Engineering:RDNA (microarchitecture)

From HandWiki
Short description: GPU microarchitecture and accompanying instruction set architecture

AMD RDNA
AMD RDNA logo.svg
Release dateJuly 7, 2019
(5 years ago) (2019-07-07)[1]
Fabrication process
History
PredecessorGraphics Core Next
A generic block diagram of a GPU

RDNA (Radeon DNA[2][3]) is a graphics processing unit (GPU) microarchitecture and accompanying instruction set architecture developed by AMD. It is the successor to their Graphics Core Next (GCN) microarchitecture/instruction set. The first product lineup featuring RDNA was the Radeon RX 5000 series of video cards, launched on July 7, 2019.[1][4] The architecture is also used in mobile products.[5] It is manufactured and fabricated with TSMC's N7 FinFET graphics chips used in the Navi series of AMD Radeon graphics cards.[6]

The second iteration of RDNA was first featured in the PlayStation 5[7][8] and Xbox Series X/S consoles.[9] Both consoles utilize a custom RDNA 2-based graphics solution as the basis for their GPU microarchitecture. On PC, RDNA 2 is featured in the Radeon RX 6000 series of video cards, which first launched in November 2020.[10] RDNA 2 is also featured in Samsung's Exynos 2200 as the graphics architecture.[11]

The third iteration of RDNA was announced on November 3, 2022, and is featured in the Radeon RX 7000 series of consumer desktop and mobile graphics cards.[12]

RDNA 1

Main page: Radeon RX 5000 series
AMD RDNA 1
Release dateJuly 7, 2019
(5 years ago) (2019-07-07)
CodenameNavi 1x
Fabrication processTSMC N7 (FinFET)
History
PredecessorGraphics Core Next 5
SuccessorRDNA 2

RDNA 1 (also RDNA1)[13][14] is the first implementation of the RDNA microarchitecture and is the successor to the Radeon RX Vega series.[15][16] The launch occurred on July 7, 2019.[17]

Architecture

Die shot of the RX 5500 XT's RDNA GPU

The architecture features a new processor design, although the first details released at AMD's Computex keynote hints at aspects from the previous Graphics Core Next (GCN) architecture being present for backwards compatibility purposes, which is especially important for its use (in the form of RDNA 2) in the major ninth generation game consoles (the Xbox Series X/S and PlayStation 5) to preserve native compatibility with their pre-existing eighth generation game libraries designed for GCN. It features multi-level cache hierarchy and an improved rendering pipeline, with support for GDDR6 memory.

Starting with the architecture itself, one of the biggest changes for RDNA is the width of a wavefront, the fundamental group of work. GCN in all of its iterations was 64 threads wide, meaning 64 threads were bundled together into a single wavefront for execution. RDNA drops this to a native 32 threads wide. At the same time, AMD has expanded the width of their SIMDs from 16 slots to 32 (aka SIMD32), meaning the size of a wavefront now matches the SIMD size.[5](p2)

RDNA also introduces working primitive shaders. While the feature was present in the hardware of the Vega architecture, it was difficult to get a real-world performance boost from and thus AMD never enabled it. Primitive shaders in RDNA are compiler-controlled.[5](p2)

The display controller in RDNA has been updated to support Display Stream Compression 1.2a, allowing output in 4K@240 Hz, HDR 4K@120 Hz, and HDR 8K@60 Hz.[5](p2)[18]

Instruction set

AMD's GPUOpen website hosts a PDF document aiming to describe the environment, the organization and the program state of RDNA devices. It details the instruction set and the microcode formats native to this family of processors that are accessible to programmers and compilers.[19]

Differences between GCN and RDNA

There are architectural changes which affect how code is scheduled:

  1. Single cycle instruction issue:
    • GCN issued one instruction per wave once every 4 cycles.
    • RDNA issues instructions every cycle.
  2. Wave32:
    • GCN used a wavefront size of 64 threads (work items).
    • RDNA supports both wavefront sizes of 32 and 64 threads.
  3. Workgroup Processors:
    • GCN grouped the shader hardware into "compute units" (CUs) which contained scalar ALUs and vector ALUs, LDS and memory access. One CU contains 4 SIMD16s which share one path to memory.
    • RDNA introduced the "workgroup processor" ("WGP"). The WGP replaces the compute unit as the basic unit of shader computation hardware/computing. One WGP encompasses 2 CUs. This allows significantly more compute power and memory bandwidth to be directed at a single workgroup.

Chips

discrete GPUs:

  • Navi 10 found on Radeon RX 5600, Radeon RX 5600 XT, Radeon RX 5600M, Radeon RX 5700, Radeon RX 5700M, Radeon RX 5700 XT, Radeon Pro 5700, Radeon Pro 5700 XT, Radeon Pro W5700X, and Radeon Pro W5700 graphics cards
  • Navi 12 found on Radeon Pro V520 branded graphics card, Radeon Pro 5600M branded mobile graphics card and BC-160 mining card for cryptocurrency
  • Navi 14 found on Radeon RX 5300, Radeon RX 5300 XT, Radeon Pro 5300, Radeon Pro W5300, Radeon RX 5500, Radeon RX 5500 XT, Radeon Pro 5500, Radeon Pro 5500 XT, and Radeon Pro W5500, branded graphics cards; Radeon RX 5300M, Radeon Pro 5300M, Radeon Pro W5300M, Radeon RX 5500M, Radeon Pro 5500M, and Radeon Pro W5500M branded mobile graphics cards

RDNA 2

Main page: Engineering:RDNA 2
AMD RDNA 2
AMD RDNA 2 Logo.png
Release dateNovember 18, 2020
(3 years ago) (2020-11-18)
CodenameNavi 2x
Fabrication process
History
PredecessorRDNA 1
SuccessorRDNA 3

RDNA 2[20] (also RDNA2)[21] is the successor to the RDNA microarchitecture. It was first publicly announced in early 2020 with a projected release in Q4 2020.[21][22] According to statements from AMD, RDNA 2 would be a "refresh" of the RDNA architecture.[23]

More information about RDNA 2 was made public on AMD's Financial Analyst Day on March 5, 2020.[24][22][25] AMD claimed that it would provide a 50% performance-per-watt improvement over RDNA, with increases in clock speed and instructions-per-clock.[26] Additional features confirmed by AMD include real-time, hardware accelerated ray tracing, "Infinity Cache", mesh shaders, sampler feedback and variable rate shading.[26][10] The company announced that RDNA 2 would be used in next-generation gaming consoles and PC graphics cards[26] code-named "Navi 2X" and also nicknamed as "Big Navi".[26]

AMD unveiled the Radeon RX 6000 series, its next-gen RDNA 2 graphics cards at an online event on October 28, 2020.[27][28] The lineup initially consisted of the RX 6800, RX 6800 XT and RX 6900 XT.[29][30] The RX 6800 and 6800 XT launched on November 18, 2020, with the RX 6900 XT being released on December 8, 2020.[10] Further variants including a Radeon RX 6700 (XT) series based on Navi 22, later launched on March 18, 2021.[31][32][33][34]

On May 31, 2021, AMD launched the RX 6000M series of GPUs designed for laptops.[35][36] These include the RX 6600M, RX 6700M, and RX 6800M. These were made available beginning on June 1, 2021.[35]

On June 1, 2021, AMD's CEO Dr. Lisa Su and Tesla, Inc.'s CEO Elon Musk confirmed that the entertainment systems of Tesla's new Model S and Model X are powered by RDNA 2.[37] The same microarchitecture was also announced to be used for an upcoming flagship Samsung Exynos SoC,[38] later introduced in January 2022 as Exynos 2200, utilizing a custom Xclipse 920 GPU with 3 workgroup processors.[39][40]

An RDNA 2 integrated GPU with 2 compute units is included in the I/O die on AMD's Zen 4-based Ryzen 7000 Series CPUs.[41][42] According to AMD, the integrated RDNA 2 graphics in Ryzen 7000 are not intended for gaming and is instead intended for diagnostic purposes and offering video encode and decode capabilities.[43]

Chips

discrete GPUs:

  • Navi 21
  • Navi 22
  • Navi 23
  • Navi 24

integrated into APUs/CPUs:

Usage in video game consoles

Custom configurations of the RDNA 2 graphics microarchitecture are used in the PlayStation 5[7][44] from Sony, Xbox Series X and Series S consoles[9] from Microsoft, with proprietary tweaks and different GPU modifications in each system's implementation. Valve announced on July 15, 2021, that their Steam Deck would feature the RDNA 2 architecture. The Steam Deck was released in February 2022.[45]

RDNA 3

Main page: Engineering:RDNA 3
AMD RDNA 3
AMD RDNA-3 Logo.png
Release dateDecember 13, 2022
(19 months ago) (2022-12-13)
CodenameNavi 3x
Fabrication process
History
PredecessorRDNA 2

RDNA 3 (also RDNA3) is the successor to the RDNA 2 microarchitecture and was projected for a launch in Q4 2022 per AMD's gaming GPU roadmap.[46][47][48] At an August 29 reveal event for Ryzen 7000 series CPUs, AMD CEO Lisa Su teased RDNA 3 and revealed that it would utilize chiplets built on TSMC's N5 node.[49] On September 19, 2022, Sam Naffziger, the current senior vice president at AMD, stated in a blogpost that improvements made to the RDNA 3 microarchitecture allow for considerable performance gains and efficiency, with an estimated 50% increase in performance-per-watt compared to the RDNA 2 microarchitecture.[50] Additionally, the RDNA 3 architecture features the next generation of Infinity Cache, a modified graphics pipeline, adaptive power management and rearchitected compute units, leading to an overall robust uplift in rasterization and ray-tracing performance over the previous consumer architecture.[51]

On November 3, 2022, AMD unveiled the RX 7900 XTX and RX 7900 XT graphics cards, based on the RDNA 3 microarchitecture. These are the first commercial GPUs to be based on multi-chip module (MCM) design.[52]

Chips

discrete GPUs:

  • Navi 31 found on Radeon RX 7900 GRE, Radeon RX 7900 XT, Radeon RX 7900 XTX, Radeon Pro W7800 and Radeon Pro W7900 branded graphics cards; Radeon RX 7900M branded mobile graphics cards
  • Navi 32 found on Radeon RX 7700 XT and Radeon RX 7800 XT branded graphics cards
  • Navi 33 found on Radeon RX 7600, Radeon Pro W7500 and Radeon Pro W7600 branded graphics cards; Radeon RX 7600S, Radeon RX 7600M, Radeon RX 7600M XT and Radeon RX 7700S branded mobile graphics cards

integrated into APUs/CPUs:

Comparison of RDNA chips

Microarchitecture RDNA 1 RDNA 2 RDNA 3
Chip Navi 10[53] Navi 12[54] Navi 14[55] Navi 21[56] Navi 22[57] Navi 23[58] Navi 24[59] Navi 31[60][61] Navi 32[62] Navi 33[63]
Code name Gaming Fighter Sienna Cichlid Navy Flounder Dimgrey Cavefish Beige Goby Plum Bonito Wheat Nas Hotpink Bonefish
Fab TSMC N7 TSMC N6 TSMC N5 (GCD), TSMC N6 (MCD) TSMC N6
Package Monolithic Multi-chip module (MCM) Monolithic
Die size (mm2) 251 Unknown 158 520 335 237 107 ~531 ~350 204
Graphics compute dies N/A 1 N/A
Memory cache dies N/A 6 4 N/A
GCD size (mm2) N/A 306 200 N/A
MCD size (mm2) N/A 37.5 N/A
Transistors (billions) 10.3 Unknown 6.4 26.8 17.2 11.06 5.4 57.7 28.1 13.3
Transistor density
(MTr/mm2) 		41.0 Unknown 40.5 51.5 51.3 46.7 50.5 109.2 (MCM)
132.4 (GCD)[64]		 81.2 65.2
Shader engines 2 1 4[65] 2[65] 1[65] 6 TBA 2
Shader arrays 4 2 8 4 2 12 TBA 4
Workgroup processors 20 12 40 20 16 8 48 30 16
Compute units 40 24 80 40 32 16 96 60 32
Stream processors 2560 1536 5120 2560 2048 1024 6144 3840 2048
Texture mapping units 160 96 320 160 128 64 384 240 128
Render output units 64 32 128 64 32 192 96[66] 64
RT accelerators N/A 80 40 32 16 96 60 32
AI accelerators N/A 192 120 64
L0 cache (KB) 32 per Workgroup processor (WGP) 64 per WGP
L1 cache (KB) 128 per Shader array (SA) 256 per SA
L2 cache (MB) 8 4 2 4 3 2 1 6 4 2
L3 cache (MB) N/A 128 96 32 16 96 64 32
Memory type GDDR6 HBM2 GDDR6
Memory bus (bits) 256 2048 128 256 192 128 64 384 256 128
Display Core Next 2.0.0 3.0.0 3.0.2 3.0.3 3.2.0 3.2.1
Video Core Next 2.0.0 2.0.2 3.0.0 3.0.16 3.0.33 4.0.0 4.0.4
Launch 2019 2020 2019 2020 2021 2021 2022 2022 2023 2023
Introduced with
Pro 5600M
RX 6700 XT RX 6600M

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 AMD press release: "AMD Announces Next-Generation Leadership Products at Computex 2019 Keynote". AMD (Press release). Santa Clara, CA. May 26, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
  2. ↑ Smith, Ryan (May 26, 2019). "Home> GPUs AMD Teases First Navi GPU Products: RX 5700 Series Launches in July, 25% Improved Perf-Per-Clock" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/14412/amd-teases-first-navi-gpu-products-rx-5700-series-in-july-25-improved-perf. 
  3. ↑ "AMD RDNA Architecture" (in en-US). https://www.amd.com/en/technologies/rdna. 
  4. ↑ Wilson, Matthew (June 11, 2019). "AMD launches RX 5700 XT and RX 5700 GPUs with RDNA architecture" (in en-US). https://www.kitguru.net/components/graphic-cards/matthew-wilson/amd-launches-rx-5700-xt-and-rx-5700-gpus-with-rdna-architecture/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Smith, Ryan (June 10, 2019). "GPUs AMD Announces Radeon RX 5700 XT & RX 5700: The Next Gen of AMD Video Cards Starts on July 7th At $449/$379" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/14528/amd-announces-radeon-rx-5700-xt-rx-5700-series. 
  6. ↑ James, James (October 30, 2019). "AMD Radeon RX 5700 XT release date, price, specs, and performance" (in en-US). PCGamesN. https://www.pcgamesn.com/amd/radeon-rx-5700-xt-release-date-price-specs-performance. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Funk, Ben (December 12, 2020). "Sony PS5 Gets A Full Teardown Detailing Its RDNA 2 Guts And Glory". https://hothardware.com/news/sony-playstation-5-independent-teardown-ifixit. 
  8. ↑ Radeon [@Radeon] (June 11, 2021). "We're proud that our groundbreaking RDNA 2 and Zen architectures helped enable incredible next-gen PS5 experiences like Ratchet and Clank: Rift Apart! #RatchetPS5". https://twitter.com/Radeon/status/1403079595696480259. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Smith, Ryan (February 24, 2020). "Microsoft Drops More Xbox Series X Tech Specs: Zen 2 + RDNA 2, 12 TFLOPs GPU, HDMI 2.1, & a Custom SSD". AnandTech. https://www.anandtech.com/show/15546/microsoft-drops-more-xbox-series-x-tech-specs-zen-2-rdna-2-12-tflops-gpu-hdmi-21-a-custom-ssd. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Judd, Will (October 28, 2020). "AMD unveils three Radeon 6000 graphics cards with ray tracing and RTX-beating performance". Eurogamer. https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2020-10-28-amd-unveils-three-radeon-6000-graphics-cards-with-ray-tracing-and-impressive-performance. 
  11. ↑ "Samsung Introduces Game Changing Exynos 2200 Processor With Xclipse GPU Powered by AMD RDNA 2 Architecture" (in en-US). Korea. January 18, 2022. https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-introduces-game-changing-exynos-2200-processor-with-xclipse-gpu-powered-by-amd-rdna-2-architecture. 
  12. ↑ Cunningham, Andrew (November 3, 2022). "AMD's next-gen Radeon RX 7900 XTX and XT launch December 13 for $999 and $899" (in en-US). https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/11/amds-next-gen-radeon-rx-7900-xtx-and-7900-xt-launch-december-13-start-at-999/. 
  13. ↑ ""RDNA 1.0" Instruction Set Architecture Reference Guide" (in en-US). https://developer.amd.com/wp-content/resources/RDNA_Shader_ISA.pdf. 
  14. ↑ "AMD RDNA Architecture" (in en-US). https://www.amd.com/en/technologies/rdna. 
  15. ↑ Ung, Gordon (May 26, 2019). "AMD flexes 7nm muscle with a 12-core Ryzen 9 CPU and Radeon RX 5000 graphics cards". https://www.pcworld.com/article/397514/amd-ryzen-9-cpu-radeon-rx-5000-series-graphics-cards.html. 
  16. ↑ Chacos, Brad (July 7, 2019). "AMD Radeon RX 5700 and 5700 XT review: Blazing new trails". https://www.pcworld.com/article/397721/amd-radeon-rx-5700-and-5700-xt-review.html. 
  17. ↑ Ridley, Jacob (June 14, 2019). "AMD announces $449 Radeon RX 5700 XT and $379 5700 for July 7 launch". PCGamesN. https://www.pcgamesn.com/amd/amd-radeon-rx-5700-series. 
  18. ↑ Stobing, Chris (June 10, 2019). "AMD Details Radeon RX 5700 'Navi' GPUs: Here's What You Need to Know" (in en-US). https://www.pcmag.com/news/368877/amd-details-radeon-rx-5700-navi-gpus-heres-what-you-need. 
  19. ↑ "AMD RDNA 1.0 Instruction Set Architecture" (in en-US). https://gpuopen.com/compute-product/amd-rdna-1-0-instruction-set-architecture/. 
  20. ↑ "AMD Investor Relations presentation (PDF)" (in en-US). 2019. https://ir.amd.com/static-files/749bd8aa-0d3b-41f7-a959-aa954b760c74. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Smith, Ryan (January 28, 2020). "Navi Refresh and RDNA2 Both In 2020, According to AMD" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/15447/quick-notes-navi-refresh-and-rdna2-both-in-2020-according-to-amd. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Thomas, Bill (February 3, 2020). "AMD 'Big Navi' GPU might be right around the corner – but don't hold your breath" (in en-US). https://www.techradar.com/news/amd-big-navi-gpu-might-be-right-around-the-corner-but-dont-hold-your-breath. 
  23. ↑ Alcorn, Paul (January 29, 2020). "AMD to Introduce New Next-Gen RDNA GPUs in 2020, Not a Typical 'Refresh' of Navi" (in en-US). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amds-navi-to-be-refreshed-with-next-gen-rdna-architecture-in-2020. 
  24. ↑ Ridley, Jacob (January 29, 2020). "AMD will unveil RDNA 2 graphics cards on March 5". https://www.pcgamesn.com/amd/rdna-2-reveal. 
  25. ↑ Alcorn, Paul (March 5, 2020). "AMD Financial Analyst Day 2020: CPU and GPU Roadmaps, X3D Die Stacking Revealed" (in en). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-financial-analyst-day-2020-zen4-zen-3-milan-genoa-big-navi. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Smith, Ryan (March 5, 2020). "AMD's RDNA 2 Gets A Codename: "Navi 2X" Comes This Year With 50% Improved Perf-Per-Watt". https://www.anandtech.com/show/15591/amds-rdna-2-gets-a-codename-navi-2x-comes-this-year-with-50-improved-perfperwatt. 
  27. ↑ Garreffa, Anthony (September 9, 2020). "AMD to reveal next-gen Big Navi RDNA 2 graphics cards on October 28". TweakTown. https://www.tweaktown.com/news/75066/amd-to-reveal-next-gen-big-navi-rdna-2-graphics-cards-on-october-28/index.html. 
  28. ↑ Lyles, Taylor (September 9, 2020). "AMD's next-generation Zen 3 CPUs and Radeon RX 6000 'Big Navi' GPU will be revealed next month". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/9/21429127/amd-zen-3-cpu-big-navi-gpu-events-october. 
  29. ↑ Smith, Ryan (October 8, 2020). "AMD Teases Radeon RX 6000 Card Performance Numbers: Aiming For 3080?". https://www.anandtech.com/show/16150/amd-teases-radeon-rx-6000-card-performance-numbers-aiming-for-3080. 
  30. ↑ Smith, Ryan (September 9, 2020). "AMD Announces Ryzen "Zen 3" and Radeon "RDNA2" Presentations for October: A New Journey Begins". https://www.anandtech.com/show/16077/amd-announces-ryzen-zen-3-and-radeon-rdna2-presentations-for-october-a-new-journey-begins. 
  31. ↑ Hollister, Sean (March 3, 2021). "AMD announces $479 Radeon RX 6700 XT, says it will have 'significantly more GPUs available'". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/3/22310653/amd-radeon-rx-6700-xt-price-release-date-availability-gpu-graphics. 
  32. ↑ Mujtaba, Hassan (November 30, 2020). "AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT 'Navi 22 GPU' Custom Models Reportedly Boost Up To 2.95 GHz" (in en-US). https://wccftech.com/amd-radeon-rx-6700-xt-custom-models-boost-up-to-2-95-ghz-220w-tgp/. 
  33. ↑ Tyson, Mark (December 3, 2020). "AMD CEO keynote scheduled for CES 2020 on 12th January". https://hexus.net/tech/news/industry/147068-amd-ceo-keynote-scheduled-ces-2020-12th-january/. 
  34. ↑ Cutress, Ian (January 12, 2021). "AMD to Launch Mid-Range RDNA 2 Desktop Graphics in First Half 2021". AnandTech. https://www.anandtech.com/show/16402/amd-to-launch-midrange-rdna-2-desktop-graphics-in-first-half-2021. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Chin, Monica (May 31, 2021). "AMD announces the Radeon RX 6000M series with RDNA 2 architecture" (in en-US). https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/31/22457181/amd-radeon-rx-6000m-series-release-date-rdna2-rog-strix-g15. 
  36. ↑ Takahashi, Dean (May 31, 2021). "AMD launches Radeon RX 6000M GPUs for gaming laptops" (in en-US). https://venturebeat.com/2021/05/31/amd-launches-radeon-rx-6000m-gpus-for-gaming-laptops/. 
  37. ↑ Alvarez, Simon (June 1, 2021). "AMD confirms Tesla's new Model S and Model X will boast RDNA 2 GPUs". https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-model-s-model-x-mcu3-specs-amd-gpu-confirmed-video/. 
  38. ↑ "It's official! Flagship Exynos chip with AMD RDNA2 GPU is coming later this year" (in en-US). 2021-06-01. https://www.sammobile.com/news/flagship-exynos-chip-amd-rdna2-gpu-launch-date/. 
  39. ↑ "Die analysis: Samsung Exynos 2200 with RDNA2 graphics". 26 April 2022. https://www.patreon.com/posts/die-analysis-65339949. 
  40. ↑ "Samsung Announces Game Changing Exynos 2200" (in en). 2022-01-18. https://semiconductor.samsung.com/content/semiconductor/global/newsroom/news/samsung-announces-game-changing-exynos-2200.html. 
  41. ↑ Cunningham, Andrew (September 26, 2022). "Everything you need to know about Zen 4, socket AM5, and AMD's newest chipsets". https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/09/everything-you-need-to-know-about-zen-4-socket-am5-and-amds-newest-chipsets/. 
  42. ↑ "AMD confirms Ryzen 7000 series feature RDNA2 graphics". August 30, 2022. https://videocardz.com/newz/amd-confirms-ryzen-7000-series-feature-rdna2-graphics. 
  43. ↑ Roach, Jacob (May 25, 2022). "AMD Ryzen 7000 graphics aren't powerful enough for gaming". https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/amd-ryzen-7000-arent-powerful-enough-for-gaming/. 
  44. ↑ Gartenberg, Chaim (March 18, 2020). "Sony reveals full PS5 hardware specifications". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/18/21183181/sony-ps5-playstation-5-specs-details-hardware-processor-8k-ray-tracing. 
  45. ↑ "Steam Deck" (in en). July 15, 2021. https://store.steampowered.com/news/group/39049601/view/2986431641634388284. 
  46. ↑ Gapo, Branko (July 28, 2021). "AMD: Zen4 and RDNA3 on track for 2022 launch" (in en-US). VideoCardz. https://videocardz.com/newz/amd-ceo-confirms-zen4-and-rdna3-is-on-track-for-2022-launch. 
  47. ↑ "AMD RDNA 3 Release Date, Price And Specs". GPU Mag. June 23, 2021. https://www.gpumag.com/amd-rdna-3/. 
  48. ↑ Soutter, Neil (January 25, 2021). "AMD RX 7000 series could be a performance monster, with much better ray tracing performance" (in en-US). Game Debate. https://www.game-debate.com/news/30148/amd-rx-7000-series-could-be-a-performance-monster-with-much-better-ray-tracing-performance. 
  49. ↑ Wickens, Katie (August 30, 2022). "AMD's Lisa Su confirms chiplet-based RDNA 3 GPU architecture" (in en-US). https://www.pcgamer.com/amds-lisa-su-confirms-chiplet-based-rdna-3-gpu-architecture/. 
  50. ↑ Naffziger, Sam (September 19, 2022). "Advancing Performance-Per-Watt to Benefit Gamers" (in en-US). https://community.amd.com/t5/gaming/advancing-performance-per-watt-to-benefit-gamers/ba-p/545586. 
  51. ↑ Garreffa, Anthony (September 19, 2022). "AMD says its next-gen RDNA 3 GPU will be the true leader in efficiency" (in en-US). https://www.tweaktown.com/news/88505/amd-says-its-next-gen-rdna-3-gpu-will-be-the-true-leader-in-efficiency/index.html. 
  52. ↑ Gamers Nexus (November 3, 2022). "AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX & 7900 XT Specs, Price, Release Date, & "8K" Gaming" (in en-US). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAUxrWCZV50. 
  53. ↑ "AMD Navi 10 GPU Specs". https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/amd-navi-10.g861. 
  54. ↑ "AMD Navi 12 GPU Specs". https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/amd-navi-12.g922. 
  55. ↑ "AMD Navi 14 GPU Specs". https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/amd-navi-14.g919. 
  56. ↑ "AMD Navi 21 GPU Specs". https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/amd-navi-21.g923. 
  57. ↑ "AMD Navi 22 GPU Specs". https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/amd-navi-22.g951. 
  58. ↑ "AMD Navi 23 GPU Specs". https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/amd-navi-23.g926. 
  59. ↑ "AMD Navi 24 GPU Specs". https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/amd-navi-24.g965. 
  60. ↑ "AMD Navi 31 GPU Specs". https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/amd-navi-31.g998. 
  61. ↑ "AMD Unveils World's Most Advanced Gaming Graphics Cards, Built on Groundbreaking AMD RDNA 3 Architecture with Chiplet Design". AMD (Press release). November 3, 2022.
  62. ↑ "AMD Navi 32 GPU Specs". https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/amd-navi-32.g1000. 
  63. ↑ "AMD Navi 33 GPU Specs". https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/amd-navi-33.g1001. 
  64. ↑ btarunr (November 4, 2022). "AMD Announces the $999 Radeon RX 7900 XTX... (endnote RX-819)". https://www.techpowerup.com/300632/amd-announces-the-usd-999-radeon-rx-7900-xtx-and-usd-899-rx-7900-xt-5nm-rdna3-displayport-2-1-fsr-3-0-fluidmotion. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 "Launch-Analyse AMD Radeon RX 6500 XT" (in de). January 24, 2022. https://www.3dcenter.org/artikel/launch-analyse-amd-radeon-rx-6500-xt. 
  66. ↑ Walton, Jarred (June 5, 2023). "AMD RDNA 3 GPU Architecture Deep Dive: The Ryzen Moment for GPUs" (in en-US). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-rdna-3-gpu-architecture-deep-dive-the-ryzen-moment-for-gpus. 

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