Engineering:Energy density Extended Reference Table

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This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page.

Energy densities table
Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary antimatter 89,875,517,874 depends on density
Deuterium–tritium fusion 576,000,000[1]
Uranium-235 fissile isotope 144,000,000[1] 1,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor 86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor 3,456,000 35%
Pu-238 α-decay 2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer 1,326,000 17,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor 443,000 35%
Ta-180m isomer 41,340 689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy) 216[2]
Specific orbital energy of low Earth orbit (approximate) 33.0
Beryllium + oxygen 23.9[3]
Lithium + fluorine 23.75
Octaazacubane potential explosive 22.9[4]
Hydrogen + oxygen 13.4[5]
Gasoline + oxygen 13.3
Dinitroacetylene explosive – computed 9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive 8.5[6] 16.9[citation needed]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive – computed 8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive – computed 8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine) 7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive 7[7]
Tetranitrocubane explosive – computed 6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer) 6.9 12.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant – computed 6.6
Nitroglycerin 6.38[8] 10.2[9]
ANFO–ANNM 6.26
Lithium–air battery 6.12
Octogen (HMX) 5.7[8] 10.8[10]
TNT[11] 4.610 6.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer) 4.13 20.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer) 4.00 18.4
ANFO 3.7
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant) 2.7 3.8
Li-ion nanowire battery 2.54 29 95%[clarification needed][12]
Lithium thionyl chloride battery[13] 2.5
Water (220.64 bar, 373.8 °C) [clarification needed] 1.968 0.708
Kinetic energy penetrator[clarification needed] 1.9 30
Lithium–sulfur battery[14] 1.80[15] 1.26
Fluoride-ion battery 1.7 2.8
Hydrogen closed cycle fuel cell[16] 1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.6 1.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.4 2.5
Molten salt 1 98%[17]
Molecular spring (approximate) 1
Lithium metal battery[18][19] 0.83-1.01 1.98-2.09
Sodium–sulfur battery 0.72[20][better source needed] 1.23 85%[21]
Lithium-ion battery[22][23] 0.46–0.72 0.83–3.6[24] 95%[25]
Sodium–nickel chloride battery, high temperature 0.56
Zinc–manganese (alkaline) battery, long life design[18][22] 0.4-0.59 1.15-1.43
Silver-oxide battery[18] 0.47 1.8
Flywheel 0.36–0.5[26][27]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet muzzle energy density[clarification needed] 0.4 3.2
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[28] 0.4 1.55
Liquid nitrogen 0.349
Water – enthalpy of fusion 0.334 0.334
Zinc–bromine flow battery (ZnBr)[29] 0.27
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), high-power design as used in cars[30] 0.250 0.493
Nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd)[22] 0.14 1.08 80%[25]
[22] || 0.13 || 0.331 || ||
Lead–acid battery[22] 0.14 0.36
Vanadium redox battery 0.09 0.1188 7070-75%
Vanadium bromide redox battery 0.18 0.252 80%–90%[31]
Ultracapacitor 0.0199[32] 0.050
Supercapacitor 0.01 80%–98.5%[33] 39%–70%[33]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage 0 0.008[34][bare URL] >95%
Capacitor 0.002[35]
Neodymium magnet 0.003[36]
Ferrite magnet 0.0003[36]
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring 0.0003[citation needed] 0.0006
Storage type Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) Energy density by volume (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Prelas, Mark (2015). Nuclear-Pumped Lasers. Springer. p. 135. ISBN 978-3-319-19845-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmn_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135. 
  2. ↑ Silvera, Isaac F.; Cole, John W. (2010-03-01). "Metallic hydrogen: The most powerful rocket fuel yet to exist". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 215 (1). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/215/1/012194. ISSN 1742-6596. Bibcode: 2010JPhCS.215a2194S. 
  3. ↑ Cosgrove, Lee A.; Snyder, Paul E. (2002-05-01). "The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide". Journal of the American Chemical Society 75 (13): 3102–3103. doi:10.1021/ja01109a018. 
  4. ↑ Glukhovtsev, Mikhail N.; Jiao, Haijun; Schleyer, Paul von Ragué (1996-05-28). "Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?". Inorganic Chemistry 35 (24): 7124–7133. doi:10.1021/ic9606237. PMID 11666896. 
  5. ↑ Miller, Catherine (1 February 2021). "Introduction to Rocket Propulsion". https://www.cs.middlebury.edu/~cm2/personal-website/lecture_notes/lecture6.pdf. 
  6. ↑ Ju, Xue-Hai; Wang, Zun-Yao (April 2009). "Theoretical Study on Thermodynamic and Detonation Properties of Polynitrocubanes". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics (Wiley) 34 (2): 106–109. doi:10.1002/prep.200800007. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122324589/abstract. 
  7. ↑ Matsunaga, Takehiro; Nakayama, Yoshio; Iida, Mitsuaki; Oinuma, Senzo; Ishikawa, Noboru; Tanaka, Katsumi (May 1992). "Am1 MO Study of Benzene Nitro Derivatives". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 17 (2): 63–69. doi:10.1002/prep.19920170204. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109618256/abstract. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Chemical Explosives". Fas.org. 2008-05-30. http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/chemstry/chemstry.htm. 
  9. ↑ Nitroglycerin
  10. ↑ HMX
  11. ↑ Kinney, G. F.; Graham, K. J. (1985). Explosive shocks in air. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-15147-0. 
  12. ↑ "Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery". Stanford Report. 2007-12-18. http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanowire-010908.html. 
  13. ↑ "Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries". Nexergy. http://www.nexergy.com/lithium-thionyl-chloride.htm. 
  14. ↑ "Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet". Sion Power. 2005-09-28. http://www.sionpower.com/pdf/sion_product_spec.pdf. 
  15. ↑ Kolosnitsyn, V. S.; Karaseva, E. V. (2008). "Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 44 (5): 506–509. doi:10.1134/s1023193508050029. 
  16. ↑ "The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell". Llnl.gov. 1994-12-01. http://www.llnl.gov/str/Mitlit.html. 
  17. ↑ "Technology". SolarReserve. http://www.solar-reserve.com/technology.html. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "ProCell Lithium battery chemistry". Duracell. http://www.duracell.com/Procell/chemistries/lithium.asp. 
  19. ↑ "Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries". corrosion-doctors.org. http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/PrimBatt/table2.htm. 
  20. ↑ "New battery could change world, one house at a time". Utah. 2009-04-04. http://www.heraldextra.com/news/article_b0372fd8-3f3c-11de-ac77-001cc4c002e0.html. 
  21. ↑ Kita, A.; Misaki, H.; Nomura, E.; Okada, K. (August 1984). "Energy Citations Database (ECD) – Document #5960185". Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference 2. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 "Battery energy storage in various battery types". AllAboutBatteries.com. http://www.allaboutbatteries.com/Battery-Energy.html. 
  23. ↑ A typically available lithium-ion cell with an energy density of 201 wh/kg "Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh – Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4)". http://www.batteryspace.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=2763. 
  24. ↑ "Lithium Batteries". http://www.globalspec.com/Specifications/Electrical_Electronic_Components/Batteries/Lithium_Batteries. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lemire-Elmore, Justin (2004-04-13). "The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles". p. 7: Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries. http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdf. 
  26. ↑ "Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel". http://www.itpower.co.uk/investire/pdfs/flywheelrep.pdf. 
  27. ↑ "Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage". Product Design & Development. http://www.pddnet.com/article-next-gen-of-flywheel-energy-storage/. 
  28. ↑ "Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008". http://www.ovonic.com/PDFs/ovonic-materials/Ovonic-Fetcenko-2008-Wolsky-Seminar.pdf. 
  29. ↑ "ZBB Energy Corp". http://www.zbbenergy.com/technology.htm. "75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram" 
  30. ↑ High Energy Metal Hydride Battery
  31. ↑ "V-Fuel Company and Technology Sheet 2008". http://www.vfuel.com.au/infosheet.pdf. 
  32. ↑ "Ultracapacitors – BCAP3000". Maxwell Technologies. http://maxwell.com/ultracapacitors/products/large-cell/bcap3000.asp. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Zdenek, Cerovský; Pavel, Mindl. "Hybrid drive with super-capacitor energy storage". Faculty of Mechanical Engineering CTU in Prague. http://www2.fs.cvut.cz/web/fileadmin/documents/12241-BOZEK/publikace/2004/Sup-Cap-Energy-Storage.pdf. 
  34. ↑ [1]
  35. ↑ Juvonen, Matti (7 February 2003). "Supercapacitors: replacing batteries". Department of Computing, Imperial College London. http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mpj01/ise2grp/energystorage_report/node9.html. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Rahman, M.; Slemon, G. (September 1985). "Promising applications of neodymium boron Iron magnets in electrical machines" (in en). IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 21 (5): 1712–1716. doi:10.1109/TMAG.1985.1064113. ISSN 0018-9464. Bibcode: 1985ITM....21.1712R. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1064113/keywords. 



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