Physics:Isotopes of hafnium

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Main isotopes of Chemistry:hafnium (72Hf)
Iso­tope Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
172Hf syn 1.87 y ε 172Lu
174Hf 0.16% 2×1015 y α 170Yb
176Hf 5.26% stable
177Hf 18.60% stable
178Hf 27.28% stable
178m2Hf syn 31 y IT 178Hf
179Hf 13.62% stable
180Hf 35.08% stable
182Hf syn 8.9×106 y β− 182Ta
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Hf)
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Natural hafnium (72Hf) consists of five observationally stable isotopes (176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, and 180Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, 174Hf, with a half-life of 3.8×1016 years.[2] The next most stable radioisotope is 182Hf with a half-life of 8.90 million years, an extinct radionuclide used in hafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology of planetary differentiation.[3]

Other isotopes have been synthesized running from 153Hf to 192Hf, but none of the 33 others has a half-life over 1.87 years, and most have half-lives under five minutes. There are also at least 41 nuclear isomers, the most stable of which is 178m2Hf with a half-life of 31 years. All isotopes of hafnium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

List of isotopes


Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (u)
[n 2][n 3] 		Half-life
[n 4][n 5] 		Decay
mode
[n 6] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 7] 		Spin and
parity
[n 8][n 5] 		Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy[n 5] Normal proportion Range of variation
153Hf 72 81 152.970692(322)# (2000) 400# ms
[>200 ns] 		β+? 153Lu 1/2+#
154Hf 72 82 153.96486(32)# 1981 2(1) s β+ 154Lu 0+
α (rare) 150Yb
154mHf 2721(50)# keV 1989 9(4) μs IT 154Hf (10+)
155Hf 72 83 154.96317(32)# 1981 843(30) ms β+ 155Lu 7/2−#
155mHf 2.5815(10) keV 2024 510(30) ns IT 155Hf 27/2-#
156Hf 72 84 155.95940(16) 1979 23(1) ms α 152Yb 0+
156mHf 1958.8(10) keV 1989 480(40) μs α 152Yb (8+)
157Hf 72 85 156.95829(22)# 1965 115(1) ms α (94%) 153Yb 7/2−
β+ (6%) 157Lu
158Hf 72 86 157.954801(19) 1965 2.85(7) s β+ (55.7%) 158Lu 0+
α (44.3%) 154Yb
159Hf 72 87 158.953996(18) 1973 5.20(10) s β+ (65%) 159Lu 7/2−
α (35%) 155Yb
160Hf 72 88 159.950683(10) 1973 13.6(2) s β+ (99.3%) 160Lu 0+
α (0.7%) 156Yb
161Hf 72 89 160.950278(25) 1973 18.4(4) s β+ (99.71%) 161Lu (7/2−)
α (0.29%) 157Yb
161mHf 329.0(5) keV 2014 4.8(2) μs IT 161Hf (13/2+)
162Hf 72 90 161.9472155(96) 1982 39.4(9) s β+ (99.99%) 162Lu 0+
α (0.008%) 158Yb
163Hf 72 91 162.947107(28) 1982 40.0(6) s β+ 163Lu (5/2−)
164Hf 72 92 163.944371(17) 1981 111(8) s β+ 164Lu 0+
165Hf 72 93 164.944567(30) 1981 76(4) s β+ 165Lu (5/2−)
166Hf 72 94 165.942180(30) 1965 6.77(30) min β+ 166Lu 0+
167Hf 72 95 166.942600(30) 1969 2.05(5) min β+ 167Lu (5/2)−
168Hf 72 96 167.940568(30) 1961 25.95(20) min EC (98%) 168Lu 0+
β+ (2%) 168Lu
169Hf 72 97 168.941259(30) 1969 3.24(4) min β+ 169Lu (5/2−)
170Hf 72 98 169.939609(30) 1961 16.01(13) h EC 170Lu 0+
171Hf 72 99 170.940492(31) 1951 12.1(4) h β+ 171Lu 7/2+
171mHf 21.93(9) keV 1997 29.5(9) s IT 171Hf 1/2−
172Hf 72 100 171.939450(26) 1951 1.87(3) y EC 172Lu 0+
172mHf 2005.84(11) keV 1977 163(3) ns IT 172Hf (8−)
173Hf 72 101 172.940513(30) 1951 23.6(1) h β+ 173Lu 1/2−
173m1Hf 107.16(5) keV 1973 180(8) ns IT 173Hf 5/2−
173m2Hf 197.47(10) keV 1973 160(40) ns IT 173Hf 7/2+
174Hf[n 9] 72 102 173.9400484(24) 1939 3.8+1.7
−0.9×1016 y[2] 		α[n 10] 170Yb 0+ 0.0016(12)
174m1Hf 1549.26(4) keV 1973 138(4) ns IT 174Hf 6+
174m2Hf 1797.59(7) keV 1990 2.39(4) μs IT 174Hf 8−
174m3Hf 3312.07(6) keV 1990 3.7(2) μs IT 174Hf 14+
175Hf 72 103 174.9415114(25) 1949 69.90(7) d[4] EC 175Lu 5/2−
175m1Hf 125.89(12) keV 1964 53.7(15) μs IT 175Hf 1/2−
175m2Hf 1433.41(12) keV 1980 1.10(8) μs IT 175Hf 19/2+
175m3Hf 3015.6(4) keV 1980 1.21(15) μs IT 175Hf 35/2−
175m4Hf 4636.2(12) keV 1990 1.9(1) μs IT 175Hf 45/2+
176Hf[n 11] 72 104 175.9414098(16) 1934 Observationally Stable[n 12] 0+ 0.0526(70)
176m1Hf 1333.07(7) keV 1964 9.6(3) μs IT 176Hf 6+
176m2Hf 1559.31(9) keV 1967 9.9(2) μs IT 176Hf 8−
176m3Hf 2865.8(7) keV 1975 401(6) μs IT 176Hf 14−
176m4Hf 4863.6(9) keV 1976 43(4) μs IT 176Hf 22−
177Hf 72 105 176.9432302(15) 1934 Observationally Stable[n 13] 7/2− 0.1860(16)
177m1Hf 1315.4502(8) keV 1966 1.09(5) s IT 177Hf 23/2+
177m2Hf 1342.4(10) keV 1998 55.9(12) μs IT 177Hf (19/2−)
177m3Hf 2740.02(15) keV 1971 51.4(5) min IT 177Hf 37/2−
178Hf 72 106 177.9437083(15) 1934 Observationally Stable[n 14] 0+ 0.2728(28)
178m1Hf 1147.416(6) keV 1958 4.0(2) s IT 178Hf 8−
178m2Hf 2446.09(8) keV 1968 31(1) y IT 178Hf 16+
178m3Hf 2572.4(3) keV 1977 68(2) μs IT 178Hf 14−
179Hf 72 107 178.9458257(15) 1934 Observationally Stable[n 15] 9/2+ 0.1362(11)
179m1Hf 375.0352(25) keV 1951 18.67(4) s IT 179Hf 1/2−
179m2Hf 1106.412(33) keV 1970 25.00(17) d IT 179Hf 25/2−
179m3Hf 3775.2(21) keV 2000 15(5) μs IT 179Hf (43/2+)
180Hf 72 108 179.9465595(15) 1934 Observationally Stable[n 16] 0+ 0.3508(33)
180m1Hf 1141.552(15) keV 1951 5.53(2) h IT (99.69%) 180Hf 8−
β− (0.31%)
180m2Hf 1374.36(4) keV 2016 570(20) ns IT 180Hf 4−
180m3Hf 2485.5(5) keV 2016 0.94(11) μs IT 180Hf 12+
180m4Hf 3599.0(10) keV 1999 90(10) μs IT 180Hf (18−)
181Hf 72 109 180.9491108(15) 1935 42.39(6) d β− 181Ta 1/2−
181m1Hf 595.27(4) keV 1999 80(5) μs IT 181Hf (9/2+)
181m2Hf 1043.5(8) keV 2001 ~100 μs IT 181Hf (17/2+)
181m3Hf 1741.9(13) keV 2001 1.5(5) ms IT 181Hf (25/2−)
182Hf[n 17] 72 110 181.9505637(66) 1961 8.90(9)×106 y β− 182Ta 0+
182m1Hf 1172.87(18) keV 1971 61.5(15) min β− (54%) 182Ta 8−
IT (46%) 182Hf
182m2Hf 2571.3(12) keV 1999 40(10) μs IT 182Hf (13+)
183Hf 72 111 182.953533(32) 1956 1.018(2) h β− 183Ta (3/2−)
183mHf 1464(64) keV 2010 40(30) s IT 183Hf 27/2−#
184Hf 72 112 183.955449(43) 1973 4.12(5) h β− 184Ta 0+
184m1Hf 1272.2(4) keV 1995 48(10) s IT 184Hf 8−
184m2Hf 2477(10) keV 2010 16(7) min 15+#
185Hf 72 113 184.958862(69) 1993 3.5(6) min β− 185Ta (9/2−)
186Hf 72 114 185.960897(55) 1998 2.6(12) min β− 186Ta 0+
186mHf 2968(43) keV 2010 >20 s 17+#
187Hf 72 115 186.96457(22)# 1999 14# s
[>300 ns] 		9/2−#
187mHf 500(300)# keV 2009 270(80) ns IT 187Hf 3/2−#
188Hf 72 116 187.96690(32)# 1999 7# s
[>300 ns] 		0+
189Hf 72 117 188.97085(32)# 2009 400# ms
[>300 ns] 		3/2−#
190Hf 72 118 189.97338(43)# 2012 600# ms
[>300 ns] 		0+
191Hf[5] 72 119 2023
192Hf[5] 72 120 2023 0+
  1. ↑ mHf – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ↑ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  6. ↑ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture
    IT: Isomeric transition
  7. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  8. ↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  9. ↑ primordial radionuclide
  10. ↑ Theorized to also undergo β+β+ decay to 174Yb
  11. ↑ Used in lutetium-hafnium dating
  12. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 172Yb
  13. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 173Yb with a half-life over 1.3×1018 y.
  14. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 174Yb
  15. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 175Yb
  16. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 176Yb
  17. ↑ Extinct radionuclide, used in hafnium–tungsten dating[3]

See also

Daughter products other than hafnium

References

  1. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named belli2024
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Tungsten Isotopes in Planets". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 45 (1): 389–417. August 2017. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020037. PMID 30842690. Bibcode: 2017AREPS..45..389K. 
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 175Hf-2025
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Haak, K.Expression error: Unrecognized word "et". (2023). "Production and discovery of neutron-rich isotopes by fragmentation of 198Pt". Physical Review C 108 (34608). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.034608. Bibcode: 2023PhRvC.108c4608H. 

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