Medicine:Hepatitis A and B vaccine
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| Hepatitis A vaccine | Vaccine |
| Hepatitis B vaccine | Vaccine |
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| Trade names | Twinrix, Ambirix, Twinrix Junior, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | FDA Professional Drug Information |
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| Routes of administration | Intramuscular injection |
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Twinrix is a vaccine against hepatitis A and hepatitis B, manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals. The full generic name is hepatitis A inactivated & hepatitis B (recombinant) vaccine.[1] Twinrix is administered over three doses.
The name was created because it is a mixture of two earlier vaccines — Havrix, an inactivated-virus Hepatitis A vaccine, and Engerix-B, a recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine.[citation needed] Twinrix first entered the market in early 1997.[2]
In the United States, Twinrix is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for those aged 18 and older.[3] In some countries outside the United States, notably Canada and Europe, Twinrix is known as Twinrix Adult or Ambirix and a pediatric formulation, called Twinrix Junior or Twinrix Paediatric, is available.[4][5][6][7][8][9][excessive citations]
Administration schedule
Routine Twinrix vaccination is administered by intramuscular injection in the deltoid area using a schedule of three separate doses at 0, 1, and 6 months ([minimum intervals: 4 weeks between doses 1 and 2, 5 months between doses 2 and 3]).[10][11] In some circumstances, an accelerated dosing schedule of 0, 7 and 21 to 30 days followed by a booster at 12 months can be used and was shown to have similar efficacy as the traditional schedule.[12]
Efficacy
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that clinical trials found the following levels of protection against Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B one month after each dose:[3]
- A: 93.8%, 98.8%, 99.9%
- B: 30.8%, 78.2%, 98.5%
GlaxoSmithKline claims that its studies found 70% of subjects had antibodies against hepatitis B a month after just the first dose, however.[4]
Twinrix should not be used for postexposure prophylaxis, because no data are available on the efficacy of combination vaccine for prophylaxis after exposure to HAV.[13]
See also
References
- ↑ "Twinrix". 24 April 2019. https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/twinrix.
- ↑ "SB's Twinrix Launched In Its First Market". 20 January 1997. https://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/sb-s-twinrix-launched-in-its-first-market.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "FDA approval for a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 50 (37): 806–7. September 2001. PMID 11785573. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5037.pdf.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Twinrix Adult Vaccine SmPC". Datapharm. 8 October 2018. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1163/smpc.
- ↑ "Twinrix Paediatric Vaccine SmPC". Datapharm. 8 October 2018. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1164/smpc.
- ↑ "Ambirix SmPC". Datapharm. 5 November 2018. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6172/smpc.
- ↑ "Hepatitis A Vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide". 2018-03-13. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-6-hepatitis-a-vaccine.html.
- ↑ "Twinrix (720/20)". 4 June 2018. https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-06773-3.
- ↑ "Twinrix Junior (360/10)". 4 June 2018. https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-06773-3.
- ↑ "Package Insert - TWINRIX" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration (FDA). https://www.fda.gov/media/119351/download.
- ↑ "Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2019". 5 February 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ "Notice to Readers: FDA Approval of an Alternate Dosing Schedule for a Combined Hepatitis A and B Vaccine (Twinrix)". 12 October 2007. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5640.pdf.
- ↑ "Hepatitis A - Chapter 4 - 2020 Yellow Book - Travelers' Health". 1 July 2019. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/hepatitis-a. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
External links
- "Package Insert - TWINRIX" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration (FDA). https://www.fda.gov/media/119351/download.
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