Astronomy:Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter

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Short description: Planned South Korean lunar orbiter

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Danuri
Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO)
Kplo rendered image.png
a rendered image of Danuri
NamesKPLO
Mission typeLunar orbiter
OperatorKorea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)
Websitekari.re.kr/eng/sub03_04_01.do
Mission duration1 year (planned)
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerKorea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)
Launch mass678 kg (1,495 lb)[1][2]
Dry mass≈ 550 kg (1,210 lb) [3]
Payload mass40 kg (88 lb)
Dimensions[convert: needs a number]
Power760 watts[4]
Start of mission
Launch date2 August 2022, 23:37 UTC[5]
RocketFalcon 9 Block 5
Launch siteCape Canaveral
ContractorSpaceX
Moon orbiter
Orbital insertion16 December 2022[1]
Orbital parameters
Periselene altitude100 km[1]
Aposelene altitude100 km
Inclination90° (polar)
Transponders
BandS-band, X-band[4][6]
Instruments
Lunar Terrain Imager (LUTI)
Wide-Angle Polarimetric Camera (PolCam)
KPLO Magnetometer (KMAG)
KPLO Gamma Ray Spectrometer (KGRS)
Delay-Tolerant Networking experiment (DTNPL)
ShadowCam (NASA)
Phase 2: lander and rover →
 

The Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), officially Danuri,[5] is a planned lunar orbiter by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) of South Korea . The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure, are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.

The mission is scheduled to be launched on 2 August 2022 on a Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle.[5]

Name

On 23 May 2022, the South Korean Ministry of Science and ICT officially named the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (시험용 달 궤도선, 試驗用月軌道船) as "Danuri" (다누리). Danuri is a combination or portmanteau of two Korean words, dal (달) which means moon and nurida (누리다) which means enjoy. According to the ministry, this new name implies a big hope and desire for the successful of South Korea's first Moon mission.[7]

Overview

South Korea 's space agency, called Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), together with NASA produced a lunar orbiter feasibility study in July 2014.[8] The two agencies signed an agreement in December 2016 where NASA will collaborate with one science instrument payload, telecommunications, navigation, and mission design.[9][10][11]

The Korean Lunar Exploration Program (KLEP) is divided in two phases.[10][12] Phase 1 is the launch and operation of KPLO, which will be the first lunar probe by South Korea ,[9] meant to develop and enhance South Korea's technological capabilities, as well as map natural resources from orbit. The key goals of the KPLO orbiter mission include investigation of lunar geology and space environment, exploration of lunar resources, and testing of future space technology which will assist in future human activities on the Moon and beyond.

Phase 2 will include a lunar orbiter, a lunar lander, and a 20 kg rover,[13] to be launched together on a KSLV-2 South Korean launch vehicle from the Naro Space Center,[11][12] in 2025.[14][15]

Objectives

The main objectives of this mission are to enhance the South Korean technological capabilities in the ground and in outer space, and to "increase both the national brand value and national pride".[16] The specific technological objectives are:[6]

From the lunar science perspective, understanding the water cycle on the Moon is critical to mapping and exploitation.[17] Solar wind protons can chemically reduce the abundant iron oxides present the lunar soil, producing native metal iron (Fe0) and a hydroxyl ion (OH—) that can readily capture a proton to form water (H2O). Hydroxyl and water molecules are thought to be transported throughout the lunar surface by mysterious unknown mechanisms, and they seem to accumulate at permanently shadowed areas that offer protection from heat and solar radiation.[17]

Science payload

KPLO carries six science instruments with a total mass of approximately 40 kg (88 lb).[6] Five instruments are from South Korea and one from NASA:[18][11][17]

  • Lunar Terrain Imager (LUTI) will take images of probable landing sites for the 2nd stage lunar exploration mission and special target sites of the lunar surfaces with a high spatial resolution (<5 m).
  • Wide-Angle Polarimetric Camera (PolCam) will acquire the polarimetric images of the entire lunar surface except for the polar regions with medium spatial resolution in order to investigate the detailed characteristics of lunar regolith.
  • KPLO Magnetometer (KMAG) is a magnetometer that will measure the magnetic strength of the lunar environment (up to ~100 km above the lunar surface) with ultra-sensitive magnetic sensors.
  • KPLO Gamma Ray Spectrometer (KGRS) is a gamma-ray spectrometer that will investigate the chemical composition of lunar surface materials within a gamma-ray energy range from 10 keV to 10 MeV, and map their spatial distribution.[3][19]
  • Delay-Tolerant Networking experiment (DTNPL) will perform a communication experiment on delay-tolerant networking (DTN), a type of interplanetary Internet for communication with landed assets.[6]
  • NASA's ShadowCam will map the reflectance within the permanently shadowed regions to search for evidence of water ice deposits. The instrument is based on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter LROC camera, but it is 800 times more sensitive.[20] ShadowCam was developed by scientists at Arizona State University and Malin Space Science Systems.[21]

Launch

Originally planned for a December 2018 launch,[11][21] KPLO is currently scheduled to launch on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle on 2 August 2022.[5]

The trajectory of KPLO(Danuri) via the Ballastic Lunar Transfer (BLT)

As KPLO uses Ballastic Lunar Transfer (BLT) to transfer to a moon orbit, it will take the spacecraft about one month to reach the Moon The orbiter will perform at least three highly elliptical orbits of Earth, each time increasing its velocity and altitude until it reaches escape velocity, initiating a trans-lunar injection. .[11] [22]

The spacecraft's main propulsion is from four 30-newton thrusters, and for attitude control (orientation) it uses four 5-newton thrusters.[6][11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kang, Il-yong (17 May 2022). "[K-스페이스 시대 ② 한국 최초 달 탐사선 오는 8월 발사...7번째 달 탐사국 이름 올린다"] (in ko). Aju Business Daily. https://www.ajunews.com/view/20220516132334884. 
  2. ↑ Clark, Stephen (20 September 2019). "Launch of South Korean lunar orbiter delayed to 2022". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/09/20/launch-of-south-korean-lunar-orbiter-delayed-to-2022/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Introduction to the lunar gamma-ray spectrometer for Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter Kim, Kyeong; Min, Kyoung Wook; et al. 42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly July 2018; Bibcode: 2018cosp...42E1755K
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO)". NASA. 10 February 2021. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=KPLO.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Kan, Hyeong-woo (23 May 2022). "Korea's first lunar mission named 'Danuri'". The Korea Herald. https://koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220523000691. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Korean Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) Status Update Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) 10 October 2017
  7. ↑ Hyeong-woo, Kan (23 May 2022). "Korea's first lunar mission named 'Danuri'". Korean Herald. http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220523000691. 
  8. ↑ "Opening of a New Chapter for Korea-US Space Cooperation" Signing of Korea-US Lunar Probe Implementation Agreement Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) 31 December 2016
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 KPLO Lunar Exploration Program Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) Accessed on 25 January 2019
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 SpaceX selected to assist 2020 South Korean lunar orbiter voyage Lee Keun-young, Hankyoreh 30 December 2017
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 South Korea's first lunar mission planned for 2020 Emily Lakdawalla, The Planetary Society 7 December 2017
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Korean Lunar Exploration Program Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) Accessed on 25 January 2019
  13. ↑ Kim, K.; Wohler, C.; Hyeok Ju, G.; Lee, S.; Rodriguez, A.; Berezhnoy, A.; Gasselt, S.; Grumpe, A.; and Aymaz, R.; (2016) Korean lunar lander – Concept study for landing-site selection for lunar resource exploration. The International Archives Of The Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing And Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XLI-B4, pp 417–423 (2016), 417. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLI-B4-417-2016
  14. ↑ Pak, Han-pyol (1 July 2013). "핵전지 실은 한국형 로버 … 지구서 우주인터넷 통해 조종". 중앙일보. http://joongang.joins.com/article/849/11945849.html?ctg=1603. 
  15. ↑ Kim, Jack (20 November 2007). "South Korea eyes moon orbiter in 2020, landing 2025". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSSEO24596320071120. 
  16. ↑ Prospective of Korean space project, Lunar Exploration Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), South Korea Accessed on 25 January 2019
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 South Korea's 2018 Lunar Mission Paul D. Spudis, Air and Space Magazine 26 September 2016
  18. ↑ Krebs, Gunter (16 March 2020). "KPLO". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/kplo.htm. 
  19. ↑ Shin, J.; Jin, H.; Lee, H.; Lee, S.; Lee, S.; Lee, M.; Jeong, B.; Lee, J.-K. et al. (18–22 March 2019). "KMAG: The Magnetometer of the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) Mission". Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Universities Space Research Association (USRA). Bibcode: 2019LPI....50.2276S. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/eposter/2276.pdf. Retrieved 27 September 2020. 
  20. ↑ "ShadowCam: Seeing into the Shadow". Arizona State University. 2018. http://shadowcam.sese.asu.edu/about. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Clark, Stephen (28 April 2017). "U.S. instrument team to fly camera on South Korean moon mission". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/04/28/u-s-instrument-team-to-fly-camera-on-south-korean-moon-mission/. 
  22. ↑ "[ home > R&D > Lunar Exploration > Korea’s first step toward lunar exploration "]. https://www.kari.re.kr/eng/sub03_07_01.do. 

External links




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