Chemistry:Types of periodic tables

From HandWiki
Short description: Different forms of the table of elements

Theodor Benfey's arrangement is an example of a continuous (spiral) table. First published in 1964, it explicitly showed the location of lanthanides and actinides. The elements form a two-dimensional spiral, starting from hydrogen, and folding their way around two peninsulas, the transition metals, and lanthanides and actinides. A superactinide peninsula is already slotted in.[1]
Part of a series on the
Periodic table
Periodic table forms
Periodic table history
Sets of elements
By periodic table structure
By metallic classification
By other characteristics
Elements
List of chemical elements
Properties of elements
Data pages for elements

Since Dimitri Mendeleev formulated the periodic law in 1871, and published an associated periodic table of chemical elements, authors have experimented with varying types of periodic tables including for teaching, aesthetic or philosophical purposes.

Earlier, in 1869, Mendeleev had mentioned different layouts including short, medium, and even cubic forms. It appeared to him that the latter (three-dimensional) form would be the most natural approach but that "attempts at such a construction have not led to any real results".[2][n 1] On spiral periodic tables, "Mendeleev...steadfastly refused to depict the system as [such]...His objection was that he could not express this function mathematically."[4]

Typology

In 1934, George Quam, a chemistry professor at Long Island University, New York, and Mary Quam, a librarian at the New York Public Library compiled and published a bibliography of 133 periodic tables using a five-fold typology: I. short; II. long (including triangular); III. spiral; IV. helical, and V. miscellaneous.

In 1952, Moeller expressed disdain as to the many types of periodic table:

The literature is replete with suggested (and discarded) modifications of the M periodic table. In fact so many modifications have appeared that one is tempted to conclude that practically every author has his [sic] own concept of what a workable arrangement must be. Unfortunately, the majority of the tabulations proposed are either unwieldy or utterly worthless, and only a few valuable suggestions have been made. Geometry does not permit of an arrangement which is sufficiently ideal to serve all the required purposes equally well. Thus the many three-dimensional models, embracing globes, helices, cones, prisms, castles, etc., are interesting but lacking in utility. To a lesser extent, the more involved two-dimensional arrangements do little toward solving the difficulty, and essentially the only suggestions as to modifications which are truly constructive are those centering in reflection of electronic configurations.
Certainly the most useful of these modifications, and at the same time one of the earliest to be proposed, is the so-called long or [18-column]...table.[5]

In 1954, Tomkeieff referred to the three principle types of periodic table as helical, rectilinear, and spiral. He added that, "unfortunately there also a number of freaks".[6]

In 1974 Edward Mazurs, a professor of chemistry, published a survey and analysis of about seven hundred periodic tables that had been published in the preceding one hundred years; he recognized short, medium, long, helical, spiral, series tables, and tables not classified.

In 1999 Mark Leach, a chemist, inaugurated the INTERNET database of Periodic Tables. It has over 1200 entries as of May 2023.[n 2] While the database is a chronological compilation, specific types of periodic tables that can be searched for are spiral and helical; 3-dimensional; and miscellaneous.

For convenience, periodic tables may be typified as either: 1. short; 2. triangular; 3. medium; 4. long; 5. continuous (circular, spiral, lemniscate, or helical); 6. folding; or 7. spatial. Tables that defy easy classification are counted as type 8. unclassified.

Short

Newlands' 1866 table of octaves
Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table
Modern form of a short eight-group periodic table

Short tables have around eight columns. This form became popular following the publication of Mendeleev's eight-column periodic table in 1871.

Also shown in this section is a modernized version of the same table.

Mendeleev and others who discovered chemical periodicity in the 1860s had noticed that when the elements were arranged in order of their atomic weights there was as an approximate repetition of physiochemical properties after every eight elements. Consequently, Mendeleev organized the elements known at that time into a table with eight columns. He used the table to predict the properties of then unknown elements. While his hit rate was less than 50% it was his successes that propelled the widespread acceptance of the idea of a periodic table of the chemical elements.[8] The eight-column style remains popular to this day, most notably in Russia, Mendeleev's country of birth.

An earlier attempt by Newlands, an English chemist, to present the nub of the same idea to the London Chemical Society, in 1866, was unsuccessful;[9] members were less than receptive to theoretical ideas, as was the British tendency at the time.[10] He referred to his idea as the Law of Octaves, at one point drawing an analogy with an eight-key musical scale.

John Gladstone, a fellow chemist, objected on the basis that Newland's table presumed no elements remained to be discovered. "The last few years had brought forth thallium, indium, caesium, and rubidium, and now the finding of one more would throw out the whole system."[9] He believed there was as close an analogy between the metals named in the last vertical column as in any of the elements standing on the same horizontal line.

Fellow English chemist Carey Foster humorously inquired of Newlands whether he had ever examined the elements according to the order of their initial letters. Foster believed that any arrangement would present occasional coincidences, but he condemned one which placed so far apart manganese and chromium, or iron from nickel and cobalt.

The advantages of the short form of periodic table are its compact size and that it shows the relationships between main group elements and transition metal groups

Its disadvantages are that it appears to group dissimilar elements, such as chorine and manganese, together; the separation of metals and nonmetals is hard to discern; there are "inconsistencies in the grouping together of elements giving colorless, diamagnetic ions with elements giving colored, paramagnetic ions; and [a] lack of reasonable positions for hydrogen, the lanthanide elements, and the actinide elements."[11]

Some other notable short periodic tables include:

1862  Meyer's system: 28 elements in 6 columns[12]

1895  Retger's Periodic Table: Intraperiodic accommodation of the rare earths (a)[13]

1902  Brauner's table: Intraperiodic accommodation of the rare earths (b)[14]

1906  Mendeleev's table: with six supposedly missing elements between H and He[15]

1919  Hackh's table, with 9 columns in the top half and 11 in the bottom half. The position of an element in the table determines its properties.[16][n 4]

1923  Deming's other table: Mendeleev style with dividing line between metals and nonmetals[17]

1924  Hubbard chart of atoms: American classic[18]

1935  Rysselberghe's table: Separated blocks[19]

1945  Krafft's table: Ten groups[20]

1950  Sidgwick's classification (Mendeleeff): Lanthanides collocated; actinides fragmented[21]

1960  International Rectifier Corporation table: Rainbow style[22]

1975  Shukarev's system: Transition metals turn back on themselves[23]

2011  Tresvyatskii's table: Assignment of lanthanides and actinides to groups[24]

Triangular

A rendering of Bayley's periodic table of 1882[25]
A redrawn version of Kapustinsky's triangular or step pyramid periodic table (1953).[26] Period 0 includes the electron and neutron. Each period repeats once. Two kinds of bilateral symmetry are present: shape; and metals and nonmetals in each half.

Triangular tables have column widths of 2-8-18-32 or thereabouts. An early example, appearing in 1882, was provided by Bayley.[27]

Through the use of connecting lines, such tables make it easier to indicate analogous properties among the elements.

In some ways they represent a form intermediate between the short and medium tables, since the average width of the fully mature version (with widths of 2+8+18+32 = 60) is 15 columns.

An early drawback of this form was to make predictions for missing elements based on considerations of symmetry. For example, Bayely considered the rare earth metals to be indirect analogues of other elements such as, for example, zirconium and niobium, a presumption which turned out to be largely unfounded.[28]

Advantages of this form are its aesthetic appeal, and relatively compact size; disadvantages are its width, the fact that it is harder to draw, and interpreting certain periodic trends or relationships may be more challenging compared to the traditional rectangular format.

Some other notable triangular periodic tables include:

1895  Thomsen's systematic arrangement: Electropositive and electronegative elements labelled[29]

1911  Adam's table: Separation of lanthanides (left) and radioactives (right)[30]

1922  Bohr's system: Based on modern atomic theory[31]

1935  Zmaczynski's table: Period 0 above H-He[32]

1949  Antropoff's representation revised by Fritz Scheele: Lanthanides and actinides included in main body[33]

1952  Coryell's table: Bifurcating groups limited to 3 and 13[34]

1953  Kapustinsky's table: Electron and neutron added to period 0; each period repeats once. There is a secondary diagonal relationship between the neutron (which decays to a proton, electron and antineutrino), and hydrogen.[26]

1967  Sanderson's table: 2-8-10-14 stacked periods[35]

1987  Step-pyramid form of the periodic chart: Modernised version of 1882 Bayley[36]

1989  Seaborg's electron shell table: Up to Z = 168[37]

1995  Klein's table: Breaks at the start of each new block[38]

2023  Marks' snub-triangular version of Mendeleyev's 1869 table: First tier has sp elements rather than H and He alone alone[39]

Medium

Deming's periodic table of 1923[40]
A modern periodic table colour-coded to show some common or more commonly used names for sets of elements. The categories and their boundaries differ somewhat between sources.[41] Lutetium and lawrencium in group 3 are also transition metals.[42]

Medium tables have around 18 columns. The popularity of this form is thought to be a result of it having a good balance of features in terms of ease of construction and size, and its depiction of atomic order and periodic trends.[43]

Deming's version of a medium table, which appeared in the first edition of his 1923 textbook "General Chemistry: An Elementary Survey Emphasizing Industrial Applications of Fundamental Principles", has been credited with popularizing the 18-column form.[44][n 6]

LeRoy[45] referred to Deming's table, "this...being better known as the 'eighteen columns'-form" as representing "a very marked improvement over the original Mendeleef type as far as presentation to beginning classes is concerned."

Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming's table, in 1928, which was widely circulated in American schools. By the 1930s his table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopedias of chemistry. It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company.[46][47][48]

The advantages of the medium form are that it correlates the positions of the elements with their electronic structures, accommodates the vertical, horizontal and diagonal trends that characterise the elements;, and separates the metals and nonmetals; its disadvantages are that it obscures the relationships between main group elements and transition metals.

Some other notable medium tables include:

1893  Rang's 17-column table: Forerunner of the modern 18-column table[49]

1920  Stewart's arrangement: The lanthanides accommodated in its 18 columns[50]

1945  Seaborg's table: Suggested an actinide series to complement the lanthanides[51]

1956  Remy's "long" period form: Uranides competing with Seaborg's actinides[52]

1976  Seaborg's futuristic table: Elements up to Z = 168[53]

1980  Jodogne's tableau: Upside down[54]

1990  IUPAC Red Book table: 15-wide f-block[55]

2002  Inorganic chemist's table: Major and minor patterns indicated.[56]

2006  Scerri's table: Symmetrical[57]

Long

Left step periodic table with 33rd shadow column showing that the periods wrap around
The blocks in this long table follow the conventional order: s-, f-, d- and p-

Long tables have around 32 columns. Early examples are given by Bassett (1892),[58] with 37 columns arranged albeit vertically rather than horizontally; Gooch & Walker (1905),[59] with 25 columns; and by Werner (1905),[60] with 33 columns.

In the first image in this section, of a so-called left step table:

  • Groups 1 and 2 (the s-block) have been moved to the right side of the table.
  • The s-block is shifted up one row, thus all elements not in the s-block are now one row lower than in the standard table. For example, most of the fourth row in the standard table is the fifth row in this table.
  • Helium is placed in group 2 (not in group 18).

The elements remain positioned in order of atomic number (Z).

The left step table was developed by Charles Janet, in 1928, originally for aesthetic purposes. That being said it shows a reasonable correspondence with the Madelung energy ordering rule this being a notional sequence in which the electron shells of the neutral atoms in their ground states are filled.

A more conventional long form of periodic table is included for comparison.

The advantage of the long form is that shows where the lanthanides and actinides fit into the periodic table; its disadvantage is its width.

Some other notable long tables include:

1892  Bassett's vertical arrangement: 37 columns sideways[61]

1905  Gooch & Walker's system: 25 columns[62]

1905  Werner's arrangement: 33 groups[63]

1927  LeRoy's table: Left step precursor; three sets of transition elements[64]

1928  Corbino's right-step table: No gaps between elements[65]

1934  Romanoff's system: First long form with actinides under lanthanides (including a split d-block)[66]

1964  Ternstrom's A periodic table: A triple-combo table drawing on the advantages of the complete block system according to Werner (1905) and a horizontal Bohr line-system; the outcome resembles the left step form of Janet (1928)[67]

1982  Periodiska systems rätta form: Left step variation with novel placement of H-He[68]

2002  Tabla Periódica de Los Elementos Químicos-Forma Armonica - Sistema A-2 (Periodic Table of Chemical Elements-Harmonic Form): Left step variation in which groups 1 and 2 are redistributed[69]

2018  Beylkin's table: Symmetrical table with lanthanides and actinides incorporated[70] |}

Continuous

A circular periodic table

Encompassing circular, spiral, lemniscate, or helical tables.

The Crookes' lemniscate periodic table shown in this section has the following elements falling under one another:

H He Li Gl B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S
Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn·Fe·Ni·Co Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
Br Kr Rb Sr Yt Zr Nb Mo Rh·Ru·Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
I – Cs Ba La Ce (  ) (  ) (  ) (  ) (  ) (  ) (  ) (  ) (  )
(  ) – (  ) (  ) (  ) (  ) Ta W Ir·Pt·Os (  ) (  ) (  ) (  ) (  ) (  )
– – – – – Th – Ur – – – – – – –

The collocation of manganese with iron, nickel and cobalt is later seen in the modernised version of von Bichowsky's table of 1918, in the unclassified section of this article.

A continuous two-dimensional periodic pyramid[71]
Crookes' lemniscate (figure eight) periodic table of 1898[72]
A helical table

The French geologist, Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois was the first person to make use of atomic weights to produce a classification of periodicity. He drew the elements as a continuous spiral around a metal cylinder divided into 16 parts.[73] The atomic weight of oxygen was taken as 16 and was used as the standard against which all the other elements were compared. Tellurium was situated at the centre, prompting vis tellurique, or telluric screw.

The advantage of this form is that it emphasizes, to a greater or lesser degree, that the elements form a continuous sequence; that said, continuous tables are harder to construct, read and memorize than the traditional rectangular form of periodic table.

Some other notable forms of continuous periodic tables include:

1867  Hinrichs' programme of atomechanics: Captures many of the primary periodic relationships seen in the modern table while not being cluttered by attempts to show secondary relationships[74]

1886   natural classification: A spiral form with instructions for turning it into a tube[75]

1905  Gooch & Walker's primary, secondary, and tertiary series of elements: An early depiction of double periodicity among the Ln[76]

1914  Hackh's periodic table: First spiral to take account of Mosley's atomic numbers, and the first to show successively larger pairs of coils. Also interesting as H stands alone in the centre[77]

1925  Courtines' a model of the periodic table: A helix with the appearance of a submarine or a castle[78]

1939  Irwin's periodic tableExtensive analysis of periodicity patterns[79]

1940  Gamow [first] ribbon periodic table Noble gases as Group 0[80]

1965  Alexander arrangement of elements: Designed to complement the point at which education on the arrangement of atoms into a chart begins, much as the world globe establishes the reality, and to emphasise the vital and convenient nature of flat printed projections or maps[81]

1999  Moran's spiral periodic table: In hexagonal form[82]

2003  Chemical galaxy II: Starry pathway to link the elements, express the astronomical reach of chemistry, stimulate the imagination and evoke wonder at the order underlying the universe[83]

2010  Harrison Spiral Periodic Table: The organisation of the elements closely follows H.G. Deming's 1923 Periodic Table where A B numeration was first utilized to correspond the characteristic oxides of the 'B' groups to those of the 'A' groups.[84]

Folding

McCutchon's periodic table of 1950, with two double-sided flaps attached. The top flap shows the first half of the f-block. The flap under that shows the first half of the d- block.[85]

Such tables, which incorporate a folding mechanism, are relatively uncommon:

1895  An early example is the 'Flap' Model of the periodic table by David Orme Masson.[86]

1915  William Ramsay, in his book The Gases of The Atmosphere, included a periodic table with a fold (or flap) that can be moved from page 220 to 221.[87][88]

1950  McCutchon published a short table in which the d- and f-blocks were depicted as folding flaps positioned on top of the s- and p-blocks.[85]

2015  Quantum Fold Periodic Table.[89]

2016  A left step periodic table in the traditional Japanese "byobu" style.[90]

2022  A hexaflexagon periodic table.[91] |}

The advantages of such tables are their novelty and that they can depict relationships that ordinarily require spatial periodic tables, yet retain the portability and convenience of two-dimensional tables. A disadvantage is that they require marginally more effort to construct.

Spatial

A periodic table having the appearance of a multi-layered cake. There are eight wooden layers that sit on top of one another and can be rotated. Layers are divided into chemical elements with the engraved element name and atomic number.[92]

Spatial tables pass through three or more dimensions (helical tables are instead classed as continuous tables). Such tables are relatively niche and not as commonly used as traditional tables. While they offer unique advantages, their complexity and customization requirements make them more suitable for specialized research, advanced education, or specific areas of study where a deeper understanding of multidimensional relationships is desired.

Advantages of periodic tables of three or more dimensions include:

  • Enhanced visualization. Such tables provide a unique and enhanced visualization of the elements and their properties. By incorporating additional dimensions, such as depth or multiple axes, these tables offer a more comprehensive representation of the periodic trends and relationships among the elements. They can provide a richer understanding of complex patterns and interactions.
  • Inclusion of extra properties: Traditional periodic tables typically focus on a few key properties, such as atomic number and atomic weight. However, periodic tables of three or more dimensions have the potential to include additional properties, such as electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity, or physical properties like boiling point or melting point. This expanded information can offer a more complete picture of the elements and their characteristics.
  • Exploration of higher-level trends: Such tables can facilitate the exploration of higher-level trends and relationships that may not be apparent in traditional two-dimensional tables. They allow for the visualization of complex patterns that emerge when multiple properties or variables are considered simultaneously. This can aid in uncovering hidden connections and correlations among the elements.
  • Flexibility and customization: Periodic tables of three or more dimensions offer flexibility in terms of their design and customization. Researchers, educators, or scientists can adapt the dimensions and properties represented based on their specific needs and objectives. This adaptability allows for tailoring the table to focus on specific areas of interest or research.

Disadvantages are:

  • Complexity: As the number of dimensions increases, the complexity of interpreting and understanding the table also increases. It can become more challenging for individuals to grasp and visualize the relationships between elements, especially when multiple properties are incorporated. The intricate nature of these tables may require additional effort and familiarity to navigate and interpret effectively.
  • Difficulty in representation: Depicting periodic trends and relationships in three or more dimensions can be technically challenging. Designing and visualizing the table in a clear and coherent manner may require specialized software or tools. The complexity of these tables can make them less accessible for individuals who are not familiar with the specific representation or visualization techniques used.
  • Information overload: The inclusion of multiple dimensions and properties can lead to information overload, especially if the table is not designed in a user-friendly and organized manner. It becomes crucial to effectively organize and present the data to avoid overwhelming users with excessive details. Striking a balance between comprehensive information and clarity can be a significant challenge.
  • Lack of standardization: Periodic tables of three or more dimensions are not as standardized or widely recognized as traditional two-dimensional tables. This lack of standardization can create confusion and inconsistency across different representations. It can also make it more difficult to compare and communicate information between different periodic table formats.

Some other notable spatial periodic tables include:

1920  Kohlweiler's system: First spatial system—Parallel planes connected by pillars of transition group and lanthanide element[93]

1925  Friend's periodic sphere: First spherical form[94] |- valign=top 1945   Talpain's gnomonic classification of the elements: Diagram in space having the form of a double pyramid[95]

1949  Wringley's Lamina System: First 2D/3D hybrid[96]

1954  Sabo & Lakatosh's volumetric model of the periodic table: Modular apartment building complex form[97]

1965  Giguère's periodic table: Weather vane form[98]

1972  Octagonal prismatic periodic table: Like it says[99]

1982  Cement chemist's periodic cube: Say no more[100]

1983  Periodic pyramid: Like it says.[101]

1989  Stowe's A physicist's periodic table: 4-dimensional[102]

1990  Dufour's periodic tree: Like it says[103]

1992  Magarshak & Malinsky's three-dimensional periodic table: Quantum mechanics-based table with group 3 as Sc-Y-La-Ac[104]

2003  Graphic representations of the periodic system: As a building[105]

2003  Two-amphitheatre pyramid periodic table: Like it says[106]

2011  Aldersley 3D periodic table: As four apartments[107]

2014  ADOMAH Periodic table glass cube: A separated table inside a tetrahedron inside a cube[108]

2019  Grainger's elemental periodicity with "concentric spheres intersecting orthogonal planes" formulation: A table in or on the corner of a room or table[109]

Unclassified

This table, which is a modernised version of von Bichowsky's table of 1918,[110] has 24 columns and ​9 1⁄2 groups. Group 8 forms a connecting link or transitional zone between groups 7 and 1.

Unclassified periodic tables defy easy classification:

1891  Wendt's generation-tree of the elements: You have to see it to understand it[111]

1893  Nechaev's truncated cones: Like it says[112]

1907  Grouping of the elements to illustrate refractivity: Runs from group 12 on the left to group 13 on the right[113]

1918  Cherkesov: Two periodic tables: Mn in group 8 rather than group 7[114]

1920  Stewart's arrangement of the elements: With 14 lanthanides incorporated[115]

1934  Romanoff's system: Combined spiral-lemniscate[116]

1944  Müller's tree system: Like it says[117]

1950  Clark's updated periodic table: Arena system[118]

1971  Clark, John O. E. periodic table: Inspired by the trippy 60s?[119]

2005  Rich's periodic chart exposing diagonal relationships: Non-metals of the left; metals on the right[120]

2018  Beylkin's periodic table of the elements:4n2 periods, where n = 2,3..., and shows symmetry, regularity, and elegance, more so than Janet's left step table[121]

2019  Alexander arrangement unwrapped... and rewrapped: p, d and f blocks moving away from the s block in 3-dimensional space[122]

2023  Deming's 1923 periodic table, updated: 25 columns wide[123]

2023  Yin Yang periodic table: Fusion of left step table and traditional table[124]

Gallery

  • ADOMAH (long)

  • Curled ribbon (continuous)

  • Four loops (continuous)

  • Partially disordered (unclassified)

  • Short (9/11 columns)

  • Short (9/11 columns) notes

  • Spiral

  • Ziggurat (unclassified)

  • Ziggurat notes

  • 4D Stowe-Scerri (spatial)

Notes

  1. ↑ Van den Broek (1911) constructed a "cubic" table of dimensions three elements deep, eight across and five deep.[3] It was not successful.
  2. ↑ In contrast, Walden reported in 1908 that [only] more than a hundred different periodic tables had already been published.[7]
  3. ↑ These elements are generally regarded as being too diverse to merit a collective classification and, in this context, have been referred to as other nonmetals or, more plainly, as nonmetals, located between the metalloids and the halogens.
  4. ↑ Hackh's table is shown in the gallery as "Short (9/11 columns)"
  5. ↑ These elements are generally regarded as being too diverse to merit a collective classification and, in this context, have been referred to as other nonmetals or, more plainly, as nonmetals, located between the metalloids and the halogens.
  6. ↑ An antecedent of Deming's 18-column table may be seen in Adams' 16-column Periodic Table of 1911. Adams omits the rare earths and the "radioactive elements" (i.e. the actinides) from the main body of his table and instead shows them as being "careted in only to save space" (rare earths between Ba and eka-Yt; radioactive elements between eka-Te and eka-I). See: Elliot Q. A. (1911). "A modification of the periodic table". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 33(5): 684–88 [687].

References

  1. ↑ Benfey, Theodor (2009). "The Biography of a Periodic Spiral: from Chemistry magazine, via Industry, to a Foucault Pendulum". Bulletin for the History of Chemistry 34 (2): 141–145. http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/bulletin_open_access/v34-2/v34-2%20p141-145.pdf. Retrieved 20 January 2018. 
  2. ↑ Mendeleev, DI (1869). "On the correlation between the properties of the elements and their atomic weight". Zhurnal Russkoe Fiziko-Khimicheskoe Obshchestvo 1: 60–77 (note 2). 
  3. ↑ "van den Broek's Periodic Table 2". 1911. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=999. 
  4. ↑ Stewart, PJ (2018). "Chapter 3: Amateurs and professionals in chemistry: The case of the periodic system". Mendeleev to Oganesson: A Multidisciplinary Perspective on the Periodic Table. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Periodic Table, Cuzco, Peru 14–16 August 2012. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 66–79 (68). ISBN 978-0-86380-292-8. 
  5. ↑ Moeller, T (1952). Inorganic Chemistry: An Advanced Text. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-0-471-61215-5. 
  6. ↑ Tomkeieff, SI (1954). A New Periodic Table of the Elements Based on the Structure of the Atom. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 3, 25. 
  7. ↑ Walden, P (1908). "Dmitri Iwanowitscii Mendelejeff (27. Januar 1834—20. Januar 1907 a. St.)". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 41 (3): 4719–4800 (4756). doi:10.1002/cber.190804103191. https://zenodo.org/record/2282130. 
  8. ↑ Stewart, PJ (2019). "Mendeleev's predictions: success and failure". Foundations of Chemistry 21: 3–9. doi:10.1007/s10698-018-9312-0. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Giunta C (2002). "An unsystematic foreshadowing: J. A. R. Newlands, in Elements and Atoms: Case Studies in the Development of Chemistry". Le Moyne College, Department of Chemistry. https://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/ea/NEWLANDSann.HTML. 
  10. ↑ Scerri, E (2020). The Periodic Table: Its Story and Significance (2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-19-091436-3. 
  11. ↑ Moeller, T (1982). Inorganic chemistry, a modern introduction. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-471-61230-8. 
  12. ↑ "Meyer's Periodic System". 1862. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=440. 
  13. ↑ "Retger's Periodic Table". 1862. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=364. 
  14. ↑ "Brauner's Periodic System". 1862. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=440. 
  15. ↑ "Mendeleev's 1906 Periodic Table". 1906. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=464. 
  16. ↑ Hackh, IWD (1919). "The classification of the chemical elements: The fundament of chemistry". Scientific American 87 (supp. no. 2253): 146–149. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican03081919-146supp. https://zenodo.org/record/2454321. 
  17. ↑ "Deming's other 1923 table: Mendeleev style". 1902. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=456. 
  18. ↑ "Hubbard Periodic Chart Of The Atoms". 1924. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=31. 
  19. ↑ "Rysselberghe's Periodic Table". 1902. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1011. 
  20. ↑ "Krafft's table". 1902. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=578. 
  21. ↑ "Sidgwick's classification (Mendeleeff)". 1902. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1080. 
  22. ↑ "International Rectifier Corporation table". 1902. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1012. 
  23. ↑ "Shukarev's Periodic System". 1975. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1167. 
  24. ↑ "Tresvyatskii's Periodic Table". 2011. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1038. 
  25. ↑ Lee, E (1908). A Text-book of Experimental Chemistry (with Descriptive Notes) for Students of General Inorganic Chemistry. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co.. p. 173. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Kapustinsky, AF (1953). "Periodicity in the structure of the electron envelopes and nuclei of atoms Communication 1. Periodic system of the elements and its connection with the theory of numbers and with physicochemical analysis.". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science 2 (1): 1–9(2). doi:10.1007/bf01188227. 
  27. ↑ Bayley, T (1882). "III. On the connexion between the atomic weight and the chemical and physical properties of elements.". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 13 (78): 26–37. doi:10.1080/14786448208627140. https://zenodo.org/record/2363568. ; Quam & Quam (1934). "Bayley's Periodic System". Mark Leach. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=66. 
  28. ↑ van Spronsen, JW (1969). The Periodic System of Chemical Elements: A History of the First Hundred Years. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-444-40776-4. 
  29. ↑ "Thomsen's Systematic Arrangement of the Chemical Elements". 1895. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=368. 
  30. ↑ "Adams' Periodic Table". 1911. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=67. 
  31. ↑ "Bohr's System". 1922. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=285. 
  32. ↑ "Zmaczynski's Triangular Periodic Table". 1935. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=40. 
  33. ↑ "Antropoff's Representation of the Periodic System Revised by Fritz Scheele". 1949. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=698. 
  34. ↑ "Coryell's Periodic Table in Long Form". 1952. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1054. 
  35. ↑ "Sanderson's Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements". 1967. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=462. 
  36. ↑ "Step-Pyramid Form of the Periodic Chart". 1987. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1039. 
  37. ↑ "Electron Shell Periodic Table". 1989. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=222. 
  38. ↑ "Klein's Periodic Table of The Elements". 1995. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1130. 
  39. ↑ "Marks' Version of Mendeleyev's 1869 Formulation". 2023. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1280. 
  40. ↑ Deming, H. G. (1923). General chemistry: An elementary survey. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. pp. 165. 
  41. ↑ "Periodic Table of Chemical Elements". American Chemical Society. 2021. https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/periodictable.html. 
  42. ↑ Jensen, William B. (2000). "The Periodic Law and Table". http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/081.%20Periodic%20Table.pdf. 
  43. ↑ Scerri, E. (2011). The periodic table: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958249-5. ; Francl, M. (May 2009). "Table manners". Nature Chemistry 1 (2): 97–98. doi:10.1038/nchem.183. PMID 21378810. Bibcode: 2009NatCh...1...97F. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121025135145/http://ericscerri.com/Michelle-Nat%20Chem.pdf. 
  44. ↑ Robinson, R (2018), Creating a Symbol of Science: The Development of a Standard Periodic Table of the Elements, University of Massachusetts Amherst, p. 258–263; 268–269, 275, doi:10.7275/12706048, https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/1385, retrieved June 6, 2023 
  45. ↑ LeRoy, RH (1927). "Teaching the periodic classification of elements". School Science and Mathematics 27 (8): 793–799 (793). doi:10.1111/j.1949-8594.1927.tb05776.x. 
  46. ↑ Abraham, M.; Coshow, D.; Fix, W.. Periodicity:A source book module, version 1.0. New York: Chemsource, Inc.. p. 3. http://dwb4.unl.edu/chem_source_pdf/PERD.pdf. 
  47. ↑ Emsley, J. (7 March 1985). "Mendeleyev's dream table". New Scientist: 32–36 [36]. 
  48. ↑ Fluck, E. (1988). "New notations in the period table". Pure and Applied Chemistry 60 (3): 431–36 [432]. doi:10.1351/pac198860030431. 
  49. ↑ "Rang's Periodic Arrangement of The Elements". 1893. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=63. 
  50. ↑ "Stewart's Arrangement of The Elements". 1920. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1075. 
  51. ↑ "Seaborg's Periodic Table of 1945". 1945. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=522. 
  52. ↑ "Remy's Long Period Form Periodic Table". 1956. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=976. 
  53. ↑ "Seaborg's Futuristic Periodic Table". 1976. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=945. 
  54. ↑ "Jodogne's Tableau des Éléments". 1980. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=383. 
  55. ↑ "Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry : recommendations 1990". 1990. https://archive.org/details/nomenclatureofin0000unse/page/n5/mode/1up. 
  56. ↑ "Inorganic Chemist's Periodic Table". 2002. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=429. 
  57. ↑ "Eric Scerri's Triad Periodic Table". 2006. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=20. 
  58. ↑ Mark Leach (1892). "Bassett's Vertical Arrangement". Mark Leach. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=62. 
  59. ↑ Mark Leach (1905). "Gooch & Walker's Periodic System of The Elemens". Mark Leach. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=773. 
  60. ↑ Mark Leach (1905). "Werner's Arrangement". Mark Leach. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=64. 
  61. ↑ "Bassett's Vertical Arrangement". 1892. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=62. 
  62. ↑ "Gooch & Walker's Periodic System of The Elements". 1905. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=773. 
  63. ↑ "Werner's Arrangement". 1905. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=64. 
  64. ↑ "LeRoy's Periodic Table". 1927. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1015. 
  65. ↑ "Corbino's Right-Step Periodic Table". 1928. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=989. 
  66. ↑ "Romanoff's System". 1934. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=290. 
  67. ↑ "Ternström's Periodic Table". 1964. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1271. 
  68. ↑ "Periodiska Systems Rätta Form". 1982. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=451. 
  69. ↑ "Sistema Periódico Armonico de Gutierrez-Samanez". 2002. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1100. 
  70. ↑ "Beylkin's Periodic Table of The Elements". 2018. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1202. 
  71. ↑ Scholten, Jan (2005). Secret lanthanides: Road to independence. Utrecht: Stichting Alonnissos. ISBN 978-90-74817-16-5. 
  72. ↑ Crookes, W. "The position of helium, argon, and krypton in the scheme of elements". Scientific American Supplement 46 (1182): 18948. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican08271898-18948asupp. 
  73. ↑ Mark Leach (1905). "Béguyer de Chancourtois' Vis Tellurique". Mark Leach. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=7. 
  74. ↑ "Hinrichs' Programme of Atomechanics". 1867. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=270. 
  75. ↑ "Shepard's Natural Classification". 1886. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1107. 
  76. ↑ "Gooch & Walker's Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Series of Elements". https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=912. 
  77. ↑ "Hackh's Spiral Periodic Table". 1914. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=23. 
  78. ↑ "Courtines' Model of the Periodic Table or Periodic Classification". 1925. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=735. 
  79. ↑ "Irwin's Periodic Table". 1939. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=627. 
  80. ↑ "Gamow [First Ribbon Periodic Table"]. 1940. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=763. 
  81. ↑ "Alexander Arrangement of Elements". 1965. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=21. 
  82. ↑ "Moran's Spiral Periodic Table". 1999. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=36. 
  83. ↑ "Philip Stewart's Chemical Galaxy II". 2003. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=22. 
  84. ↑ "Harrison Spiral Periodic Table". 2010. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=357. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 McCutchon, KB (1950). "A simplified periodic classification of the elements". Journal of Chemical Education 27 (1): 17–19. doi:10.1021/ed027p17. Bibcode: 1950JChEd..27...17M. 
  86. ↑ Rae, ID (2013). "David Orme Masson, the Periodic Classification of the Elements and His 'Flap' Model of the Periodic Table". Historical Records of Australian Science 24: 40–52. doi:10.1071/HR12018. 
  87. ↑ Ramsay, W (1915). The Gases of The Atmosphere. London: McMillan. pp. 220–221. 
  88. ↑ "Ramsay's The Elements Arranged in The Periodic System (with movable flap)". 1915. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1233. 
  89. ↑ Brian Gregory (2016). "Quantum Fold Periodic Table". Mark Leach. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=684. 
  90. ↑ Nagayasu Nawa (2015). "NAWA's byobu-Janet Periodic Table". Mark Leach. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?textfield=byobu. 
  91. ↑ Pablo Cassinello (2022). "Kaleidocycle of the Periodic Table". Mark Leach. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?textfield=Cassinello. 
  92. ↑ Katz, G (2001). "The Periodic Table: An Eight Period Table For The 21st Century.". The Chemical Educator 6 (6): 324–332 (331). doi:10.1007/s00897010515a. 
  93. ↑ "Kohlweiler's System". 1920. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=292. 
  94. ↑ "Friend's Periodic Sphere". 1925. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=84. 
  95. ↑ "Talpain's Gnomonic Classification of the Elements". 1945. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1118. 
  96. ↑ "Wringley's lamina system". 1949. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=295. 
  97. ↑ "Sabo & Lakatosh's Volumetric Model of the Periodic Table". 1954. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=922. 
  98. ↑ "Giguère's Periodic Table". 1965. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=525. 
  99. ↑ "Octagonal Prismatic Periodic Table". 1972. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=452. 
  100. ↑ "Cement chemist's periodic cube". 1982. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=49. 
  101. ↑ "Periodic Pyramid". 1983. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=50. 
  102. ↑ "Stowe's A Physicist's Periodic Table". 1989. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=38. 
  103. ↑ "Dufour's Periodic Tree". 1990. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=39. 
  104. ↑ "Magarshak & Malinsky's Three Dimensional Periodic Table". 1992. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1091. 
  105. ↑ "Graphic Representations of the Periodic System". 2003. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=253. 
  106. ↑ "Two-Amphitheater Pyramid Periodic Table". 2003. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1082. 
  107. ↑ "Aldersley 3D Periodic Table". 2011. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1182. 
  108. ↑ "ADOMAH Periodic Table Glass Cube". 2014. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=642. 
  109. ↑ "Grainger's Elemental Periodicity with "Concentric Spheres Intersecting Orthogonal Planes" Formulation". 2019. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=996. 
  110. ↑ von Bichowsky, FR; Ponce, JAD (1918). "The place of manganese in the periodic system". Journal of the American Chemical Society 40 (7): 1040–1046. doi:10.1021/ja02240a008. https://zenodo.org/record/2378289. 
  111. ↑ "Wendt's Generation-Tree of the Elements". 1891. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1140. 
  112. ↑ "Nechaev's Truncated Cones". 1893. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1151. 
  113. ↑ "Grouping of The Elements to Illustrate Refractivity". 1907. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1105. 
  114. ↑ "Cherkesov: Two Periodic Tables". 1918. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1260. 
  115. ↑ "Stewart's Arrangement of The Elements". 1920. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1075. 
  116. ↑ "Romanoff's System". https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=290. 
  117. ↑ "Müller's Tree System". 1944. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=293. 
  118. ↑ "Clark's Updated Periodic Table". 1950. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=153. 
  119. ↑ "Clark, John O. E. Periodic Table". 1970. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=672. 
  120. ↑ "Rich's Periodic Chart Exposing Diagonal Relationships". 2005. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1242. 
  121. ↑ "Beylkin's Periodic Table of The Elements". 2018. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?textfield=beylkin. 
  122. ↑ "Alexander Arrangement Unwrapped... and Rewrapped". 2019. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1069. 
  123. ↑ "Deming's 1923 Periodic Table, Updated by Vernon". 2023. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1259. 
  124. ↑ "Vernon's Yin Yang of The Periodic Table n". 2023. https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=1252. 

Further reading

  • Blokh MA 1934, Iubileinomu mendeleevskomu s'ezdu v oznamenovanie 100-letnei godovshchinyso dnia rozhdeniia D. I. Mendeleeva (Anniversary Mendeleev Congress in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of D. I. Mendeleev), in Russian, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Leningrad
  • Mazurs EG 1974, Graphic Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years, University of Alabama Press, Alabama, ISBN 978-0-8173-3200-6
  • Quam GN & Quam MB 1934, Types of graphic classifications of the elements I. Introduction and short tables, Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 27–32, doi:10.1021/ed011p27
  • id., Types of graphic classifications of the elements II. Long charts, Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 217–223, doi:10.1021/ed011p217
  • id., Types of graphic classifications of the elements III. Spiral, helical, and miscellaneous charts, Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 288–297, doi:10.1021/ed011p288
  • Robinson A 2018, Creating a Symbol of Science: The Development of a Standard Periodic Table of the Elements, Doctoral Dissertations (1385), University of Massachusetts, Amherst
  • Semenov NN 1969, 100 лет периодического закона химических элементов. 1869-1969 (100 years of the periodic law of chemical elements. 1869-1969), in Russian, Nauka, Moscow
  • Venable FP 1896, The Development of the Periodic Law, Chemical Publishing Co., Easton, PA

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Types_of_periodic_tables&oldid=3328429"