Engineering:SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1

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Short description: First spaceflight of the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft
SpaceX Demo Flight 1
COTS-1 Dragon After Return from Orbit (crop).jpg
Dragon capsule after recovery from ocean landing
Mission typeTest flight
OperatorSpaceX
COSPAR ID2010-066A
SATCAT no.37244
Mission duration3 hours, 19 minutes
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftDragon C101
Spacecraft typeDragon CRS
ManufacturerSpaceX
Launch massFalcon 9: 333,400 kg (735,000 lb)[1]
Start of mission
Launch date8 December 2010, 15:43 (2010-12-08UTC15:43) UTC[2]
RocketFalcon 9 v1.0
Launch siteCape Canaveral SLC-40
ContractorSpaceX
End of mission
Landing date8 December 2010, 19:02 (2010-12-08UTC19:03) UTC[2]
Landing sitePacific Ocean, approx. 800 km (500 mi) west of Baja, Mexico
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeLow Earth
Perigee altitude288 km (179 mi)
Apogee altitude301 km (187 mi)
Inclination34.53°
Epoch8 December 2010[3]
SpaceX Dragon COTS Demo 1 logo.png  

SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1 was the first orbital spaceflight of the Dragon cargo spacecraft, and the second overall flight of the Falcon 9 rocket manufactured by SpaceX. It was also the first demonstration flight for NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program.[4] The primary mission objectives were to test the orbital maneuvering and reentry of the Dragon capsule. The mission also aimed to test fixes to the Falcon 9 rocket, particularly the unplanned roll of the first stage that occurred during flight 1. Liftoff occurred on 8 December 2010 at 15:43 UTC.[1]

The success of the mission allowed SpaceX to advance its vehicle testing plan. With two back-to-back "near-perfect" Falcon 9 launches and satisfactory tests of the first Dragon capsule, SpaceX "asked NASA to combine objectives laid out for the remaining two COTS missions... and permit a berthing at the ISS during its next flight".[5] This combined test mission was completed in May 2012, and achieved its objectives, opening the path to regular cargo deliveries by Dragon to the International Space Station (ISS) under the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract. Commercial flights started in October 2012 with CRS-1.

COTS contract

On 18 August 2006, NASA announced that SpaceX had won a NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) contract to demonstrate cargo delivery to the International Space Station with a possible option for crew transport.[6] This contract, designed by NASA to provide "seed money" for development of new boosters, paid SpaceX $278 million to develop the Falcon 9 launch vehicle, with incentive payments paid at milestones culminating in three demonstration launches.[7] COTS Demo Flight 1 was the first of the launches under this contract. The original agreement with NASA called for the COTS Demo Flight 1 to occur in the second quarter of 2008; this flight was delayed several times, actually occurring in December 2010.[4]

Separately from the NASA COTS contract, SpaceX was also awarded a NASA contract for commercial resupply services (CRS) to the ISS. The firm contracted value is $1.6 billion, and NASA could elect to order additional missions for a total contract value of up to $3.1 billion.[8]

Preparations

Launch of Falcon 9

File:SpaceX Falcon 9 launch with COTS Demo Flight 1 (high quality).ogv

The two stages and Dragon capsule for the second Falcon 9 were built at SpaceX's manufacturing facility at Hawthorne, California, and were delivered to SpaceX's facilities at Cape Canaveral in July and August 2010.[9]

The target launch date was rescheduled from its original 2008 date to the end of 2010, with COTS Demo 2 and 3 being rescheduled to 2011.[9]

A full wet dress rehearsal was conducted on 15 September 2010, and the launch was targeted for no earlier than 7 December 2010.[10]

On 22 November 2010, SpaceX announced that it had received a license for spacecraft re-entry from the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Commercial Space Transportation for the flight. It is the first such license issued to a private enterprise.[11]

A successful static test fire was performed by SpaceX on 4 December 2010. This was the third attempt to do so, as the first two attempts were automatically aborted. The first attempt was on 3 December 2010, but the test was automatically aborted one second before ignition due to a high-pressure reading.[citation needed]

The flight was to proceed on 7 December 2010. However, several cracks were noted on the outer portions of the niobium extension of the second stage Merlin vacuum nozzle. The decision was made to trim the un-needed six inches off the nozzle, since the resulting performance loss was not critical.[12] [13]

Launch events

The launch was ultimately scheduled for 8 December 2010, with launch windows available from 14:00 to 14:06, 15:38 to 15:43, and 17:16 to 17:24 UTC based on the availability of the NASA tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS) network used to track and communicate with the spacecraft. The first attempt was originally scheduled for the middle of the first launch window, at 14:03 UTC, but was moved to the end of the window at 14:06 UTC. This attempt was aborted at T-02:48 on the countdown clock because of false telemetry data.

The launch was re-targeted for 15:43 UTC, and was successful.[14] First stage engines cut off at T+02:56, nose cone separated at T+03:47, second stage engines cut off at T+08:56, all as planned. The Dragon vehicle separated at T+09:30 and achieved a near circular orbit, with a perigee of 288 km (179 mi), an apogee of 301 km (187 mi) and an inclination of 34.53°.[3] These were close to targeted marks of a 300 km (190 mi) circular orbit at an inclination of 34.5°.

Attempt Planned Result Turnaround Reason Decision point Weather go (%) Notes
1 2010-12-08 09:06:00 AM 8 Dec 2010, 9:06:00 am Aborted — Automated abort on fault detected in ordnance interrupter[citation needed] 2010-12-08 09:03:10 AM 8 Dec 2010, 9:03 am (T–2:48[3]) 80 %[15]
2 2010-12-08 10:43:00 AM 8 Dec 2010, 10:43:00 am Successful 0 days, 1 hour, 37 minutes 80 %[15]

Additional payloads

The Falcon 9 carried a small number of nanosatellites to orbit as well. Included were a total of eight cubesats[16] including the first U.S. Army nanosatellite, Space and Missile Defense Command — Operational Nanosatellite Effect, or SMDC-ONE, for a 30-day mission,[17][18][19] and two 3U buses, the CubeSat Experiment (QbX), provided by the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office, also expected to remain in orbit for only 30 days.[20]

One of the weight ballasts inside the Dragon spacecraft was a metal barrel containing a wheel of French Le Brouère cheese. This cheese is produced in Bulgnéville, Vosges. It was packed as a joke, and references the Cheese Shop sketch from Monty Python's Flying Circus. The barrel's lid was pasted with an image from the poster for the 1984 spoof film Top Secret!.[21] SpaceX's CEO did not reveal the identity of the cargo during the post-splashdown news conference, for fear of the joke overshadowing the company's accomplishments.[22]

Orbit and landing

Dragon

Dragon capsule after re-entry

While in orbit, a battery of automated tests were performed including thermal control and attitude control to maintain uninterrupted TDRS data links. At 16:15 UTC, SpaceX announced that it had achieved contact with the Dragon module through the TDRS system. After the two planned orbits, the spacecraft was manually commanded to begin a deorbit burn, resulting in it splashing down in the Pacific Ocean at 19:02 UTC approximately 800 km (500 mi) west of Baja California after all three parachutes successfully deployed.[3] SpaceX reported that all test objectives were completed, and the recovery craft arrived to retrieve the spacecraft within 20 minutes of splashdown. The craft landed within 800 m (2,600 ft) of the targeted location, well within the 60-by-20-kilometer (37 by 12 mi) recovery zone.[3][23] From launch to splashdown, the demonstration flight lasted for 3 hours, 19 minutes, 52 seconds.[23]

Second stage

The second stage engine was reignited in orbit after separation from the Dragon capsule. This allowed SpaceX to work on a secondary mission objective of expanding the launch capability envelope by testing in-space engine reignition and ability of the vehicle to achieve a beyond-LEO (Low Earth Orbit). Even though the nozzle of the Merlin Vacuum second-stage engine had been substantially trimmed—due to two cracks discovered only a few days before the scheduled launch—the second stage reached an altitude of 11,000 kilometers (6,800 mi).[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "COTS Demo Flight 1 Press Kit". SpaceX. 6 December 2010. http://www.spacex.com/files/downloads/cots1-20101206.pdf. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Clark, Stephen (9 December 2010). "Musk 'optimistic' next Dragon flight will visit space station". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/002/101209reaction/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "COTS Demo Flight 1 status". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/002/status.html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Space Act Agreement Between National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Space Exploration Technologies Corp. for Commercial Orbital Transportation Services Demonstration (COTS)". NASA. 30 May 2006. https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/189228main_setc_nnj06ta26a.pdf. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Klotz, Irene (13 December 2010). "SpaceX Looks To Station Docking In 2011". Aviation Week. http://aviationweek.com/awin/spacex-looks-station-docking-2011. "The second stage went up to 11,000 km.—and that's with the shortie skirt" 
  6. ↑ Brown, Mary Beth (18 August 2006). "SpaceX Wins NASA COTS Contract to Demonstrate Cargo Delivery to Space Station" (Press release). SpaceX.
  7. ↑ Frankel, David J. (2010). "Commercial Space Committee of the NASA Advisory Council. 26 April 2010. Houston, Texas.". pp. 6–7. https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/453605main_Commercial_Space_Minutes_4_26_2010.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Shanklin, Emily (23 December 2008). "NASA Selects SpaceX's Falcon 9 Booster and Dragon Spacecraft for Cargo Resupply" (Press release). SpaceX.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Clark, Stephen. "SpaceX: Dragon testing will determine launch schedule". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/002/100820update/. 
  10. ↑ "World Wide Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html. 
  11. ↑ Brost, Kirstin (22 November 2010). "FAA Awards SpaceX First Ever Commercial License to Re-Enter Spacecraft from Orbit" (Press release). SpaceX.
  12. ↑ Mohney, Doug (10 December 2010). "Cheese in Space, and Other Tasty Tales of the SpaceX Dragon Launch". http://technews.tmcnet.com/satellite/topics/satellite/articles/125461-cheese-space-other-tasty-tales-the-spacex-dragon.htm. 
  13. ↑ "Forget Dragon, the Falcon 9 rocket is the secret sauce of SpaceX's success". ArsTechnica. 3 June 2020. https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/06/forget-dragon-the-falcon-9-rocket-is-the-secret-sauce-of-spacexs-success. 
  14. ↑ "A space-age first: A commercial craft returns from low-Earth orbit". CNN. 8 December 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/12/08/space.flight/index.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Launch Operations Forecast — Falcon 9 Dragon COTS Demo 1". United States Air Force. http://www.patrick.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070716-028.pdf. 
  16. ↑ Krebs, Gunter D.. "Dragon C1". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dragon-c1.htm. 
  17. ↑ Cummings, John (8 December 2010). "Army nanosatellite on first flight". United States Army. https://www.army.mil/article/49115/army-nanosatellite-on-firstflight. 
  18. ↑ Boyle, Alan (8 December 2010). "Dragon could visit space station next". NBC News. http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/12/08/5614525-dragon-could-visit-space-station-next. 
  19. ↑ "In Space". CubeSat Kit. http://www.cubesatkit.com/content/space.html. 
  20. ↑ Parry, Daniel (17 December 2010). "NRL Launches Nano-Satellite Experimental Platforms" (Press release). U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  21. ↑ Malik, Tariq (9 December 2010). "Wheel of Cheese Launched Into Space On Private Spacecraft". Space.com. https://www.space.com/10459-wheel-cheese-launched-space-private-spacecraft.html. 
  22. ↑ Hennigan, W. J. (9 December 2010). "SpaceX's 'secret' payload? A wheel of cheese". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2010/12/spacexs-secret-payload.html. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Atkinson, Nancy (8 December 2015). "The Future is Now: SpaceX Flight 100% Successful". Universe Today. https://www.universetoday.com/81559/the-future-is-now-spacex-100-successful/. 

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