Engineering:Hoe (tool)

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Short description: Agricultural tool
A farmer using a hoe to keep weeds down in a vegetable garden.

A hoe is an ancient and versatile agricultural and horticultural hand tool used to shape soil, remove weeds, clear soil, and harvest root crops. Shaping the soil includes piling soil around the base of plants (hilling), digging narrow furrows (drills) and shallow trenches for planting seeds or bulbs. Weeding with a hoe includes agitating the surface of the soil or cutting foliage from roots, and clearing the soil of old roots and crop residues. Hoes for digging and moving soil are used to harvest root crops such as potatoes.

Types

Cultivating tool, a pull or draw hoe

There are many kinds of hoes of varied appearances and purposes. Some offer multiple functions while others have only a singular and specific purpose.

There are two general types of hoe: draw hoes for shaping soil and scuffle hoes for weeding and aerating soil.

A draw hoe has a blade set at approximately a right angle to the shaft. The user chops into the ground and then pulls (draws) the blade towards them. Altering the angle of the handle can cause the hoe to dig deeper or more shallowly as the hoe is pulled. A draw hoe can easily be used to cultivate soil to a depth of several centimetres. A typical design of draw hoe, the "eye hoe", has a ring in the head through which the handle is fitted.[1] This design has been used since Roman times.

A scuffle hoe is used to scrape the surface of the soil, loosen the top few centimetres, and to cut the roots of, remove, and disrupt the growth of weeds efficiently. These are primarily of two different designs: the Dutch hoe and the hoop hoe.

The term "hand hoe" most commonly refers to any type of light-weight, short-handled hoe, although it may be used simply to contrast hand-held tools against animal or machine pulled tools.

Draw hoes

Eye hoe heads, some with sow-tooth (German: Sauzahn), Centro Etnográfico de Soutelo de Montes, Pontevedra, Spain
Cultivating tool, a push or thrust hoe
Hoedad (tree-planting tool) Kaibab National Forest, Arizona, USA
  • The typical farming and gardening hoe with a heavy, broad blade and a straight edge is known as the Italian hoe,[2] grub hoe, grubbing hoe, azada (from Spanish),[3][4][5] grab hoe,[6] pattern hoe[7] or dago hoe[8][9] ("dago" being an ethnic slur referring to Italians, Spaniards, or Portuguese).
  • The ridging hoe, also known as the Warren hoe[10] and the drill hoe, is a triangular (point-down) or heart-shaped draw hoe that is particularly useful for digging narrow furrows ("drills") and shallow trenches for the planting of seeds or bulbs.[11][12]
  • The Paxton hoe is similar to the Italian hoe, but with a more rounded rectangular blade.
  • The flower hoe has a very small blade, rendering it useful for light weeding and aerating around growing plants, so as not to disturb their shallow roots while removing weeds beyond the reach of the gardener's arm.
  • The hoedad, hoedag or hodag is a hoe-like tool used to plant trees.[13] According to Hartzell (1987, p. 29), "The hoedag [was] originally called skindvic hoe... Hans Rasmussen, legendary contractor and timber farm owner, is credited with having invented the curved, convex, round-nosed hoedag blade which is widely used today" (emphasis added).[14]
  • The mortar hoe is a tool specific to the manual mixing of mortar and concrete, and has the appearance of a typical square-bladed draw hoe with the addition of large holes in the blade.[15]

Scuffle hoes

  • The Dutch hoe is designed to be pushed or pulled through the soil to cut the roots of weeds just under the surface. A Dutch hoe has a blade "sharp on every side so as to cut either forward and backward".[16] The blade must be set in a plane slightly upwardly inclined in relation to the dual axis of the shaft. The user pushes the handle to move the blade forward, forcing it below the surface of the soil and maintaining it at a shallow depth by altering the angle of the handle while pushing. A scuffle hoe can easily cultivate the soil and remove weeds from the surface layer.
  • The hoop hoe, also known as the "action hoe",[17] oscillating, hula, stirrup, pendulum weeder,[18] or "swivel hoe") has a double-edge blade that bends around to form a rectangle attached to the shaft. Weeds are cut just below the surface of the soil as the blade is pushed and pulled. The back and forth motion is highly effective at cutting weeds in loose or friable soil. The width of the blade typically ranges between 8 and 18 cm (3 and 7 in). The head is a loop of flat, sharpened strap metal. However, it is not as efficient as a draw hoe for moving soil.[19]
  • The collinear hoe or collineal hoe has a narrow, razor-sharp blade which is used to slice the roots of weeds by skimming it just under the surface of the soil with a sweeping motion;[20] it is unsuitable for tasks like soil moving and chopping. It was designed by Eliot Coleman in the late 1980s.[21]
  • The swoe hoe is a modern,[22] one-sided cutting hoe, being a variant of the Dutch hoe.

Other hoes

Fork-hoe depiction in Der Rebmann (the vine-dresser). Jost Amman, Das Ständebuch, 1568

Hoes resembling neither draw nor scuffle hoes include:

  • Wheel hoes are, as the name suggests, a hoe or pair of hoes attached to one or more wheels. The hoes are frequently interchangeable with other tools.[23][24] The historic manufacturer of the wheel hoe was Planet JR, these wheel hoes are still produced by Hoss Tools.[25]

  • Horse hoes, resembling small ploughs, were a favourite implement of agricultural pioneer Jethro Tull, who claimed in his book "Horse Hoeing Husbandry" that "the horse-hoe will, in wide intervals, give wheat throughout all the stages of its life, as much nourishment as the discreet hoer pleases."[26] The modern view is that, rather than nutrients being released, the crop simply benefits from the removal of competing plants.[27] The introduction of the horse hoe, together with the better-known seed drill, brought about the great increase farming productivity seen during the British Agricultural Revolution.[28]
  • Fork hoes (also known as prong hoes,[10] tined hoes, Canterbury hoes, drag forks or bent forks) are hoes that have two or more tines at right angles to the shaft. Their use is typically to loosen the soil, prior to planting or sowing.[11]
  • Clam hoes, made for clam digging[29]
  • Adze hoes, with the basic hoe shape but heavier and stronger and with traditional uses in trail making.[30]
  • Pacul or cangkul (hoes similar to adze hoe from Malaysia and Indonesia)
  • Gang hoes for powered use (in use at least from 1887 to 1964).[31][32][33]

History

Further information: Hoe-cultivation belt

Hoes are an ancient technology, predating the plough and perhaps preceded only by the digging stick. In Sumerian mythology, the invention of the hoe was credited to Enlil, the chief of the council of gods.[34] The hand-plough (mr) was depicted in predynastic Egyptian art, and hoes are also mentioned in ancient documents like the Code of Hammurabi (ca. 18th century BC) and the Book of Isaiah (c. 8th century BC).

The human damage caused by long-term use of short-handled hoes, which required the user to bend over from the waist to reach the ground. Over time this could cause permanent, crippling lower back pain to farm workers. Over time this resulted in change after a struggle led by César Chávez with the political help from Governor Jerry Brown in the California Supreme Court. They declared that the short-handled hoe was an unsafe hand tool which was than banned under California law in 1975.[35][36]

  • 'Mr' hand-plough, Protodynastic Period of Egypt (from the Scorpion Macehead)

  • An ancient Egyptian hoe

  • Ancient Greece iron hoe (Kerameikos Archaeological Museum)

  • A 2000-year-old iron Roman hoe blade

  • Roman fork-hoe, called a "Raster"

  • Shennong the Divine Farmer (Han Dynasty, 2nd century)

  • Draw hoe blades from Serbia

  • Hilling
    (Japanese Une 畝 [ja])
    for scallions, ploughed by rotary tiller or hoe (2007)

  • A Dutch hoe or push hoe; usually attached to a long hilt and handle

  • Indonesian Pacul

  • Japanese 'bicchiu-guwa' (びっちゅうぐわ), a fork-hoe for paddy fields.

  • A three-tined hoe from Mount Kenya.

  • A hand hoe, i.e. a small, short-handled hoe

  • Draw hoe (left) and Dutch hoe (right) sold now in the UK.

  • Flag of Mozambique, featuring a draw hoe

Archaeological use

Over the past fifteen or twenty years, hoes have become increasingly popular tools for professional archaeologists. While not as accurate as the traditional trowel, the hoe is an ideal tool for cleaning relatively large open areas of archaeological interest. It is faster to use than a trowel, and produces a much cleaner surface than an excavator bucket or shovel-scrape, and consequently on many open-area excavations the once-common line of kneeling archaeologists trowelling backwards has been replaced with a line of stooping archaeologists with hoes.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Deppe, Carol (5 Oct 2010). The Resilient Gardener: Food Production and Self-Reliance in Uncertain Times. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 9781603583152. https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf5Q4jo_mEEC&q=%22eye+hoes%22&pg=PA101. Retrieved 14 June 2015. 
  2. ↑ Eisen, Gustavus A. (1890). The Raisin Industry: A Practical Treatise on the Raisin Grapes, Their History, Culture and Curing. Sacramento, USA: H. S. Crocker. p. 131. ISBN 9780598282446. https://books.google.com/books?id=yBJCAAAAYAAJ&q=%22italian++hoe%22. Retrieved 23 May 2015. 
  3. ↑ Wakeley, Philip Carman (1954) (in en). Planting the Southern Pines. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. pp. 5, 134, 228–231. https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsc8AAAAYAAJ. 
  4. ↑ "How to Use a Grub Hoe". http://www.easydigging.com/how-to/use-grub-hoe.html. 
  5. ↑ Quarters, Cindy. "What Is a Grubbing Hoe? (with pictures)" (in en-US). http://www.homequestionsanswered.com/what-is-a-grubbing-hoe.htm. 
  6. ↑ Mangalindan, Fe S. J.; de Guzman, Dionisia G.; de la Rosa, Juanito S.; Asprer, Fe F. (1994) (in en). TECHNOLOGY and HOME ECONOMICS. 2. Rex Bookstore, Inc.. pp. 72. ISBN 978-971-23-1345-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=OlgpTSJWF3IC. 
  7. ↑ Cutler, Karan Davis (2002) (in en). Essential Tools: Equipment and Supplies for Home Gardeners. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. pp. 16. ISBN 978-1-889538-50-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=_2SLeqpEBPAC. 
  8. ↑ Senate, California. Legislature (1919) (in en). Appendix to the Journals of the Senate and Assembly of the Forthy-Third Session of the Legislature of the State of California. 4. pp. 41. https://books.google.com/books?id=W6M-AQAAMAAJ. "From my personal observation in handling fires in this district, I find the shovel and the "dago" hoe to be the most effective tools for the fighters ..." 
  9. ↑ (in en) National Gardening. 17. National Gardening Association. 1994. pp. 1. https://books.google.com/books?id=IT1QAAAAYAAJ. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Rockwell, Frederick F. (1911), "Chapter V", Home_Vegetable_Gardening 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mrs. Loudon, Jane (1847). The Amateur Gardener's Calendar: a Monthly Guide, Etc. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. p. 64. https://books.google.com/books?id=h4xhAAAAcAAJ&q=%22fork+hoe%22&pg=PA65. Retrieved 13 June 2015. 
  12. ↑ Cutler, Karan (2002). Essential Tools: Equipment and Supplies for Home Gardeners. New York: Brooklyn Botanic Garden. p. 16. ISBN 9781889538501. https://books.google.com/books?id=_2SLeqpEBPAC&q=%22warren+hoe%22&pg=PA16. Retrieved 14 June 2015. 
  13. ↑ Nix, Steve (May 28, 2008). "Hoedads: The Tool, The Cooperative". About.com. http://forestry.about.com/b/2008/05/28/hoedads-the-tool-the-cooperative.htm. 
  14. ↑ Hartzell, Hal Jr. (1987). Birth of a Cooperative: Hoedads, Inc. A Worker Owned Forest Labor Co-op. Eugene, OR: Hulogos'i Communications. p. 29. ISBN 0-938493-09-4. 
  15. ↑ "California Ag Mechanics Tool ID Manual". California State University. http://ag.csuchico.edu/agmech/slides/ShowAll.asp. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  16. ↑ Loudon, John (1871). The Horticulturist, Gardening in America Series. Applewood Books. p. 84. ISBN 9781429013680. https://books.google.com/books?id=GyeicE-T_lgC&q=%22thrust+hoes%22&pg=PA84. Retrieved 14 May 2015. 
  17. ↑ Darling, David. "Hoe". http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/AE_hoe.html. 
  18. ↑ "Annual Progress Report, September 1, 1984". United States Agency for International Development. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pdaar177.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Green, Victor (1 February 1954). "The Scuffle Hoe—A Valuable Tool for Small Plot Work on Non-Rocky Soils". Agronomy Journal 46 (2): 94–95. doi:10.2134/agronj1954.00021962004600020011x. https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/aj/abstracts/46/2/AJ0460020094. Retrieved 12 May 2015. 
  20. ↑ "Collinear Hoe Instructions". Chelsea Green Publishing. 1995. http://www.johnnyseeds.com/assets/information/9093-9546-9587_collinear-hoe_manual.pdf. 
  21. ↑ Byczynski, Lynn (22 Feb 2008). The Flower Farmer: An Organic Grower's Guide to Raising and Selling Cut Flowers (2 ed.). Vermont, USA: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-1603580762. https://books.google.com/books?id=Iv8j2QkMNM8C&dq=%22collinear+hoe%22+coleman+designed+Byczynski&pg=PA68. 
  22. ↑ "Swoe". V&A Images. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1194599/swoe-hoe-chadwick-hulme/. 
  23. ↑ Power Farming. Power Farming, Incorporated. 1919. p. 191. https://books.google.com/books?id=4dk1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA191. Retrieved 10 July 2013. 
  24. ↑ "US Patent 1017048, Cultivator, filed 1911". United States Patent and Trademark Office. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=1017048.PN.&OS=PN/1017048&RS=PN/1017048. 
  25. ↑ "Home". https://hosstools.com/. 
  26. ↑ Tull, Jethro (1731). Horse Hoeing Husbandry (Third ed.). London: A Miller. p. 149. https://books.google.com/books?id=MogaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Horse+hoe%22. Retrieved 12 June 2015. 
  27. ↑ "Historic Figures: Jethro Tull (1674 - 1741)". The BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/tull_jethro.shtml. 
  28. ↑ Overton, Mark (1996). Agricultural Revolution in England: The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy 1500–1850. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–122. ISBN 0-521-56859-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=nj8ixXhFgLAC&q=seed+drill+invention&pg=PA122. 
  29. ↑ "Clamming". http://maineclammers.org/clamming/. 
  30. ↑ "Handtools for Trail Work - 2005 Edition". https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/recreational_trails/publications/fs_publications/05232810/page09.cfm. 
  31. ↑ Periam, Jonathan (1887). The American Encyclopedia of Agriculture: A Treasury of Useful Information for the Farm and Household. New York: Continental Publishing Company. p. 327. https://books.google.com/books?id=IUc7AQAAMAAJ&q=%22gang+hoes%22. Retrieved 24 May 2015. 
  32. ↑ British Tractor and Farm Machinery Journal, Vol 11 iss 24, vol 12 iss 26, vol 13 iss 28. London: N. Kark Publications. 1964. p. 149. https://books.google.com/books?id=uMpFAAAAYAAJ&q=%22gang+hoes%22. Retrieved 24 May 2015. 
  33. ↑ "Model tractor, type 2D, equipped with toolbar and set of gang hoes". Science Museum Group. http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?t=objects&type=browse&f=CATEGORY1&s=SCM+-+Agricultural+Engineering&record=294. 
  34. ↑ PBS. Heritage: Civilization and the Jews. "Nippur". Accessed 26 Nov 2012.
  35. ↑ "Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers' Struggle". Pbs.org. https://www.pbs.org/itvs/fightfields/book1.html. 
  36. ↑ Bruns, Roger (2005). Cesar Chavez: A Biography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 91–92. ISBN 9780313334528. https://books.google.com/books?id=QuDvaINavwMC&q=chavez+brown+hoe&pg=PA91. Retrieved 29 October 2015. 

References

Further reading

  • Evans, Chris, “The Plantation Hoe: The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Commodity, 1650–1850,” William and Mary Quarterly, (2012) 69#1 pp 71–100.

External links



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