Physics:Artificial enzyme

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For Biology:Enzyme mimic, see Biology:Enzyme mimic.
Schematic drawing of artificial phosphorylase

An artificial enzyme is a synthetic organic molecule or ion that recreates one or more functions of an enzyme. It seeks to deliver catalysis at rates and selectivity observed in naturally occurring enzymes.

History

Enzyme catalysis of chemical reactions occur with high selectivity and rate. The substrate is activated in a small part of the enzyme's macromolecule called the active site. There, the binding of a substrate close to functional groups in the enzyme causes catalysis by so-called proximity effects. It is possible to create similar catalysts from small molecules by combining substrate-binding with catalytic functional groups. Classically, artificial enzymes bind substrates using receptors such as cyclodextrin, crown ethers, and calixarene.[1][2]

Artificial enzymes based on amino acids or peptides have expanded the field of artificial enzymes or enzyme mimics. For instance, scaffolded histidine residues mimic certain metalloproteins and enzymes such as hemocyanin, tyrosinase, and catechol oxidase.[3]

Artificial enzymes have been designed from scratch via a computational strategy using Rosetta.[4] A December 2014 publication reported active enzymes made from molecules that do not occur in nature.[5] In 2016, a book chapter entitled "Artificial Enzymes: The Next Wave" was published.[6]

Nanozymes

Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics.[7][8] They have been explored for applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, tumor diagnosis and therapy, and anti-biofouling.[9][6][10][11][12]

1990s

In 1996 and 1997, Dugan et al. discovered superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimicking activities of fullerene derivatives.[13][14]

2000s

The term "nanozyme" was coined in 2004 by Flavio Manea, Florence Bodar Houillon, Lucia Pasquato, and Paolo Scrimin.[15] A 2005 review article[16] attributed this term to "analogy with the activity of catalytic polymers (synzymes)", based on the "outstanding catalytic efficiency of some of the functional nanoparticles synthesized". In 2006, nanoceria (CeO2 nanoparticles) was reported to prevent retinal degeneration induced by intracellular peroxides (toxic reactive oxygen intermediates) in rat.[17] This was seen as indicating a possible route to a treatment for certain causes of blindness.[18] In 2007 intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles was reported by Yan Xiyun and coworkers as suggesting a wide range of applications in, for example, medicine and environmental chemistry, and the authors designed an immunoassay based on this property.[19][20] Hui Wei and Erkang Wang then (2008) used this property of easily prepared magnetic nanoparticles to demonstrate analytical applications to bioactive molecules, describing a colorimetric assay for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a sensitive and selective platform for glucose detection.[21]

2010s

(As of 2016 ), many review articles have appeared.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] A book-length treatment appeared in 2015, described as providing "a broad portrait of nanozymes in the context of artificial enzyme research",[35] and a 2016 Chinese book on enzyme engineering included a chapter on nanozymes.[36]

Colorimetric applications of peroxidase mimesis in different preparations were reported in 2010 and 2011, detecting, respectively, glucose (via carboxyl‐modified graphene oxide)[37] and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (in a label-free method relying on hemin−graphene hybrid nanosheets),[38] with advantages in both cost and convenience. A use of colour to visualise tumour tissues was reported in 2012, using the peroxidase mimesis of magnetic nanoparticles coated with a protein that recognises cancer cells and binds to them.[39]

Also in 2012, nanowires of vanadium pentoxide (vanadia, V2O5) were shown to suppress marine biofouling by mimicry of vanadium haloperoxidase, with anticipated ecological benefits.[40] A study at a different centre two years later reported V2O5 showing mimicry of glutathione peroxidase in vitro in mammalian cells, suggesting future therapeutic application.[41] The same year, a carboxylated fullerene dubbed C3 was reported to be neuroprotective in a primate model of Parkinson's disease.[42]

In 2015, a supramolecular nanodevice was proposed for bioorthogonal regulation of a transitional metal nanozyme, based on encapsulating the nanozyme in a monolayer of hydrophilic gold nanoparticles, alternately isolating it from the cytoplasm or allowing access according to a gatekeeping receptor molecule controlled by competing guest species; the device, aimed at imaging and therapeutic applications, is of biomimetic size and was successful within the living cell, controlling pro-fluorophore and prodrug activation.[43][44] An easy means of producing Cu(OH)2 supercages was reported, along with a demonstration of their intrinsic peroxidase mimicry.[45] A scaffolded "INAzyme" ("integrated nanozyme") arrangement was described, locating hemin (a peroxidase mimic) with glucose oxidase (GOx) in sub-micron proximity, providing a fast and efficient enzyme cascade reported as monitoring cerebral brain-cell glucose dynamically in vivo.[46] A method of ionising hydrophobe-stabilised colloid nanoparticles was described, with confirmation of their enzyme mimicry in aqueous dispersion.[47]

Field trials in West Africa were announced of a magnetic nanoparticle–amplified rapid low-cost strip test for Ebola virus.[48][49] H2O2 was reported as displacing label DNA, adsorbed to nanoceria, into solution, where it fluoresces, providing a highly sensitive glucose test.[50] Oxidase-like nanoceria was used for developing self-regulated bioassays.[51] Multi-enzyme mimicking Prussian blue was developed for therapeutics.[52] A review on metal organic framework (MOF)-based enzyme mimics was published.[53] Histidine was used to modulate iron oxide nanoparticles' peroxidase-mimicking activities.[54] Gold nanoparticles' peroxidase-mimicking activities were modulated via a supramolecular strategy for cascade reactions.[55] A molecular imprinting strategy was developed to improve the selectivity of Fe3O4 nanozymes with peroxidase-like activity.[56] A new strategy was developed to enhance the peroxidase-mimicking activity of gold nanoparticles by using hot electrons.[57] Researchers designed gold nanoparticle–based integrative nanozymes with both surface-enhanced Raman scattering and peroxidase-mimicking activities for measuring glucose and lactate in living tissues.[58] Cytochrome c oxidase mimicking activity of Cu2O nanoparticles was modulated by receiving electrons from cytochrome c.[59] Fe3O4 nanoparticles were combined with glucose oxidase for tumor therapeutics.[60] Manganese dioxide nanozymes were used as cytoprotective shells.[61] An Mn3O4 nanozyme for Parkinson's disease (cellular model) was reported.[62] Heparin elimination in live rats was monitored with two-dimensional MOF-based peroxidase mimics and AG73 peptide.[63] Glucose oxidase and iron oxide nanozymes were encapsulated within multi-compartmental hydrogels for incompatible tandem reactions.[64] A cascade nanozyme biosensor was developed for detection of viable Enterobacter sakazakii.[65] An integrated nanozyme of GOx@ZIF-8(NiPd) was developed for tandem catalysis.[66] Charge-switchable nanozymes were developed.[67] Site-selective RNA splicing nanozyme was developed.[68] A nanozymes special issue in Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics was published.[69] Mn3O4 nanozymes with the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species were developed and showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activity.[70] A proposal entitled "A Step into the Future – Applications of Nanoparticle Enzyme Mimics" was presented.[71] Facet-dependent oxidase and peroxidase-like activities of palladium nanoparticles were reported.[72] Au@Pt multibranched nanostructures as bifunctional nanozymes were developed.[73] Ferritin-coated carbon nanozymes were developed for tumor catalytic therapy.[74] CuO nanozymes were developed to kill bacteria in a light-controlled manner.[75] Enzymatic activity of oxygenated CNT was studied.[76] Nanozymes were used to catalyze the oxidation of L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine to dopachrome.[77] Nanozymes were presented as an emerging alternative to natural enzyme for biosensing and immunoassays.[78] A standardized assay was proposed for peroxidase-like nanozymes.[79] Semiconductor quantum dots were utilized as nucleases for site-selective photoinduced cleavage of DNA.[80] Two-dimensional MOF nanozyme-based sensor arrays were constructed for detecting phosphates and probing their enzymatic hydrolysis.[81] Nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials as specific peroxidase mimics were reported.[82] Nanozyme sensor arrays were developed to detect analytes from small molecules to proteins and cells.[83] A copper oxide nanozyme for Parkinson's disease was reported.[84] Exosome-like nanozyme vesicles for tumor imaging were developed.[85] A comprehensive review on nanozymes was published by Chemical Society Reviews.[8] A progress report on nanozymes was published.[86] eg occupancy as an effective descriptor was developed for the catalytic activity of perovskite oxide–based peroxidase mimics.[87] A Chemical Reviews paper on nanozymes was published.[88] A single-atom strategy was used to develop nanozymes.[89][90][91][92] A nanozyme for metal-free bioinspired cascade photocatalysis was reported.[93] Chemical Society Reviews published a tutorial review on nanozymes.[94] Cascade nanozyme reactions to fix CO2 were reported.[95] Peroxidase-like gold nanoclusters were used to monitor renal clearance.[96] A copper–carbon hybrid nanozyme was developed for antibacterial therapy.[97] A ferritin nanozyme was developed to treat cerebral malaria.[98] Accounts of Chemical Research reviewed nanozymes.[99] A new strategy called strain effect was developed to modulate metal nanozyme activity.[100] Prussian blue nanozymes were used to detect hydrogen sulfide in the brains of living rats.[101] Photolyase-like CeO2 was reported.[102] An editorial on nanozymes titled "Can Nanozymes Have an Impact on Sensing?" was published.[103]

2020s

A single-atom nanozyme was developed for sepsis management.[104] Self-assembled single-atom nanozyme was developed for photodynamic therapy of tumors.[105] An ultrasound-switchable nanozyme against multidrug-resistant bacterial infection was reported.[106] A nanozyme-based H2O2 homeostasis disruptor for chemodynamic tumor therapy was reported.[107] An iridium oxide nanozyme for cascade reaction was developed for tumor therapy.[108] A book entitled Nanozymology was published.[109] A free radical–scavenging nanosponge was engineered for ischemic stroke.[110] A minireview was published on gold-conjugate-based nanozymes.[111] SnSe nanosheets as dehydrogenase mimics were developed.[112] A carbon dot–based topoisomerase I mimic was reported to cleave DNA.[113] Nanozyme sensor arrays were developed to detect pesticides.[114] Bioorthogonal nanozymes were used to treat bacterial biofilms.[115] A rhodium nanozyme was developed for treat colon disease.[116] A Fe-N-C nanozyme was developed to study drug–drug interactions.[117] A polymeric nanozyme was developed for second near-infrared photothermal cancer ferrotherapy.[118] A Cu5.4O nanozyme was reported for anti-inflammation therapy.[119] A CeO2@ZIF-8 nanozyme was developed to treat reperfusion-induced injury in ischemic stroke.[120] Peroxidase-like activity of Fe3O4 was explored to study the electrocatalytic kinetics at the single-molecule/single-particle level.[121] A Cu-TA nanozyme was fabricated to scavenge reactive oxygen species from cigarette smoke.[122] A metalloenzyme-like copper nanocluster was reported to have anticancer and imaging activities simultaneously.[123] An integrated nanozyme was developed for anti-inflammation therapy.[124] Enhanced enzyme-like catalytic activity was reported under non-equilibrium conditions for gold nanozymes.[125] A density functional theory method was proposed to predict the activities of peroxidase-like nanozymes.[126] A hydrolytic nanozyme was developed to construct an immunosensor.[127] An orally administered nanozyme was developed for inflammatory bowel disease therapy.[128] A ligand‐dependent activity engineering strategy was reported to develop a glutathione peroxidase–mimicking MIL‐47(V) metal–organic framework nanozyme for therapy.[129] A single-site nanozyme was developed for tumor therapy.[130] A SOD-like nanozyme was developed to regulate the mitochondria and neural cell function.[131] A Pd12 coordination cage as a photoregulated oxidase-like nanozyme was developed.[132] An NADPH oxidase-like nanozyme was developed.[133] A catalase-like nanozyme was developed for tumor therapy.[134] A defect‐rich adhesive molybdenum disulfide/reduced graphene oxide nanozyme was developed for anti-bacterial activity.[135] A MOF@COF nanozyme was developed for anti-bacterial activity.[136] Plasmonic nanozymes were reported.[137] Tumor microenvironment–responsive nanozyme was developed for tumor therapy.[138] A protein-engineering-inspired method was developed to design highly active nanozymes.[139] An editorial on nanozymes definition was published.[140] A nanozyme therapy for hyperuricemia and ischemic stroke was developed.[141] Chemistry World published a perspective on artificial enzymes and nanozymes.[142] A review on single-atom catalysts, including single-atom nanozymes, was published.[143] Peroxidase-like mixed-FeCo-oxide-based surface-textured nanostructures (MTex) were used for biofilm eradication.[144] A nanozyme with better kinetics than natural peroxidase was developed.[145] A self-protecting nanozyme was developed for Alzheimer's disease.[146] CuSe nanozymes was developed to treat Parkinson's disease.[147] A nanocluster-based nanozyme was developed.[148] Glucose oxidase–like gold nanoparticles combined with cyclodextran were used for chiral catalysis.[149] An artificial binuclear copper monooxygenase in a MOF was developed.[150] A review on highly efficient design of nanozymes was published.[151] Ni–Pt peroxidase mimics were developed for bioanalysis.[152] A POM-based nanozyme was reported to protect cells from reactive oxygen species.[153] A gating strategy was used to prepare selective nanozymes.[154] A manganese single-atom nanozyme was developed for tumor therapy.[155] A pH-responsive oxidase-like graphitic nanozyme was developed for selective killing of Helicobacter pylori.[156] An engineered FeN3P-centred single-atom nanozyme was developed.[157] Peroxidase- and catalase-like activities of gold nanozymes were modulated.[158] Graphdiyne–cerium oxide nanozymes were developed for radiotherapy of esophageal cancer.[159] Defect engineering was used to develop nanozyme for tumor therapy.[160] A book entitled Nanozymes for Environmental Engineering was published.[161] A palladium single-atom nanozyme was developed for tumor therapy.[162] A horseradish peroxidase–like nanozyme was developed for tumor therapy.[163] The mechanism of a GOx-like nanozyme was reported.[164] A review on nanozymes was published.[165] A mechanism study on nanonuclease-like nanozyme was reported.[166] A perspective on nanozyme definition was published.[167] Aptananozymes were developed.[168] Ceria nanozyme loaded microneedles helped hair regrowth.[169] A catalase-like platinum nanozyme was used for small extracellular vesicles analysis.[170] A book on Nanozymes: Advances and Applications was published by CRC Press.[171] A review on nanozyme catalytic turnover was published.[172] A nanozyme was developed for ratiometric molecular imaging.[173] A Fe3O4/Ag/Bi2MoO6 photoactivatable nanozyme was developed for cancer therapy.[174] Co/C as an NADH oxidase mimic was reported.[175] An iron oxide nanozyme was used to target biofilms causing tooth decay.[176] A new strategy for high-performance nanozymes was developed.[177] A high-throughput computational screening strategy was developed to discover SOD-like nanozymes.[178] An review paper entitled "Nanozyme-Enabled Analytical Chemistry" was published in Analytical Chemistry.[179] A nanozyme-based therapy for gout was reported.[180] A data-informed strategy for discovery of nanozymes was reported.[181][182] Prussian blue nanozyme was used to alleviates neurodegeneration.[183] A dual element single-atom nanozyme was developed.[184] A valence-engineered method was developed to design antioxidant banozyme for biomedical applications.[185] Combined with small interfering RNA, ceria nanozyme was used for synergistic treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.[186] A universal assay for catalase-like nanozymes was reported.[187] A nanozyme catalyzed CRISPR assay was developed.[188] A nanozyme-based tumor-specific photo-enhanced catalytic therapy was developed.[189] Single-atom nanozymes for brain trauma therapy were reported.[190] An edge engineering strategy was developed to fabriacte single atom nanozymes.[191] A single atom nanozyme was developed to modulate tumor microenvironment for therapy.[192] A new mechanism for peroxidase-like Fe3O4 was proposed.[193] A plant virus cleaving nanozyme was reported.[194] Nanozymes is selected as one of the IUPAC Top Ten Emerging Technologies in Chemistry 2022.[195] A book entitled "Nanozymes: Design, Synthesis, and Applications" was published by ACS.[196] Nanozymes were used to remove and degrade microplastics.[197] A cold-adapted nanozyme was reported.[198] A MOF-818 nanozyme with antioxidase-mimicking activities was used to treat diabetic chronic wounds.[199] Cu single-atom nanozymes were developed for catalytic tumor-specific therapy.[200] Machine learning was employed to search for nanozymes.[201] Enzyme-like meso-bacroporous carbon sphere was developed.[202] A combination of DNAzyme and nanozyme was reported.[203] A peroxidase-like photoexcited Ru single-atom nanozyme was reported.[204] A probiotic nanozyme hydrogel for Candida vaginitis therapy was developed.[205] A method to determine the maximum velocity of a peroxidase-like nanozyme was proposed.[206] Antisenescence nanozymes for atherosclerosis therapy were reported.[207] A book entitled 'Biomedical Nanozymes: From Diagnostics to Therapeutics' was published by Springer.[208] 2023 Dalton Division Horizon Prize was awarded to High-Performance Nanozyme Designer.[209] Nanozyme-cosmetic contact lenses were developed.[210] Biogenic ferritins act as natural nanozymes were reported.[211] An integrated computational and experimental framework for inverse screening of nanozymes was developed.[212] A diatomic iron nanozyme was reported.[213] Mechanism of carbon dot-based SOD-like nanozyme was studied.[214] A hybrid ceria nanozyme was developed for arthritis therapy.[215] A chiral nanozyme was reported for Parkinson's disease.[216] A dimensionality-engineered single-atom nanozyme was reported.[217]

See also


References

  1. ↑ Breslow, Ronald (2006). Artificial Enzymes. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-60680-1. [page needed]
  2. ↑ Kirby, Anthony John; Hollfelder, Florian (2009). From Enzyme Models to Model Enzymes. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-85404-175-6. [page needed]
  3. ↑ Albada, H. Bauke; Soulimani, Fouad; Weckhuysen, Bert M.; Liskamp, Rob M. J. (2007). "Scaffolded amino acids as a close structural mimic of type-3 copper binding sites". Chemical Communications (46): 4895–7. doi:10.1039/b709400k. PMID 18361361. 
  4. ↑ Röthlisberger, Daniela; Khersonsky, Olga; Wollacott, Andrew M.; Jiang, Lin; DeChancie, Jason; Betker, Jamie; Gallaher, Jasmine L.; Althoff, Eric A. et al. (19 March 2008). "Kemp elimination catalysts by computational enzyme design". Nature 453 (7192): 190–195. doi:10.1038/nature06879. PMID 18354394. Bibcode: 2008Natur.453..190R. 
  5. ↑ "World's first artificial enzymes created using synthetic biology". University of Cambridge. 1 December 2014. http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/worlds-first-artificial-enzymes-created-using-synthetic-biology. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cheng, Hanjun; Wang, Xiaoyu; Wei, Hui (2016). "Artificial Enzymes: The Next Wave". in Wang, Zerong. Encyclopedia of Physical Organic Chemistry. American Cancer Society. doi:10.1002/9781118468586. ISBN 978-1-118-47045-9. 
  7. ↑ Wei, Hui; Wang, Erkang (2013). "Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes". Chemical Society Reviews 42 (14): 6060–93. doi:10.1039/c3cs35486e. PMID 23740388. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Wu, Jiangjiexing; Wang, Xiaoyu; Wang, Quan; Lou, Zhangping; Li, Sirong; Zhu, Yunyao; Qin, Li; Wei, Hui (2019). "Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes (II)". Chemical Society Reviews 48 (4): 1004–1076. doi:10.1039/c8cs00457a. PMID 30534770. 
  9. ↑ 阎锡蕴 (2014). 纳米材料新特性及生物医学应用 (第1版 ed.). 北京: 科学出版社. ISBN 978-7-03-041828-9. [page needed]
  10. ↑ GAO, Li-Zeng; YAN, Xi-Yun (2013). "纳米酶的发现与应用" (in zh). Acta Agronomica Sinica 40 (10): 892. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1206.2013.00409. 
  11. ↑ Wang, Xiaoyu; Hu, Yihui; Wei, Hui (2016). "Nanozymes in bionanotechnology: from sensing to therapeutics and beyond". Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 3 (1): 41–60. doi:10.1039/c5qi00240k. 
  12. ↑ Duan, Demin; Fan, Kelong; Zhang, Dexi; Tan, Shuguang; Liang, Mifang; Liu, Yang; Zhang, Jianlin; Zhang, Panhe et al. (December 2015). "Nanozyme-strip for rapid local diagnosis of Ebola". Biosensors and Bioelectronics 74: 134–141. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.025. PMID 26134291. 
  13. ↑ Dugan, Laura L.; Gabrielsen, Joseph K.; Yu, Shan P.; Lin, Tien-Sung; Choi, Dennis W. (April 1996). "Buckminsterfullerenol Free Radical Scavengers Reduce Excitotoxic and Apoptotic Death of Cultured Cortical Neurons". Neurobiology of Disease 3 (2): 129–135. doi:10.1006/nbdi.1996.0013. PMID 9173920. 
  14. ↑ Dugan, Laura L.; Turetsky, Dorothy M.; Du, Cheng; Lobner, Doug; Wheeler, Mark; Almli, C. Robert; Shen, Clifton K.-F.; Luh, Tien-Yau et al. (19 August 1997). "Carboxyfullerenes as neuroprotective agents". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (17): 9434–9439. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.17.9434. PMID 9256500. Bibcode: 1997PNAS...94.9434D. 
  15. ↑ Manea, Flavio; Houillon, Florence Bodar; Pasquato, Lucia; Scrimin, Paolo (19 November 2004). "Nanozymes: Gold-Nanoparticle-Based Transphosphorylation Catalysts". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43 (45): 6165–6169. doi:10.1002/anie.200460649. PMID 15549744. 
  16. ↑ Pasquato, Lucia; Pengo, Paolo; Scrimin, Paolo (January 2005). "Nanozymes: Functional Nanoparticle-based Catalysts". Supramolecular Chemistry 17 (1–2): 163–171. doi:10.1080/10610270412331328817. 
  17. ↑ Chen, Junping; Patil, Swanand; Seal, Sudipta; McGinnis, James F. (29 October 2006). "Rare earth nanoparticles prevent retinal degeneration induced by intracellular peroxides". Nature Nanotechnology 1 (2): 142–150. doi:10.1038/nnano.2006.91. PMID 18654167. Bibcode: 2006NatNa...1..142C. 
  18. ↑ Silva, Gabriel A. (November 2006). "Seeing the benefits of ceria". Nature Nanotechnology 1 (2): 92–94. doi:10.1038/nnano.2006.111. PMID 18654154. Bibcode: 2006NatNa...1...92S. 
  19. ↑ Gao, Lizeng; Zhuang, Jie; Nie, Leng; Zhang, Jinbin; Zhang, Yu; Gu, Ning; Wang, Taihong; Feng, Jing et al. (26 August 2007). "Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles". Nature Nanotechnology 2 (9): 577–583. doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.260. PMID 18654371. Bibcode: 2007NatNa...2..577G. 
  20. ↑ Perez, J. Manuel (26 August 2007). "Hidden talent". Nature Nanotechnology 2 (9): 535–536. doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.282. PMID 18654361. Bibcode: 2007NatNa...2..535P. 
  21. ↑ Wei, Hui; Wang, Erkang (March 2008). "Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Peroxidase Mimetics and Their Applications in H2O2 and Glucose Detection". Analytical Chemistry 80 (6): 2250–2254. doi:10.1021/ac702203f. PMID 18290671. 
  22. ↑ Karakoti, Ajay; Singh, Sanjay; Dowding, Janet M.; Seal, Sudipta; Self, William T. (2010). "Redox-active radical scavenging nanomaterials". Chemical Society Reviews 39 (11): 4422–32. doi:10.1039/b919677n. PMID 20717560. 
  23. ↑ Xie, Jianxin; Zhang, Xiaodan; Wang, Hui; Zheng, Huzhi; Huang, Yuming; Xie, Jianxin (October 2012). "Analytical and environmental applications of nanoparticles as enzyme mimetics". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 39: 114–129. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2012.03.021. 
  24. ↑ Wei, Hui; Wang, Erkang (2013). "Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes". Chemical Society Reviews 42 (14): 6060–93. doi:10.1039/c3cs35486e. PMID 23740388. 
  25. ↑ GAO, Li-Zeng; YAN, Xi-Yun (2013). "Discovery and Current Application of Nanozyme". Acta Agronomica Sinica 40 (10): 892. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1206.2013.00409. 
  26. ↑ He, Weiwei; Wamer, Wayne; Xia, Qingsu; Yin, Jun-jie; Fu, Peter P. (29 May 2014). "Enzyme-Like Activity of Nanomaterials". Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 32 (2): 186–211. doi:10.1080/10590501.2014.907462. PMID 24875443. Bibcode: 2014JESHC..32..186H. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/enzyme-like-activity-of-nanomaterials. 
  27. ↑ Lin, Youhui; Ren, Jinsong; Qu, Xiaogang (July 2014). "Nano-Gold as Artificial Enzymes: Hidden Talents". Advanced Materials 26 (25): 4200–4217. doi:10.1002/adma.201400238. PMID 24692212. Bibcode: 2014AdM....26.4200L. 
  28. ↑ Lin, Youhui; Ren, Jinsong; Qu, Xiaogang (17 January 2014). "Catalytically Active Nanomaterials: A Promising Candidate for Artificial Enzymes". Accounts of Chemical Research 47 (4): 1097–1105. doi:10.1021/ar400250z. PMID 24437921. 
  29. ↑ Prins, Leonard J. (22 June 2015). "Emergence of Complex Chemistry on an Organic Monolayer". Accounts of Chemical Research 48 (7): 1920–1928. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00173. PMID 26098550. 
  30. ↑ 丽, 郑 (2015). "纳米材料过氧化物模拟酶在比色分析及电化学传感器中的应用" (in zh). 材料导报 29 (3): 55–57, 129. doi:10.11896/j.issn.1005-023x.2015.03.020. 
  31. ↑ Wang, Xiaoyu; Hu, Yihui; Wei, Hui (2016). "Nanozymes in bionanotechnology: from sensing to therapeutics and beyond". Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 3 (1): 41–60. doi:10.1039/c5qi00240k. 
  32. ↑ Gao, Lizeng; Yan, Xiyun (22 March 2016). "Nanozymes: an emerging field bridging nanotechnology and biology". Science China Life Sciences 59 (4): 400–402. doi:10.1007/s11427-016-5044-3. PMID 27002958. 
  33. ↑ Ragg, Ruben; Tahir, Muhammad N.; Tremel, Wolfgang (May 2016). "Solids Go Bio: Inorganic Nanoparticles as Enzyme Mimics". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2016 (13–14): 1906–1915. doi:10.1002/ejic.201501237. 
  34. ↑ Kuah, Evelyn; Toh, Seraphina; Yee, Jessica; Ma, Qian; Gao, Zhiqiang (13 June 2016). "Enzyme Mimics: Advances and Applications". Chemistry - A European Journal 22 (25): 8404–8430. doi:10.1002/chem.201504394. PMID 27062126. 
  35. ↑ Wang, Xiaoyu; Guo, Wenjing; Hu, Yihui; Wu, Jiangjiexing; Wei, Hui (2016). Nanozymes: Next Wave of Artificial Enzymes. Springer. ISBN 978-3-662-53068-9. 
  36. ↑ 李正强, 副 罗贵民 主编 高仁钧 (2016-05-01). 酶工程(第3版) (第3版 ed.). 化学工业出版社. ISBN 978-7-122-25760-4. 
  37. ↑ Song, Yujun; Qu, Konggang; Zhao, Chao; Ren, Jinsong; Qu, Xiaogang (5 March 2010). "Graphene Oxide: Intrinsic Peroxidase Catalytic Activity and Its Application to Glucose Detection". Advanced Materials 22 (19): 2206–2210. doi:10.1002/adma.200903783. PMID 20564257. Bibcode: 2010AdM....22.2206S. 
  38. ↑ Guo, Yujing; Deng, Liu; Li, Jing; Guo, Shaojun; Wang, Erkang; Dong, Shaojun (10 January 2011). "Hemin−Graphene Hybrid Nanosheets with Intrinsic Peroxidase-like Activity for Label-free Colorimetric Detection of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism". ACS Nano 5 (2): 1282–1290. doi:10.1021/nn1029586. PMID 21218851. 
  39. ↑ Fan, Kelong; Cao, Changqian; Pan, Yongxin; Lu, Di; Yang, Dongling; Feng, Jing; Song, Lina; Liang, Minmin et al. (17 June 2012). "Magnetoferritin nanoparticles for targeting and visualizing tumour tissues". Nature Nanotechnology 7 (7): 459–464. doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.90. PMID 22706697. Bibcode: 2012NatNa...7..459F. 
  40. ↑ Natalio, Filipe; André, Rute; Hartog, Aloysius F.; Stoll, Brigitte; Jochum, Klaus Peter; Wever, Ron; Tremel, Wolfgang (1 July 2012). "Vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles mimic vanadium haloperoxidases and thwart biofilm formation". Nature Nanotechnology 7 (8): 530–535. doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.91. PMID 22751222. Bibcode: 2012NatNa...7..530N. http://publications.ub.uni-mainz.de/opus/volltexte/2012/19090/pdf/19090.pdf. 
  41. ↑ Vernekar, Amit A.; Sinha, Devanjan; Srivastava, Shubhi; Paramasivam, Prasath U.; D'Silva, Patrick; Mugesh, Govindasamy (21 November 2014). "An antioxidant nanozyme that uncovers the cytoprotective potential of vanadia nanowires". Nature Communications 5 (1): 5301. doi:10.1038/ncomms6301. PMID 25412933. Bibcode: 2014NatCo...5.5301V. 
  42. ↑ Dugan, Laura L.; Tian, LinLin; Quick, Kevin L.; Hardt, Josh I.; Karimi, Morvarid; Brown, Chris; Loftin, Susan; Flores, Hugh et al. (September 2014). "Carboxyfullerene neuroprotection postinjury in Parkinsonian nonhuman primates". Annals of Neurology 76 (3): 393–402. doi:10.1002/ana.24220. PMID 25043598. 
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