Medicine:Typhoid vaccine
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| Vaccine description | |
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| Target disease | Typhoid |
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| Trade names | Typhim Vi, Vivotif |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a607028 |
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Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever.[1][2][3] Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live oral vaccine) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine). They are about 30 to 70% effective in the first two years, depending on the specific vaccine in question. The Vi-rEPA vaccine has been shown to be efficacious in children.[4]
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends vaccinating all children in areas where the disease is common.[1] Otherwise they recommend vaccinating those at high risk.[1] Vaccination campaigns can also be used to control outbreaks of disease.[1] Depending on the vaccine, additional doses are recommended every three to seven years.[1] In the United States the vaccine is only recommended in those at high risk such as travelers to areas of the world where the disease is common.[5]
The vaccines available as of 2018 are very safe.[1] Minor side effects may occur at the site of injection.[1] The injectable vaccine is safe in people with HIV/AIDS and the oral vaccine can be used as long as symptoms are not present.[1] While it has not been studied during pregnancy, the non-live vaccines are believed to be safe while the live vaccine is not recommended.[1]
The first typhoid vaccines were developed in 1896 by Almroth Edward Wright, Richard Pfeiffer, and Wilhelm Kolle.[6] Due to side-effects newer formulations are recommended as of 2018.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7][8]
Medical uses
Ty21a, the Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine, and Vi-rEPA are effective in reducing typhoid fever with low rates of adverse effects.[4] Newer vaccines such as Vi-TT (PedaTyph) are awaiting[when?] field trials to demonstrate efficacy against natural exposure.[4]
The oral Ty21a vaccine prevents around one-half of typhoid cases in the first three years after vaccination. The injectable Vi polysaccharide vaccine prevented about two-thirds of typhoid cases in the first year and had a cumulative efficacy of 55% by the third year. The efficacy of these vaccines has only been demonstrated in children older than two years.[4] Vi-rEPA vaccine, a new conjugate form of the injectable Vi vaccine, may be more effective and prevents the disease in many children under the age of five years.[9] In a trial in 2-to-5-year-old children in Vietnam, the vaccine had more than 90 percent efficacy in the first year and protection lasted at least four years.[10]
Schedule
Depending on the formulation it can be given starting at the age of two (ViPS), six (Ty21a), or six months (TCV).[1]
Types
- Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine: Typhim VI (Sanofi Pasteur);[11] Typherix (GSK)
- Ty21a oral vaccine: Vivotif (Emergent BioSolutions)[12]
- Typhoid conjugate vaccine: Typbar-TCV (Bharat Biotech)[13]
- Combined hepatitis A and Vi polysaccharide vaccine: ViVaxim and ViATIM (Sanofi Pasteur); Hepatyrix (GSK)
- Activated whole cell vaccine remains available in some parts of the developing world (As of 2008).[1]
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 "Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper – March 2018". Weekly Epidemiological Record 93 (13): 153–172. 2018.
- ↑ "Summary of the WHO Position Paper on Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper – March 2018". October 23, 2019. http://origin.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/PP_typhoid_2018_summary.pdf.
- ↑ "Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper, March 2018 - Recommendations". Vaccine 37 (2): 214–216. 2019. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.022. PMID 29661581.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018 (5): CD001261. May 2018. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4. PMID 29851031.
- ↑ "Typhoid Vaccine Information Statement". October 2019. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify
|archiveurl=, you must also specify|archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20151208185803/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/typhoid.html. - ↑ Bioinformatics for Vaccinology.. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 2008. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9780470699829. https://books.google.com/books?id=Rg6-T_1-LWkC&pg=PA40.
- ↑ World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ↑ World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2021. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
- ↑ "The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children". The New England Journal of Medicine 344 (17): 1263–9. April 2001. doi:10.1056/nejm200104263441701. PMID 11320385.
- ↑ "Development of Vi conjugate - a new generation of typhoid vaccine". Expert Review of Vaccines 12 (11): 1273–86. November 2013. doi:10.1586/14760584.2013.845529. PMID 24156285. https://zenodo.org/record/1235752.
- ↑ "Typhim Vi". 22 July 2017. http://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/typhim-vi.
- ↑ "Vivotif". 1 February 2018. http://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/vivotif.
- ↑ "Typhoid vaccine prequalified". 3 January 2018. https://www.who.int/medicines/news/2017/WHOprequalifies-breakthrough-typhoid-vaccine/en/.
External links
- Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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