Engineering:Feller buncher

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Short description: Type of harvester used in logging
Feller buncher
Feller buncher
Tracked feller buncher
ClassificationWheeled or Tracked
IndustryForestry
Applicationlogging
Weight13,910 kg (30,670 lb)
Fuel sourceDiesel
PoweredDiesel engine
Self-propelledYes
Wheels4 wheels, some types
TracksContinuous tracks, some types

A feller buncher is a type of harvester used in logging. It is a motorized vehicle with an attachment that can rapidly gather and cut a tree before felling it.

Feller is a traditional name for someone who cuts down trees,[1] and bunching is the skidding and assembly of two or more trees.[2] A feller buncher performs both of these harvesting functions and consists of a standard heavy equipment base with a tree-grabbing device furnished with a chain-saw, circular saw or a shear—a pinching device designed to cut small trees off at the base. The machine then places the cut tree on a stack suitable for a skidder, forwarder, or yarder for transport to further processing such as delimbing, bucking, loading, or chipping.

Some wheeled feller bunchers lack an articulated arm, and must drive close to a tree to grasp it.

In cut-to-length logging a harvester performs the tasks of a feller buncher and additionally does delimbing and bucking.

Components and Felling attachment

Feller buncher is either tracked or wheeled and has self-levelling cabin and matches with different felling heads. For steep terrain, tracked feller buncher is being used because it provides high level of traction to the steep slope and also has high level of stability.[3][4] For flat terrain, wheeled feller buncher is more efficient compared to tracked feller buncher.[5] It is common that levelling cabins are matched with both wheeled and tracked feller buncher for steep terrain as it provides operator comfort and helps keeping the standard of tree felling production.[6] The size and type of trees determine which type of felling heads being used.

Types of felling heads

Disc Saw Head – It can provide a high speed of cutting when the head is pushed against the tree.[7] Then, the clamp arms will hold the tree when the tree is almost completed cutting. It is able to cut and gather multiple trees in the felling head. The disc saw head with good ground speed provides high production, which allows it to keep more than one skidder working continuously.[5][8]

Shear Blade Head -  It is placed against the tree and the clamp arms will hold the tree firmly. Then, the blade will activate and start cutting the tree. Same as disc saw head, it can hold multiple trees before they are placed on the ground.[7]

Chain Saw Head – The floppy head provides minimal control to place the trees on the ground. It might not suit to collect the cut trees or gather the cut stems in the felling head.

Cost-effectiveness

A forwarder hauls stacked logs left behind by a feller buncher.

The purchase cost of a feller buncher is around $180,000 USD and its fuel consumption and lubricant consumption is high among other mechanical harvesting equipment.[9] The feller buncher also has the highest hourly cost which is around $99.5 when comparing other equipment such as a harvesters and grapple skidders.[9][10] Although the total cost of feller buncher is high in overall, the unit production price is the lowest which explains why feller buncher is considered the most cost-effective harvesting equipment. The average unit cost of the feller buncher is $12.1/m3 while the unit cost of the harvesters is $16.5/m3.[5] The unit cost of the feller buncher is primary affected by the tree size and the tree volume.[10] The unit felling cost is lower when the tree size increased. For example, tree with 5 inches at DBH has the unit cost of $70 while tree with 15 inches at DBH has the unit cost of $12. As the cost of feller buncher is high, only large tree volume can produce more profit to cover the high average cost. In terms of stump height, lower stump height can maximise the use of natural resources and prevent wood waste.[5] Mechanical felling such as using feller buncher can prevent 30% of value loss caused by the high stumps.[11]

Maintenance

Feller buncher requires daily maintenance before operation and some components only require periodic maintenance. It could ensure the safety of operators and all the workers around the operation. If damaged or faulty machine is operated, it could result in further damage to the machine which can be more expensive to repair.[12]

Daily or Every 8 hours

Modern style Tigercat feller buncher. Commonly referred to as a tree cutter

Lubrication

The felling head is considered one of the hardest part of the feller buncher and it is necessary to apply lubricant to every joint for daily maintenance. It is suggested to apply lubricant to saw head clamps, wrist attachment and driveshaft bearings during every maintenance.[13] The use of grease should meet the extreme pressure performance standard and contains 3% of molybdenum disulphide (MoS2).[14] MoS2 can prevent the wear takes place where the metal to metal contact exists.[14]

Fuel

It is also important to check if there is enough fuel for the operation. Feller bunchers use diesel fuel to generate power. In most of the cases, the fuel is preferably to have cetane number greater than 50 (minimum 40).[15] This is suitable for operation at temperatures below -20 °C (-4 °F) or elevations more than 1500m (5000 Ft.).[16] The Cloud Point of the fuel is preferably at least 5 °C (9 °F) lower than the expected low temperature.[17] It is also suggested that the sulphur content of the fuel should not be more than 0.5% as it could reduce 50% of the service interval for the engine oil and filter.[15]

Older style felling head that uses a bar and chain to cut trees instead of the more modern saw disk.

Engine coolant

Operators have the responsibility to check the engine coolant level of the feller buncher before starting the engine. The coolant prevents cylinder linear erosion and pitting, and provides protection during extremely low temperature for up to -37 °C (-34 °F).[18] It is recommended to use coolants for heavy-duty engines which are relatively low silicate ethylene glycol base.[17][18] There are two forms of coolants: pre-diluted or concentrate. Water is required to dilute the concentrated coolant with an approximate ratio of 50:50.[16] The use of supplemental coolant addictive might be also required in the concentrated coolant in order to provide protection against corrosion.[15] Distilled, deionised, or demineralised water is suggested for mixing the concentrated coolant because when some water compositions mix with other substances could form a precipitate, causing damage or blockage in the engine.[18]

Risk management approach

During maintenance, there are common working hazards related to two main areas: working environment and exhaust system.[19] When working on the exhaust system, be aware of the hot components around the engine. Workers could wear personal protective equipment such as safety spectacles, heat-proof gloves and safety boots. When feller buncher is elevated for service or maintenance, falls from height might happen. Related injuries could be avoided by ensuring dryness of all the walking surface, wiping any oils or other liquid substances on the floor.[20] Also, ensure the feller buncher is parked on a level and stable ground during maintenance.[12] When getting in and out of the machinery, workers are suggested to use three point of contact with two hands holding the handrails and one foot on a step.[19] It is also important to provide sufficient lighting for all the working sites at all time of service.

Safety

Cutting selected pines for sustainable forest management and fire prevention.
Closeup of grab arms, with chainsaw for felling trees

Logging is considered one of the most dangerous occupations.[21] This is because many loggers are injured by the falling objects which are large in size and heavy. “Struck by object” is the most common injuries that reported in the logging industry due to the manual use of equipment during the logging procedures.[22] There is evidence that using mechanized harvesting equipment could reduce the rate of “struck by” injuries.[23][24] One study indicates that total injury claims could be reduced by 14.2%, while the “struck by” injuries could be reduced by 8.2%, when comparing the changes before and after the use of feller buncher.[25] The significant decline in the number of “struck by” injuries after using the feller buncher in the logging companies supported the statement that using mechanized harvesting equipment could lessen overall injuries. The evidence also found that the rate of injuries in the logging companies without using feller bunchers had increased slightly throughout a period of time, increasing from 14.5% to 17.5%, in five years.[23][25] In terms of trees fatality, areas with lower levels of mechanization in harvesting resulted in higher rate of trees fatality.[23] For instance, in Eastern areas of the United States, research which compared the conventional and mechanized logging operations, indicated the number of injuries, when using the conventional approach, is three times greater than that of using the mechanized equipment such as a feller buncher.[26] However, mechanized related injury could be raised accordingly, especially when performing machine maintenance or repair.[27] These kinds of injuries could be serious and also costly.

Limitations

Feller buncher could be highly productive and cost-effective but there are several limitations. Feller buncher is less beneficial when performing operations on a very rough and relatively steep land. For example, in Appalachian hardwood area, trees have heavy crowns and are grown on the steep slopes which requires tracked feller bunchers in the operations.[28] Although tracked feller bunchers allow operations on a steep slope, the cost-effectiveness is not well studied. Also, manual felling can operate on the steeper slopes than the feller bunchers do. On the other hand, feller bunchers are cost-effective only when there is a high volume of trees in the operations.[9] If there is not enough timber to harvest, the unit cost can be expensive, especially when the majority of the operation site is steep slopes. A 2013, University of Maine study suggests that the use of feller bunchers could cause medium to high level of stand damage from 7% to 25%.[29] However, in comparison with other equipment such as harvesters, the damage that caused by the feller bunchers are less severe.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Feller". def. 2. Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009
  2. ↑ Dunster, Julian A., and Katherine Jane Dunster. Dictionary of natural resource management. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 1996. 157. Print.
  3. ↑ Sessions, John; Leshchinsky, Ben; Chung, Woodam; Boston, Kevin; Wimer, Jeffrey (19 April 2017). "Theoretical Stability and Traction of Steep Slope Tethered Feller-Bunchers". Forest Science 63 (2): 192–200. doi:10.5849/forsci.16-069. 
  4. ↑ Andronov, A V; Taradin, G S; Zverev, I A (1 March 2020). "Models for the determination of basic parameters of tracked feller buncher machines". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 817 (1): 012001. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/817/1/012001. Bibcode: 2020MS&E..817a2001A. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Han, Han-Sup; Renzie, Chad (June 2005). "Effect of Ground Slope, Stump Diameter, and Species on Stump Height for Feller-Buncher and Chainsaw Felling". International Journal of Forest Engineering 16 (2): 81–88. doi:10.1080/14942119.2005.10702517. 
  6. ↑ Granskog, James E.; Anderson, Walter C. (1981). Dense Undergrowth Reduces Feller-Buncher Productivity In Shortleaf Plne Plantations. pp. SO–RN–274. doi:10.2737/so-rn-274. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Tolosana, Eduardo; Spinelli, Raffaele; Aminti, Giovanni; Laina, Rubén; López-Vicens, Ignacio (25 July 2018). "Productivity, Efficiency and Environmental Effects of Whole-Tree Harvesting in Spanish Coppice Stands Using a Drive-to-Tree Disc Saw Feller-Buncher". Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering 39 (2): 163–172. https://hrcak.srce.hr/204182. 
  8. ↑ Patent Application Titled “Disc Saw Felling Head for a Feller Buncher” Published Online. (2017). In Politics & Government Week (p. 2828–). NewsRX LLC.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Wang, Jingxin; Long, Charlie; McNeel, Joe (December 2004). "Production and cost analysis of a feller-buncher and grapple skidder in central Appalachian hardwood forests". Forest Products Journal 54 (12): 159–168. Gale A127163531 ProQuest 214626420. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bilici, Ebru; Akay, Abdullah E.; Abbas, Dalia (August 2019). "Assessing the effects of site factors on the productivity of a feller buncher: a time and motion analysis". Journal of Forestry Research 30 (4): 1471–1478. doi:10.1007/s11676-018-0696-4. 
  11. ↑ Parren, Marc; Bongers, Frans (February 2001). "Does climber cutting reduce felling damage in southern Cameroon?". Forest Ecology and Management 141 (3): 175–188. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00327-3. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Diniz, Carlos Cézar Cavassin; Lopes, Eduardo Silva; Koehler, Henrique Soares; Miranda, Gabriel Magalhães; Paccola, José (2020). "Comparative Analysis of Maintenance Models in Forest Machines". Floresta e Ambiente 27 (2): e20170994. doi:10.1590/2179-8087.099417. 
  13. ↑ Anand, M.; Hadfield, M.; Viesca, J.L.; Thomas, B.; Hernández Battez, A.; Austen, S. (July 2015). "Ionic liquids as tribological performance improving additive for in-service and used fully-formulated diesel engine lubricants". Wear 334-335: 67–74. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2015.01.055. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Jiang, Jin-Wu; Park, Harold S.; Rabczuk, Timon (14 August 2013). "Molecular dynamics simulations of single-layer molybdenum disulphide (MoS 2 ): Stillinger-Weber parametrization, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivity". Journal of Applied Physics 114 (6): 064307–064307–10. doi:10.1063/1.4818414. Bibcode: 2013JAP...114f4307J. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Design and Development of Heavy Duty Diesel Engines. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. 2020. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0970-4. ISBN 978-981-15-0969-8. [page needed]
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 New John Deere L-Series II Skidders & Wheeled Feller Buncher. (2018, September 19). M2 Presswire.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Track Harvester & Feller Buncher Guide. (2013). Canadian Forest Industries, 20–.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Adler, Jonas; Bandhauer, Todd (November 2017). "Performance of a Diesel Engine at High Coolant Temperatures". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 139 (6): 062203. doi:10.1115/1.4036771. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cavassin Diniz, Carlos Cezar; Da Silva Lopes, Eduardo; De Magalhães Miranda, Gabriel; Soares Koehler, Henrique; Kremer Custodio de Souza, Eduardo (16 July 2019). "Analysis of Indicators and Cost of World Class Maintenance (WCM) in Forest Machines". Floresta 49 (3): 533. doi:10.5380/rf.v49i3.60013. 
  20. ↑ Lyons, Kevin; Sessions, John; Wimer, Jeffrey (17 August 2014). "The Adequacy of Falling Object Protection Design Criteria for Feller Bunchers". Forest Science 60 (4): 757–763. doi:10.5849/forsci.12-110. 
  21. ↑ Myers, John R.; Kisner, Suzanne M.; Fosbroke, David E. (December 1998). "Lifetime Risk of Fatal Occupational Injuries within Industries, by Occupation, Gender, and Race". Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 4 (6): 1291–1307. doi:10.1080/10807039891284677. 
  22. ↑ Holman, Robert G.; Olszewski, Albert; Maier, Ronald V. (July 1986). "The Epidemiology of Logging Injuries in the Northwest". The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 26 (7): 1044–1050. doi:10.1097/00005373-198607000-00052. PMID 3656467. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Myers, John R.; Fosbroke, David E. (June 1994). "Logging fatalities in the united states by region, cause of death, and other factors — 1980 through 1988". Journal of Safety Research 25 (2): 97–105. doi:10.1016/0022-4375(94)90021-3. 
  24. ↑ Axelsson, Sven-Ăke (1 June 1998). "The Mechanization of Logging Operations in Sweden and its Effect on Occupational Safety and Health". Journal of Forest Engineering 9 (2): 25–31. doi:10.1080/08435243.1998.10702715. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08435243.1998.10702715. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Bell, Jennifer L. (December 2002). "Changes in logging injury rates associated with use of feller-bunchers in West Virginia". Journal of Safety Research 33 (4): 463–471. doi:10.1016/S0022-4375(02)00048-8. PMID 12429103. 
  26. ↑ Laflamme, Lucie; Cloutier, Esther (December 1988). "Mechanization and risk of occupational accidents in the logging industry". Journal of Occupational Accidents 10 (3): 191–198. doi:10.1016/0376-6349(88)90012-0. 
  27. ↑ Shaffer, Robert M; Milburn, Jason S (1999). "Injuries on feller-buncher/grapple skidder logging operations in the Southeastern United States". Forest Products Journal 49 (7/8): 24–26. ProQuest 17386853. 
  28. ↑ Li, Yaoxiang; Wang, Jingxin; Miller, Gary; McNeel, Joe (March 2006). "Production economics of harvesting small-diameter hardwood stands in central Appalachia". Forest Products Journal 56 (3): 81–87. Gale A144298809 ProQuest 214625700. https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/14735. 
  29. ↑ Hiesl, Patrick (2013). Productivity Standards for Whole-Tree and Cut-To-Length Harvesting Systems in Maine (Thesis).

External links



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