Earth:Peligran

The Peligran (Spanish: Peligrense) age is a period of geologic time (62.5–59.0 Ma) within the Paleocene epoch of the Paleogene, used more specifically with South American land mammal ages (SALMA). It follows the Tiupampan and precedes the Riochican age.

Etymology

The age is named after the paleontological site Punta Peligro (es) in Argentina.

Formations

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Locations of Peligran formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Salamanca Formation	Argentina	Golfo San Jorge Basin
Bogotá Formation	Colombia	Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Cerrejón Formation	Colombia	Cesar-Ranchería Basin
Chota Formation	Peru	Bagua Basin
Guaduas Formation	Colombia	Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Peñas Coloradas Formation	Argentina	Golfo San Jorge Basin
Santa Lucía Formation	Bolivia	Potosí Basin

Fossils

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Amphidolops yapa, Carodnia feruglioi, Notoetayoa gargantuai, Wainka tshotshe, Borhyaenidae indet., Eutheria indet.	Peñas Coloradas
	Derorhynchus aff. minutus, Escribania chubutensis, Escribania talonicuspis, Monotrematum sudamericanum, Peligrotherium tropicalis, Raulvaccia peligrensis, Requisia vidmari, Sudamerica ameghinoi, Didelphopsis sp., Polydolopimorphia sp., Bonapartheriidae, Metatheria indet., Placentalia indet., cf. Sparassodonta indet.	Salamanca
Reptiles & amphibians	aff. Allognathosuchus sp., Hydromedusa cf. casamayorensis, Kawasphenodon peligrensis, Naiadochelys cf. patagonica, Necrosuchus ionensis, Peligrochelys walshae, Yaminuechelys maior, Caimaninae indet., Leptodactylidae indet., ?Pipidae indet.	Salamanca
	Acherontisuchus guajiraensis, Anthracosuchus balrogus, Carbonemys cofrinii, Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki, Cerrejonisuchus improcerus, Pelomedusoides sp., Puentemys mushaisaensis, Titanoboa cerrejonensis	Cerrejón
	Crocodylia sp.	Peñas Coloradas
Fishes	Dipnoi sp., Elopomorpha sp.	Cerrejón
Flora	Menispina evidens	Bogotá

References

Bibliography

Peñas Coloradas Formation

• Clyde, William C.; Wilf, Peter; Iglesias, Ari; Slingerland, Rudy L.; Bijl, Peter K.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Brinkhuis, Henk; Comer, Emily et al. (2014), "New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations", GSA Bulletin 126 (3–4): 289–306, doi:10.1130/B30915.1, Bibcode: 2014GSAB..126..289C, https://ceps.unh.edu/sites/ceps.unh.edu/files/departments/earth_sciences/clyde_et_al._2014.pdf, retrieved 2017-08-15 
• Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), "Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut", Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67: 239–256, http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/repositorio/_documentos/sipcyt/bfa002591.pdf, retrieved 2017-08-15 

Bogotá Formation

• Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Cadena, Edwin; Hastings, Alexander; Rincón, Aldo F.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2008), "Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract)", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting: _, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267637673, retrieved 2017-03-29 
• Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1992), Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros, pp. 1–20 
• Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005), Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–104 

Cerrejón Formation

• Ayala Calvo, Rosa Carolina (2009), Análisis tectonoestratigráfico y de procedencia en la Subcuenca de Cesar: Relación con los sistemas petroleros (MSc.), Universidad Simón Bolívar, pp. 1–255, http://www.cgares.org/Directorio/Archivos/6276_8%20tesis%20final_cayala.pdf.pdf, retrieved 2017-06-14 
• Cadena, Edwin A.; Schweitzer, Mary H. (2014), "A Pelomedusoid Turtle from the Paleocene–Eocene of Colombia Exhibiting Preservation of Blood Vessels and Osteocytes", Journal of Herpetology 48 (4): 461–465, doi:10.1670/13-046, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278326486, retrieved 2019-02-12 
• Cadena, Edwin A.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Bloch, Jonathan I. (2012a), "New pelomedusoid turtles from the late Palaeocene Cerrejón Formation of Colombia and their implications for phylogeny and body size evolution", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 313–331, doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.569031, Bibcode: 2012JSPal..10..313C, http://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/STRI-W_Jaramillo_2012_Cadena_carbonemys_cerrejon.pdf, retrieved 2017-06-14 
• Cadena, Edwin A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2012b), "New bothremydid turtle (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Paleocene of northeastern Colombia", Journal of Paleontology 86 (4): 688–698, doi:10.1666/11-128R1.1, Bibcode: 2012JPal...86..688C, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/new-bothremydid-turtle-testudines-pleurodira-from-the-paleocene-of-northeastern-colombia/7648D30CCCD6BC3A50515E4B7AF31603, retrieved 2017-06-14 
• Cadena, Edwin A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2010), "New Podocnemidid Turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira) from the Middle-Upper Paleocene of South America", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (2): 367–382, doi:10.1080/02724631003621946, Bibcode: 2010JVPal..30..367C, http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1080/02724631003621946, retrieved 2017-06-14 
• Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2014), "A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia", Historical Biology 27 (8): 998–1020, doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.918968, Bibcode: 2015HBio...27..998H, http://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Hasting_2014_anthracosuchus_Cerrejon.pdf, retrieved 2017-06-14 
• Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2011), "A new longirostrine Dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia: Biogeographocal and behavioural implications for New-World Dyrosayridae", Palaeontology 54: 1095–1116, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01092.x, http://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/STRI-W_Jaramillo_2011_Hasting_croc_Cerrejon.pdf, retrieved 2017-06-14 
• Head, J.J.; Bloch, J.I.; Hastings, A.K.; Bourque, J.R.; Cadena, E.A.; Herrera, F.A.; Polly, P.D.; Jaramillo, C.A. (2009), "Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures", Nature 457 (7230): 715–718, doi:10.1038/nature07671, PMID 19194448, Bibcode: 2009Natur.457..715H, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7230/abs/nature07671.html, retrieved 2017-06-14 
• Herrera, Fabiany A.; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Dilcher, David L.; Wing, Scott L.; Gómez N, Carolina (2008), "Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia", American Journal of Botany 95 (12): 1569–1583, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800172, PMID 21628164, http://www.amjbot.org/content/95/12/1569, retrieved 2017-06-14  * Hernández, Marina (2003), Geología de la Plancha 48 La Jagua de Ibírico - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–102 
• Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Bayona, Germán; Pardo Trujillo, Andres; Rueda, Milton; Torres, Vladimir; Harrington, Guy J.; Mora, Germán (2007), "The palynology of the Cerrejón Formation (Upper Paleocene) of northern Colombia", Palynology 31 (1): 153–189, doi:10.2113/gspalynol.31.1.153, Bibcode: 2007Paly...31..153J, http://palynology.geoscienceworld.org/content/gspalynol/31/1/153.full.pdf, retrieved 2017-08-15 
• Ojeda Marulanda, Carolina; Sánchez Quiñónez, Carlos Alberto (2013), "Petrografía, petrología y análisis de procedencia de unidades paleógenas en las cuencas Cesar - Ranchería y Catatumbo", Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 35: 67–80, http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/boge/v35n1/v35n1a06.pdf, retrieved 2017-06-14 
• Wing, Scott L.; Herrera, Fabiany; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Gómez Navarro, Carolina; Wilf, Peter; Labandeira, Conrad C. (2009), "Late Paleocene fossils from the Cerrejón Formation, Columbia ((sic)), are the earliest record of Neotropical rainforest", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (44): 18627–18632, doi:10.1073/pnas.0905130106, PMID 19833876, Bibcode: 2009PNAS..10618627W 

Chota Formation

• Castro Medina, Walter Fidel (2010), Geología, informe temático. Proyecto Zonificación Ecológica y Económica del departamento de Amazonas, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), pp. 1–76, http://iiap.org.pe/Archivos/publicaciones/PUBL521.pdf, retrieved 2018-09-04 
• Chacaltana, César; Benites Cañote, Alexandra Lucytania; Valdivia, Waldir; Chumpitaz, Marco (2014), La formación Chota en la Cuenca Bagua: Evaluación e implicancias del criterio de clasificación litoestratigráfico, Congreso Peruano de Geología, pp. 1–4, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281715230, retrieved 2017-08-15 

Guaduas Formation

• Amaya, Erika; Mariño, Jorge; Jaramillo, Carlos (2010), "Litofacies y ambientes de acumulación de la Formación Guaduas en al parte central de la Cordillera Oriental - implicaciones paleogeográficas", Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 32 (1): _, http://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistaboletindegeologia/article/view/1006/3704, retrieved 2017-03-16 

Salamanca Formation

• Apesteguia, Sebastián; Gómez, Raúl O.; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2014), "The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction", Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281 (1792), doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0811, PMID 25143041 
• Bonaparte, J.F.; Morales, J. (1997), "Un primitico Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina", Estudios Geológicos 53 (5–6): 263–274, doi:10.3989/egeol.97535-6232, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36033643.pdf, retrieved 2018-10-01 
• Clyde, William C.; Wilf, Peter; Iglesias, Ari; Slingerland, Rudy L.; Barnum, Timothy; Bijl, Peter K.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Brinkhuis, Henk et al. (2014), "New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations", GSA Bulletin 126 (3–4): 289–306, doi:10.1130/B30915.1, Bibcode: 2014GSAB..126..289C, https://ceps.unh.edu/sites/ceps.unh.edu/files/departments/earth_sciences/clyde_et_al._2014.pdf, retrieved 2017-08-15 
• Jud, Nathan A.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter (2017), "Flowering after disaster: Early Danian buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) flowers and leaves from Patagonia", PLOS ONE 12 (5), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176164, PMID 28489895, Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1276164J 
• Ruiz, Daniela P.; Brea, Mariana; Raigemborn, M. Sol; Matheos, Sergio D. (2017), "Conifer woods from the Salamanca Formation (early Paleocene), Central Patagonia, Argentina: Paleoenvironmental implications", Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76: 427–445, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.04.006, Bibcode: 2017JSAES..76..427R 

Santa Lucía Formation

• Buffetaut, É.; Marshall, L.G. (1991), A new crocodilian, Sebecus querejazus, nov. sp. (Mesosuchia, Sebecidae) from the Santa Lucía Formation (Early Paleocene) at Vila Vila, Southern Bolivia, Revista Técnica de YPFB, pp. 545–557 
• Gaffney, Eugene S.; Meylan, Peter A.; Wood, Roger C.; Simons, Elwyn; De Almeida Campos, Diogenes (2011), "Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the family Podocnemididae", AMNH Bulletin 350: 1–237, https://wetlandsinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/gaffneyetal.pdf, retrieved 2017-08-15 
• Gayet, Mireille; Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991), "The Mesozoic and Paleocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: a review", Revista técnica de YPFB 12: 393–433, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32979727, retrieved 2017-08-15 
• Jiménez, Grisel (2012), Estratigrafía, facies y ambientes evolutivos de depósito del Paleógeno Inferior: Formación Santa Lucía (Sinclinal de Miraflores - Sección Cayara, Potosí), ., pp. 1–23, https://georockgris.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/estratigrafia_cuenca-miraflores-grisel-jimenez-soto.pdf, retrieved 2017-08-15 
• De Muizon, Christian; Ladevèze, Sandrine; Selva, Charlène; Vignaud, Robin; Goussard, Florent (2018), "Allqokirus australis (Sparassodonta, Metatheria) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia) and the rise of the metatherian carnivorous radiation in South America", Geodiversitas 40 (16): 363–459, doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a16, http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/40/16, retrieved 2019-02-11 
• Rage, J.C. (1991), "Gymnophionan Amphibia from the early Paleocene (Santa Lucía Formation) of Tiupampa (Bolivia). The oldest known Gymnophiona", Revista técnica de YPFB 12: 499–501, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254255683, retrieved 2017-08-15 
• Rage, J.C. (1991), "Squamate Reptiles from the early Paleocene of Tiupampa area (Santa Lucía Formation), Bolivia", Revista técnica de YPFB 12: 503–508, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254255800, retrieved 2017-08-15 
• Renner, Sven; Velasco, Carlos (2000), "Geología e hidrogeología del Valle Central de Cochabamba", Boletín del Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería 34: 1–113, https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Bolivia/renner_velasco.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3, retrieved 2017-08-15 
• Sempere, Thierry; Butler, R.F.; Richards, D.R.; Marshall, L.G.; Sharp, W.; Swisher, C.C. (1997), "Stratigraphy and chronology of Upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene strata in Bolivia and northwest Argentina", GSA Bulletin 109 (6): 709–727, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0709:SACOUC>2.3.CO;2, Bibcode: 1997GSAB..109..709S, http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_57-58/010022895.pdf, retrieved 2017-08-15