Chemistry:Benfluralin

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Benfluralin (or Benefin) is a herbicide of the dinitroaniline class. The mechanism of action of benfluralin involves pre-emergent inhibition of mitosis, root and shoot development,[1] same as trifluralin, from which benfluralin was developed in 1963.[2][3]

Shows states where benefin (as Balan DF) is registered (Green) or not (Red). Not shown: Hawaii, where it is registered.

It is used to control grasses and other weeds. Annual use in the United States was approximately 700,000 pounds (320 t) in 2004,[4] down from 1,200,000 pounds (540 t) in 1974, when it was used more than paraquat.[5] The USGS estimates 60,000 pounds (27 t) used in the US in 2018.[6] Non-agricultural use includes domestic use,[7] turf, golf courses, ornamentals, tree plantations, roads and paths. It is used on lettuce, alfalfa, clover, fruit, nuts, berries, and vineyards.[7] Benfluralin's EU approval expired in 2023,[8] leaving pendimethalin as the only EU-approved dinitroaniline.[9]

Benfluralin (as Balan) was registered in Australia from 1967 to 1997, with 200 g/L benfluralin and 680 g/L xylene solvent.[10]

Environmental behaviour

Benfluralin's soil half-life is moderate, 22-79 days, and volatilises quickly. It can bioaccumulate in fish, to whom it is very toxic. It is practically non-toxic to birds and bees.[7]

Vapours of benefin can affect growing tobacco leaves, and exposed leaves are shortened, narrowed, thicker and distorted. Plant height is reduced, though more leaves sprout.[11]

Safety

Benfluralin is practically non-toxic. Chronic exposure may harm the liver and kidneys. No endocrine disruption is known. EPA modelling puts benfluralin water concentrations below any level of concern, and real life evidence shows benfluralin levels to be lower than predicted. [7]

Herbicide application

Benfluralin's HRAC classification is group K1 (global), D (Aus), 3 (numeric).[12]

After application, benefin must be inforporated into soil. It is usually applied at ~1.2 lb/ac (1.35 kg/Ha) active ingredient.[13]

Tradenames

Benfluralin has been marketed as: Balan, Balfin, Benefex, Benfluralin, Benefin, Bethrodine, Bonalan, Carpidor, Emblem, EL-110, Flubalex, Pel-Tech, Quilan, Surflan XL 2G, Team, and XL 2G. (XL 2G tradenames also contain oryzalin.)[14]

Target weeds

Benefin controls the following weeds: (non-exhaustive list) Grasses: Annual bluegrass (Poa annua), barnyardgrass / watergrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), crabgrass Digitaria, crowfootgrass (dactyloctenium aegyptium), foxtails / bottlegrass / bristlegrass / pigeongrass (Setaria), Johnsongrass (seedling only) (Sorghum halepense), junglerice (Echinochloa colonum), fall panicum (panicum dichotomiflorum), Texas panicum / buffalograss / coloradograss (panicum texanum) and ryegrass / sandbur (lolium multiflorum). Weeds: carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata), chickweed (stellaria media), florida pusley / purslane / mexican clover (Richardia scabra), knotweed (Polygonum aviculare), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), pigweeds (Amaranthus), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and redmaids (Calandrinia ciliata).[13]

References

  1. ↑ Agrochemicals , Globachem
  2. ↑ Wallace, David R. (2005). "Trifluralin". Encyclopedia of Toxicology. pp. 388–389. doi:10.1016/B0-12-369400-0/00987-X. ISBN 978-0-12-369400-3. 
  3. ↑ Székács, András (2021). "Herbicide mode of action". Herbicides. pp. 41–86. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-823674-1.00008-0. ISBN 978-0-12-823674-1. 
  4. ↑ R.E.D. FACTS: Benfluralin , United States Environmental Protection Agency
  5. ↑ "Pesticide Usage Survey of Agricultural, Governmental, and Industrial Sectors in the United States, 1974". EPA. 1977. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=91012P4O.txt. 
  6. ↑ "2019 Pesticide Use Maps -". USGS. https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2019&map=BENFLURALIN&hilo=L&disp=Benfluralin. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "R.E.D. Facts Benfluralin". EPA. July 31, 2004. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-084301_31-Jul-04.pdf. 
  8. ↑ "Sowing Resilience: Industry Insights on Europe's Agri-input Challenges and Prospects" (in en). Grainews. https://news.agropages.com/News/NewsDetail---49708.htm. 
  9. ↑ Giglio, A; Vommaro, ML (November 2022). "Dinitroaniline herbicides: a comprehensive review of toxicity and side effects on animal non-target organisms.". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 29 (51): 76687–76711. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-23169-4. PMID 36175724. Bibcode: 2022ESPR...2976687G. 
  10. ↑ "Public Chemical Registration Information System Search: ELANCO BALAN SELECTIVE HERBICIDE". Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. https://portal.apvma.gov.au/pubcris?p_auth=d1T0yw86&p_p_id=pubcrisportlet_WAR_pubcrisportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=2&p_p_col_count=4&_pubcrisportlet_WAR_pubcrisportlet_id=31603&_pubcrisportlet_WAR_pubcrisportlet_javax.portlet.action=viewProduct. 
  11. ↑ Yamasue, Yuji; Worsham, Arch D.; Anderson, Charles E. (1982). "Morphological and Anatomical Effects of Benefin Vapors on Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)". Weed Science 30 (5): 539–544. doi:10.1017/S0043174500041126. Bibcode: 1982WeedS..30..539Y. 
  12. ↑ Hertfordshire, University of. "Benfluralin (Ref: EL 110) PPDB". http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/62.htm. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Balan DF Product Label - 051908 V4D 08G09". https://www.agrian.com/labelcenter/results.cfm?quicksearch=BALAN%20DF. 
  14. ↑ Greene, Stanley A. Pohanish, Richard P.. (2005). Sittig's Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. William Andrew Publishing. Retrieved from
    https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpSHPAC00E/sittigs-handbook-pesticides/sittigs-handbook-pesticides
  • Benfluralin in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)

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