Chemistry:Propachlor
Propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide)[1] is an anilide used primarily as an herbicide first marketed by Monsanto under the tradename Ramrod. It was initially registered for use in the United States in 1964.[2][3]
The preparation acts on annual grasses and on some broadleaf weeds [1] and was briefly sold in the UK as a germination inhibitor under the name Murphy Covershield. Propachlor was sold in flake, pelletized, and concentrated liquid formulations, which contained Propachlor as the main ingredient, or as a mixture with Atrazine or Propazine. Propazine-only formulations typically included instructions for mixing with Atrazine.[3]
Between 1987 and 1996, about 2.1 million pounds of its active ingredient were used in the United States.[4] 75% was applied to sorghum crops and 24% to maize.[4]
Monsanto voluntarily discontinued its manufacture in 1998.[5] It is currently listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory.[6] In 2008, the European Commission issued a decision withdrawing its approval for use as of March 18, 2009, citing the presence of its metabolites in groundwater.[7] Propachlor was added to California's Proposition 65 list as a carcinogen in 2001.[8]
Current manufacturers
It is currently being produced by Makhteshim Agan Group and Shenzhen Qinfeng Pesticides Co., Ltd.[9]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Warholic, DT; Gutenmann, WH; Lisk, DJ (1983). "Propachlor herbicide residue studies in cabbage using modified analytical procedure". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31 (5): 585–7. doi:10.1007/bf01605479. PMID 6640157. Bibcode: 1983BuECT..31..585W.
- ↑ "Propachlor (Ramrod, Bexton) Herbicide Profile 2/85". Cornell University. https://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/herb-growthreg/naa-rimsulfuron/propachlor/propach_prf_0285.html. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Propachlor - Reregistration Eligibility Decision (R.E.D.) Facts". US Environmental Protection Agency. November 1998. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-019101_1-Nov-98.pdf.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) - Propachlor". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/0177red.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ↑ "Illinois Pesticide Review". University of Illinois Extension Service. http://web.extension.uiuc.edu/ipr/i4189_829.html. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ↑ "Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Chemicals in TOXMAP". http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/toxmap/main/chemicals.jsp. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ↑ "COMMISSION DECISION of 18 September 2008 concerning the non-inclusion of propachlor in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing that substance". European Commission. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:251:0039:0040:EN:PDF. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ↑ "CHEMICALS KNOWN TO THE STATE TO CAUSE CANCER OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY AUGUST 7, 2009". State of California Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single080709.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ↑ Farm Chemicals International (2012-03-12). "Propachlor". http://www.farmchemicalsinternational.com/cropprotection/cpd/?op=cpdproductdetail&pid=323760. Retrieved 2012-06-27.
External links
- Propachlor in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
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