Physics:Hydrogen technologies

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Short description: Technologies that relating to the production & use of hydrogen

Hydrogen technologies are technologies that relate to the production and use of hydrogen as a part hydrogen economy. Hydrogen technologies are applicable for many uses.

Some hydrogen technologies are carbon neutral and could have a role in preventing climate change and a possible future hydrogen economy. Hydrogen is a chemical widely used in various applications including ammonia production, oil refining and energy.[1] The most common methods for producing hydrogen on an industrial scale are: Steam reforming, oil reforming, coal gasification, water electrolysis.[2]

Hydrogen is not a primary energy source, because it is not naturally occurring as a fuel. It is, however, widely regarded as an ideal energy storage medium, due to the ease with which electricity can convert water into hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis and can be converted back to electrical power using a fuel cell or hydrogen turbine.[3] There are a wide number of different types of fuel and electrolysis cells.[4]

The potential environmental impact depends primarily on the methods used to generate hydrogen as a fuel.

Fuel cells

Main page: Physics:Fuel cell
  • Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)
  • Direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC)
  • Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC)
  • Direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC)
  • Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)
  • Electro-galvanic fuel cell (EGFC)
  • Flow battery (RFC)
  • Formic acid fuel cell (FAFC)
  • Metal hydride fuel cell (MHFC)
  • Microbial fuel cell (MFC)
  • Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)
  • Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC)
  • Photoelectrochemical cell (PEC)
  • Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
  • Protonic ceramic fuel cell (PCFC)
  • Regenerative fuel cell (RFC)
  • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)

Hydrogen infrastructure

Main page: Chemistry:Hydrogen infrastructure

Hydrogen storage

Main page: Physics:Hydrogen storage

Hydrogen vehicles

Further information: Engineering:List of fuel cell vehicles

Historic hydrogen filled airships

  • Hindenburg (airship)
  • Zeppelin

Hydrogen powered cars

Hydrogen fueling nozzle

Audi:

BMW:

  • 2002 – BMW 750hl
  • 2010 – BMW 1 Series Fuel-cell hybrid electric[6]

Chrysler:

Daimler:

Fiat:

Ford:

  • 2000 – Ford Focus FCV-Fuel cell. Note however that Ford Motor Company has dropped its plans to develop hydrogen cars, stating that "The next major step in Ford’s plan is to increase over time the volume of electrified vehicles".[9]
  • 2006 – F-250 Super Chief a Tri-Flex engine concept pickup.

Forze Hydrogen-Electric Racing Team Delft

General Motors:

Honda:

Hyundai:

Lotus Engineering:

Kia:

Mazda:

  • 1991 – Mazda HR-X Hydrogen Wankel Rotary.
  • 1993 – Mazda HR-X2 Hydrogen Wankel Rotary.
  • 1993 – Mazda MX-5 Miata Hydrogen Wankel Rotary.
  • 1995 – Mazda Capella Cargo, first public street test of the hydrogen Wankel Rotary engine.
  • 1997 – Mazda Demio FC-EV Methanol-Reducing Fuel Cell
  • 2001 – Mazda Premacy FC-EV – First public street test of the Methanol-Reducing Fuel Cell vehicle in Japan
  • 2003 – Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE Hydrogen \ Gasoline hybrid Wankel Rotary.
  • 2007 – Mazda Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid
  • 2009 – Mazda 5 Hydrogen RE Hybrid[14]

Mitsubishi:

Morgan:

Nissan:

  • 2002 – Nissan X-Trail FCHV-hybrid vehicle. Note, however that in 2009, Nissan announced that it is cancelling its hydrogen car R&D efforts.[15]

Peugeot:

Renault:

  • Scenic ZEV H2 is a hydro-electric MPV co-developed by Nissan.

Riversimple:

Ronn Motor Company:

  • 2008 – Ronn Motor Scorpion

Toyota:

  • 2002 – Toyota FCHV-hybrid vehicle
  • 2003 – Toyota Fine-S-concept car
  • 2003 – Toyota Fine-N-concept car
  • 2005 – Toyota Fine-T-concept car
  • 2005 – Toyota Fine-X-concept car
  • 2008 – Toyota FCHV-adv-preproduction vehicle (expected public release 2015) [16]

Volkswagen:

Hydrogen powered planes

  • Hyfish
  • Smartfish
  • Tupolev Tu-155-hydrogen-powered version of Tu-154[17]
  • Antares DLR-H2 -The first aircraft capable of performing a complete flight on fuel-cell power only

Possible future aircraft using precooled jet engines include Reaction Engines Skylon and the Reaction Engines A2.

Hydrogen powered rockets

The following rockets were/are partially or completely propelled by hydrogen fuel:

Related technologies

Environmental

Nuclear

Organic chemistry

Miscellaneous

See also

References

  1. ↑ Badwal, Sukhvinder P.S.; Giddey, Sarbjit; Munnings, Christopher (2013). "Hydrogen production via solid electrolytic routes". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 2 (5): 473–487. doi:10.1002/wene.50. 
  2. ↑ Dincer, Ibrahim; Acar, Canan (2015). "Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability" (in en). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40 (34): 11096. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.12.035. ISSN 0360-3199. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319914034119. 
  3. ↑ https://solutions.mhi.com/power/decarbonization-technology/hydrogen-gas-turbine/
  4. ↑ Badwal, SPS (2014). "Emerging electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies". Frontiers in Chemistry 2: 79. doi:10.3389/fchem.2014.00079. PMID 25309898. Bibcode: 2014FrCh....2...79B. 
  5. ↑ netinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
  6. ↑ netinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
  7. ↑ netinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
  8. ↑ netinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
  9. ↑ "Ford Motor Company Business Plan", December 2, 2008
  10. ↑ netinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
  11. ↑ netinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
  12. ↑ netinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
  13. ↑ First Drive: hydrogen-powered Kia Borrego FCEV and Nissan X-Trail FCV
  14. ↑ netinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
  15. ↑ Dennis, Lyle. "Nissan Swears Off Hydrogen and Will Only Build Electric Cars", All Cars Electric, February 26, 2009
  16. ↑ netinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
  17. ↑ Hydrogen Powered Tupolev Tu-155 Development of Cryogenic Fuel Aircraft, Tupelov



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