Social:Kamas Turk language
| Kamas Turk | |
|---|---|
| Kamassian Turk | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Khakassia |
| Ethnicity | Koibals, Kamasins |
| Extinct | 2007-2010[1][2] 1,500 Koibal speakers (2016)[3] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
kjh-kam | |
| Glottolog | kama1354[6] |
| Linguasphere | 44-AAB-djg |
 Kamas Turk is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Kamas Turk or Kamassian Turk is a language or group of dialects of Khakas. It is spoken by the Koibals and the Kamasins. Kamas Turk developed when the Koibals and Kamasins transitioned from speaking Samoyedic Kamas and Koibal into Khakas.[7][1]
Dialects
Kamas Turk was separated into 2 separate dialects that are Koibal (Xoibal) and Kamas (Kamass, Kamassian).[7][8] They both developed separately and are subsumed under Kamas Turk.[7] Koibal is classified in the group of "hushing" dialects of Khakas with the Kachin, Kyzyl and Shor dialects.[9]
Status
According to the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, Kamas Turk has gone extinct.[2] However, Koibal has also been classified as endangered.[10] In 2016, V. Borgoyakov stated that there are 1,500 people still speaking Koibal, which represents 2% of all Khakas speakers.[3]
Phonology
The Koibal dialect has shown ancient Uralic and Samoyedic roots in its lexical units.[11] The dialect also shares words with the Sagay dialect of Khakas, such as артым, which means river rapids.[12]
Words
The following are examples of words from Koibal:[12]
| English | Kamas Turk (Koibal) | Russian |
|---|---|---|
| childless | ассизеть | бездетный |
| door | аи | дверь |
| doll | кичек | кукла |
| elk | ка | лось |
| head | улу | голова |
| hornless | амнызеть | безрогий |
| insignificant | албан | незначительный |
| large (calf) | марго | крупный (теленок) |
| oscillatory motion, vibration | орбан | колебательное движение, колебание |
| sable | алда | соболь |
| sick | инзиде | больной |
| village | тирра | деревня |
| wild onion | ай II | полевой лук |
| woman | абы | женщина |
Sample
The following is a text of Koibal provided by Olga Anzhiganova:[13]
Koibal:
"Топленай масланы хайылдырган хайах, ӱсте:н де: хайах тіфча:ла:р, хайзы хайылдыр салган, хайзы ӱстеп салган тіфча. Сметен потхы и:дівал, анаң ӱстӱне талган урувс, умурталган то:ладыс. Чичинала: умуртох тіфча, Чылтыгашефте:р, Миндибекофта:р олар умуртох тіфча:ла:р. Хыйманы пик арах тудуф, пик арах суғуф о:дыраға кирек, кӧмес суғуф, палғавзаға. Па:рды се:чке: начыфча:м."
English:
“Melted butter is called khayyldyrgan (lit. melted), and melted butter, some say (I) melted the butter, others—melted it. Make a sour cream potkhy, sprinkle talgan on top, talgan from umurta (bird cherry). The Chichintsy (residents of Chichiny) also say umurt, the Myltygashevs, Mindibekovs, they also call it umurt. Hold the khyyma (thick horse intestines) tightly, stuff it as strongly as possible (with meat), tie it. Chop the liver in a trough.”
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tapani Salminen (2007). Europe and North Asia. p. 254. https://www.academia.edu/5412843/Encyclopeia_of_the_Worlds_Endangered_Languages. Retrieved 2026-04-19.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Atlas of the world's languages in danger". 2010. pp. 195–196. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 V. Borgoyakov (2016) (in Russian). DIALECTS OF THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE. CURRENT STATE. p. 32. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2471425. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
- ↑ Gregory D. S. Anderson (2005). Language Contact in South Central Siberia. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 44. ISBN 978-3-447-04812-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=oylnWCn5YDkC&q=khakas+tatar&pg=PA44.
- ↑ Bernard Comrie (4 June 1981). The Languages of the Soviet Union. CUP Archive. pp. 53. GGKEY:22A59ZSZFJ0. https://books.google.com/books?id=QTU7AAAAIAAJ&q=khakas+tatar&pg=PA53.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kamas Turk". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kama1354.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Robert Lindsay. Mutual Intelligibility Among the Turkic Languages. pp. 40-41. https://md.teyit.org/file/mutual-intelligibility-among-the-turkic.pdf. Retrieved 2026-04-19.
- ↑ "Khakas". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kjh.
- ↑ Raisa Petrovna Abdiba (2021). The History And The Current State Of Dialects Of The Khakass Language. p. 16. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351651041_The_History_And_The_Current_State_Of_Dialects_Of_The_Khakass_Language. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
- ↑ Kaksin 2020, p. 35.
- ↑ Kaksin 2020, p. 37-38.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kaksin 2020, p. 37.
- ↑ Kaksin 2020, p. 38.
Bibliography
- Kaksin, Andrey (2020) (in Russian). Койбальский говор хакасского языка: к истории формирования и общей типологии. Vestnik of Tuvan State University. pp. 34–40. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/koybalskiy-govor-hakasskogo-yazyka-k-istorii-formirovaniya-i-obschey-tipologii/viewer. Retrieved 2026-04-22.
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