eggs and sperm into the water. This release is triggered by sexual pheromones. The eggs are then fertilized outside of the body in the water.[47] Like other Nereidids, Platynereis dumerilii has no segmental gonades, the oocytes mature freely swimming in the body cavity (coelom),[43] and stain the body of the mature female epitoke yellow.[2]

Platynereis dumerilii develops very stereotypically between batches and therefore time can be used to stage Platynereis dumerilii larvae. However, the temperature influences the speed of development greatly.[2] Therefore, the following developmental times are given with 18 °C as reference temperature:

After 24 hours, a fertilized egg gives rise to a trochophore larva. At 48 hours, the trochophore larva becomes a metatrochophore larva.[2] Both trochophore and metatrochophore swim with a ring of cilia in the water and are positively phototactic.[11] The metatrochophore has, beside the larval eyes, already the anlagen for the more complex adult eyes of the adult worm.[16][18] A day later, at 72 hours after fertilization, the metatrochophore larva becomes a nectochaete larva. The nectochaete larva already has three segments, each with a pair of parapodia bearing chaetae, which serve for locomotion.[2] The nectochaete larva can switch from positive to negative phototaxis.[17] After five to seven days, the larvae start feeding and develop on their own speed, depending on food supply. After three to four weeks, when six segments have formed, the head is formed.[2]

Normal development is subdivided into 16 stages.[2] Platynereis dumerilii lives for 3 up to 18 months[5] with an average lifespan of seven months. P. dumerilii reproduces only once,[42] and dies after delivering its gametes.[2]

Genome

The genome of Platynereis dumerilii is diploid (2n chromosomes) with a haploid set of n = 14 chromosomes.[9][48] It contains approximately 1 Gbp (giga base pairs) or 109 base pairs.[49] This genome size is close to the average observed for other animals. However, compared to many classical invertebrate molecular model organisms, this genome size is rather large and therefore it is a challenge to identify gene regulatory elements that can be far away from the corresponding promoter. But it is intron rich unlike those of Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans and thus closer to vertebrate genomes including the human genome.[50]

Bristle worms contain the complex protein haemoglobin, found in vertebrates, annelids (e.g. earthworms), molluscs (e.g. pond snails) and crustaceans (e.g. daphnia). It was once believed that haemoglobin must have evolved multiple times to be a feature of such different species.Comparing bristle worms with other red blooded species suggests that all forms of haemoglobins are derived from a single ancestral gene, cytoglobin.[51][52]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Audouin, Jean Victoire; Milne-Edwards, Henri (1834). "Néréide de Dumeril. Nereis Dumerilii". Recherches Pour Servir à l'Histoire Naturelle du Littoral de la France, ou, Recueil de Mémoires sur l'Anatomie, la Physiologie, la Classification et les Moeurs des Animaux des Nos Côtes: Ouvrage Accompagné de Planches Faites d'Après Nature 2: 196–199. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.43796. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95171. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Fischer, Antje HL; Henrich, Thorsten; Arendt, Detlev (2010). "The normal development of Platynereis dumerilii (Nereididae, Annelida)". Frontiers in Zoology 7 (1): 31. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-7-31. PMID 21192805. 
  3. ↑ Read, G.. "Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834). In: Read, G.; Fauchald, K. (Ed.) (2015)". http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=130417. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fauvel, Pierre (1914). "Annélides polychètes non-pélagiques provenant des campagnes de l'Hirondelle et de la Princesse-Alice (1885-1910)". Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques Accompliés Par le Prince Albert I 46: 1–432. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/18640#9. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Fischer, Albrecht; Dorresteijn, Adriaan (March 2004). "The polychaete Platynereis dumerilii (Annelida): a laboratory animal with spiralian cleavage, lifelong segment proliferation and a mixed benthic/pelagic life cycle". BioEssays 26 (3): 314–325. doi:10.1002/bies.10409. PMID 14988933. 
  6. ↑ "Introduction - Encyclopedia of Life" (in en). http://eol.org/data_objects/12488328. 
  7. ↑ "Living Fossil Platynereis dumerilii: Unraveling the first steps of eye evolution". 3 December 2008. https://thebiologyplace.wordpress.com/2008/12/04/living-fossil-platynereis-dumerilii-unraveling-the-first-steps-of-eye-evolution/. 
  8. ↑ "Arendt Group - Evolution of the nervous system in bilateria - EMBL" (in en). https://www.embl.de/research/units/dev_biology/arendt/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jha, A. N.; Hutchinson, T. H.; Mackay, J. M.; Elliott, B. M.; Pascoe, P. L.; Dixon, D. R. (1995). "The chromosomes Of Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta: Nereidae)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75 (3): 551. doi:10.1017/S002531540003900X. 
  10. ↑ Lauri, Antonella; Brunet, Thibaut; Handberg-Thorsager, Mette; Fischer, Antje H. L.; Simakov, Oleg; Steinmetz, Patrick R. H.; Tomer, Raju; Keller, Philipp J. et al. (2014-09-12). "Development of the annelid axochord: Insights into notochord evolution" (in en). Science 345 (6202): 1365–1368. doi:10.1126/science.1253396. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25214631. Bibcode: 2014Sci...345.1365L. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Jékely, Gáspár; Colombelli, Julien; Hausen, Harald; Guy, Keren; Stelzer, Ernst; Nédélec, François; Arendt, Detlev (20 November 2008). "Mechanism of phototaxis in marine zooplankton". Nature 456 (7220): 395–399. doi:10.1038/nature07590. PMID 19020621. Bibcode: 2008Natur.456..395J. 
  12. ↑ Verasztó, Csaba; Ueda, Nobuo; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A; Panzera, Aurora; Williams, Elizabeth A; Shahidi, Réza; Jékely, Gáspár (2017-05-16). Sengupta, Piali. ed. "Ciliomotor circuitry underlying whole-body coordination of ciliary activity in the Platynereis larva". eLife 6: e26000. doi:10.7554/eLife.26000. ISSN 2050-084X. PMID 28508746. 
  13. ↑ Arendt, D.; Tessmar-Raible, K.; Snyman, H.; Dorresteijn, A.W.; Wittbrodt, J. (29 October 2004). "Ciliary Photoreceptors with a Vertebrate-Type Opsin in an Invertebrate Brain". Science 306 (5697): 869–871. doi:10.1126/science.1099955. PMID 15514158. Bibcode: 2004Sci...306..869A. 
  14. ↑ Tsukamoto, Hisao; Chen, I-Shan; Kubo, Yoshihiro; Furutani, Yuji (4 August 2017). "A ciliary opsin in the brain of a marine annelid zooplankton is ultraviolet-sensitive, and the sensitivity is tuned by a single amino acid residue". Journal of Biological Chemistry 292 (31): 12971–12980. doi:10.1074/jbc.M117.793539. PMID 28623234. 
  15. ↑ Verasztó, Csaba; Gühmann, Martin; Jia, Huiyong; Rajan, Vinoth Babu Veedin; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A; Piñeiro-Lopez, Cristina; Randel, Nadine; Shahidi, Réza et al. (29 May 2018). "Ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor-cell circuits form a spectral depth gauge in marine zooplankton". eLife 7. doi:10.7554/eLife.36440. PMID 29809157. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Rhode, Birgit (April 1992). "Development and differentiation of the eye inPlatynereis dumerilii (Annelida, Polychaeta)". Journal of Morphology 212 (1): 71–85. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052120108. PMID 29865584. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Randel, Nadine; Asadulina, Albina; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A; Verasztó, Csaba; Williams, Elizabeth A; Conzelmann, Markus; Shahidi, Réza; Jékely, Gáspár (27 May 2014). "Neuronal connectome of a sensory-motor circuit for visual navigation". eLife 3. doi:10.7554/eLife.02730. PMID 24867217. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Randel, N.; Bezares-Calderon, L. A.; Gühmann, M.; Shahidi, R.; Jekely, G. (2013-05-10). "Expression Dynamics and Protein Localization of Rhabdomeric Opsins in Platynereis Larvae". Integrative and Comparative Biology 53 (1): 7–16. doi:10.1093/icb/ict046. PMID 23667045. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Gühmann, Martin; Jia, Huiyong; Randel, Nadine; Verasztó, Csaba; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A.; Michiels, Nico K.; Yokoyama, Shozo; Jékely, Gáspár (August 2015). "Spectral Tuning of Phototaxis by a Go-Opsin in the Rhabdomeric Eyes of Platynereis". Current Biology 25 (17): 2265–2271. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.017. PMID 26255845. 
  20. ↑ Kojima, Daisuke; Terakita, Akihisa; Ishikawa, Toru; Tsukahara, Yasuo; Maeda, Akio; Shichida, Yoshinori (12 September 1997). "A Novel Go-mediated Phototransduction Cascade in Scallop Visual Cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 (37): 22979–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.37.22979. PMID 9287291. 
  21. ↑ Gomez, MP; Nasi, E (15 July 2000). "Light transduction in invertebrate hyperpolarizing photoreceptors: possible involvement of a Go-regulated guanylate cyclase.". The Journal of Neuroscience 20 (14): 5254–63. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-14-05254.2000. PMID 10884309. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Chartier, Thomas F.; Deschamps, Joran; Dürichen, Wiebke; Jékely, Gáspár; Arendt, Detlev (2018). "Whole-head recording of chemosensory activity in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii". Open Biology 8 (10): 180139. doi:10.1098/rsob.180139. PMID 30381362. 
  23. ↑ Ayers, Thomas; Tsukamoto, Hisao; Gühmann, Martin; Veedin Rajan, Vinoth Babu; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin (2018-04-18). "A Go-type opsin mediates the shadow reflex in the annelid Platynereis dumerilii". BMC Biology 16 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/s12915-018-0505-8. ISSN 1741-7007. PMID 29669554. 
  24. ↑ Wolff, Gabriella H.; Strausfeld, Nicholas J. (January 2015). "Genealogical Correspondence of Mushroom Bodies across Invertebrate Phyla". Current Biology 25 (1): 38–44. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.049. PMID 25532890. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Giangrande, A. (September 1988). "Polychaete zonation and its relation to algal distribution down a vertical cliff in the western Mediterranean (Italy): a structural analysis". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 120 (3): 263–276. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(88)90006-8. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lewis, III, F. Graham; Stoner, Allan W. (1 January 1981). "An Examination of Methods for Sampling Macrobenthos in Seagrass Meadows". Bulletin of Marine Science 31 (1): 116–124. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/umrsmas/bullmar/1981/00000031/00000001/art00008. 
  27. ↑ Jacobs, R.P.W.M.; Pierson, E.S. (January 1979). "Zostera marina spathes as a habitat for Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin and Milne-Edwards, 1834)". Aquatic Botany 6: 403–406. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(79)90079-2. 
  28. ↑ Huffard, C. L.; von Thun, S.; Sherman, A. D.; Sealey, K.; Smith, K. L. (14 September 2014). "Pelagic Sargassum community change over a 40-year period: temporal and spatial variability". Marine Biology 161 (12): 2735–2751. doi:10.1007/s00227-014-2539-y. PMID 25414525. 
  29. ↑ Fine, M. L. (October 1970). "Faunal variation on pelagic Sargassum". Marine Biology 7 (2): 112–122. doi:10.1007/Bf00354914. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2550&context=etd. 
  30. ↑ Clark, R. B.; Milne, A. (1955). "The sublittoral fauna of two sandy bays on the Isle of Cumbrae, Firth of Clyde". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 34 (1): 161. doi:10.1017/S0025315400008663. http://plymsea.ac.uk/1648/1/The_sublittoral_fauna_of_two_sandy_bays_on_the_Isle_of_Cumbrae%2C_Firth_of_Clyde.pdf. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Giangrande, A.; Delos, A. L.; Fraschetti, S.; Musco, L.; Licciano, M.; Terlizzi, A. (1 December 2003). "Polychaete assemblages along a rocky shore on the South Adriatic coast (Mediterranean Sea): patterns of spatial distribution". Marine Biology 143 (6): 1109–1116. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1162-0. 
  32. ↑ Gambi, Maria Cristina; Lorenti, Maurizio; Russo, Giovanni F.; Scipione, Maria Beatrice; Zupo, Valerio (March 1992). "Depth and Seasonal Distribution of Some Groups of the Vagile Fauna of the Posidonia oceanica Leaf Stratum: Structural and Trophic Analyses". Marine Ecology 13 (1): 17–39. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1992.tb00337.x. Bibcode: 1992MarEc..13...17G. 
  33. ↑ ALIANI, STEFANO; MELONI, ROBERTO (1999). "Dispersal strategies of benthic species and water current variability in the Corsica Channel (Western Mediterranean)". Scientia Marina 63 (2): 137–145. doi:10.3989/scimar.1999.63n2137. 
  34. ↑ Cram, A.; Evans, S.M. (May 1980). "Stability and lability in the evolution of behaviour in nereid polychaetes". Animal Behaviour 28 (2): 483–490. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80056-X. 
  35. ↑ Giménez, F.; Marín, A. (1991). "Los Anelidos poliquetos de una solfatara submarina en el Golfo de Napoles". Anales de Biología 17: 143–151. 
  36. ↑ Lucey, Noelle Marie; Lombardi, Chiara; DeMarchi, Lucia; Schulze, Anja; Gambi, Maria Cristina; Calosi, Piero (9 July 2015). "To brood or not to brood: Are marine invertebrates that protect their offspring more resilient to ocean acidification?". Scientific Reports 5 (1): 12009. doi:10.1038/srep12009. PMID 26156262. Bibcode: 2015NatSR...512009L. 
  37. ↑ Surugiu, Victor; Feunteun, Marc (2008). "The structure and distribution of polychaete populations influenced by sewage from the Romanian Coast of the Black Sea". Analele Ştiinţifice Ale Universităţii "Al. I. Cuza" Iaşi, S. Biologie Animală LIV. 
  38. ↑ Bellan, Gérard (November 1980). "Relationship of pollution to rocky substratum polychaetes on the French Mediterranean coast". Marine Pollution Bulletin 11 (11): 318–321. doi:10.1016/0025-326x(80)90048-X. 
  39. ↑ Musco, L; Terlizzi, A; Licciano, M; Giangrande, A (14 May 2009). "Taxonomic structure and the effectiveness of surrogates in environmental monitoring: a lesson from polychaetes". Marine Ecology Progress Series 383: 199–210. doi:10.3354/meps07989. Bibcode: 2009MEPS..383..199M. 
  40. ↑ Ricevuto, Elena; Kroeker, K. J.; Ferrigno, F.; Micheli, F.; Gambi, M. C. (24 October 2014). "Spatio-temporal variability of polychaete colonization at volcanic CO2 vents indicates high tolerance to ocean acidification". Marine Biology 161 (12): 2909–2919. doi:10.1007/s00227-014-2555-y. 
  41. ↑ Ramanathan, Nirupama; Simakov, Oleg; Merten, Christoph A.; Arendt, Detlev; Molinero, Juan Carlos (30 October 2015). "Quantifying Preferences and Responsiveness of Marine Zooplankton to Changing Environmental Conditions using Microfluidics". PLOS ONE 10 (10): e0140553. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140553. PMID 26517120. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1040553R. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "A slightly different worm – Platynereis dumerilii" (in en). https://www.gesundheitsindustrie-bw.de/en/article/news/a-slightly-different-worm-platynereis-dumerilii. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Fischer, Albrecht (1999). "Reproductive and developmental phenomena in annelids: a source of exemplary research problems". Hydrobiologia 402: 1–20. doi:10.1023/A:1003719906378. 
  44. ↑ Markandeya, Virat (22 February 2023). "How lunar cycles guide the spawning of corals, worms and more" (in en). Knowable Magazine (Annual Reviews). doi:10.1146/knowable-022223-2. https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2023/lunar-cycles-guide-spawning. Retrieved 6 March 2023. 
  45. ↑ Häfker, N. Sören; Andreatta, Gabriele; Manzotti, Alessandro; Falciatore, Angela; Raible, Florian; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin (16 January 2023). "Rhythms and Clocks in Marine Organisms" (in en). Annual Review of Marine Science 15 (1): 509–538. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-030422-113038. ISSN 1941-1405. 
  46. ↑ Poehn, Birgit; Krishnan, Shruthi; Zurl, Martin; Coric, Aida; Rokvic, Dunja; Häfker, N. Sören; Jaenicke, Elmar; Arboleda, Enrique et al. (5 September 2022). "A Cryptochrome adopts distinct moon- and sunlight states and functions as sun- versus moonlight interpreter in monthly oscillator entrainment" (in en). Nature Communications 13 (1): 5220. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32562-z. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 36064778. 
  47. ↑ Zeeck, Erich; Harder, Tilman; Beckmann, Manfred (1998). "Uric acid: the sperm-release pheromone of the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii". Journal of Chemical Ecology 24 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1023/A:1022328610423. 
  48. ↑ Ipucha, María Claudia; Santos, Cinthya Gomes; Lana, Paulo Da Cunha; Sbalqueiro, Ives José (2007). "Cytogenetic characterization of seven South American species of nereididae (annelida: polychaeta): implications for the karyotypic evolution". BAG. Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 18 (2). 
  49. ↑ Zantke, Juliane; Bannister, Stephanie; Rajan, Vinoth Babu Veedin; Raible, Florian; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin (7 May 2014). "Genetic and Genomic Tools for the Marine Annelid". Genetics 197 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1534/genetics.112.148254. PMID 24807110. 
  50. ↑ Raible, Florian; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin; Osoegawa, Kazutoyo; Wincker, Patrick; Jubin, Claire; Balavoine, Guillaume; Ferrier, David; Benes, Vladimir et al. (25 November 2005). "Vertebrate-Type Intron-Rich Genes in the Marine Annelid Platynereis dumerilii" (in en). Science 310 (5752): 1325–1326. doi:10.1126/science.1119089. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16311335. Bibcode: 2005Sci...310.1325R. 
  51. ↑ "A single gene 'invented' haemoglobin several times" (in en). EurekAlert!. 29 December 2020. https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-12/c-asg122920.php. 
  52. ↑ Song, Solène; Starunov, Viktor; Bailly, Xavier; Ruta, Christine; Kerner, Pierre; Cornelissen, Annemiek J. M.; Balavoine, Guillaume (December 2020). "Globins in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii shed new light on hemoglobin evolution in bilaterians". BMC Evolutionary Biology 20 (1): 165. doi:10.1186/s12862-020-01714-4. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q6743022 entry



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