Social:Surjapuri language
| Surjapuri | |
|---|---|
| Sura, Deshi Bhasa | |
| सुरजापुरी, সুরজাপুরী | |
 'Surjapuri' in Bengali & Devanagari scripts | |
| Native to | India , Nepal, Bangladesh |
| Region | Bihar, West Bengal |
Native speakers | 2,256,228 (2011 census)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Devanagari, Bengali | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sjp |
| Glottolog | surj1235[2] |
Surjapuri is an eastern Indo-Aryan language of the Bihari branch,[3] spoken in Eastern India including North Bengal, West Bengal, and some eastern parts of Purnia division of Bihar, as well as Jhapa District in Nepal, Goalpara Division of Assam in India and Rangpur Division in Bangladesh. Among speakers in some regions, it is known as 'Deshi Bhasa'. It is considered a mix of Hindi, Maithili and Bengali.[4]
Geographical distribution
Surjapuri is mainly spoken of Surjapuri Bengali in the parts of Purnia division (Kishanganj, Katihar, Purnia, and Araria districts) of Bihar.[5] It is also spoken in West Bengal (Uttar Dinajpur and Dakshin Dinajpur districts, and in North Malda of Malda district, specially in Harishchandrapur and Chanchal area and Siliguri city of Darjeeling district – part of the North Bengal region within the Jalpaiguri division), Bangladesh (Thakurgaon District) as well as in parts of eastern Nepal of Jhapa District and Morang District. As of 2011, it had 18,57,930 speakers in Bihar.[4]
Related languages
Surjapuri is associated with the Kamtapuri language (and its dialects Goalpariya, Rajbanshi and Koch Rajbangshi) spoken in North Bengal and Western Assam,[6] as well as with Hindi, Bengali, and Maithili.[4]
Pronouns[7][8][9]
| Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | oblique | nominative | oblique | ||
| 1st person | mũi | mo- | hāmrā | hāmsā-, hāmcā- | |
| 2nd person | tũi | to- | tumrā, tomrā | tumsā-, tomsā- | |
| 3rd person | proximal | yāhāy | yahā- | emrā, erā | ismā-, isā- |
| distal | wahā̃y | wahā- | amrā, worā | usmā-, usā- | |
Surjapuri has the oblique plural suffixes: sā (hamsā-, tomsā-) and smā (ismā-, usmā-). They are also seen in Early Assamese as: sā (āmāsā-, tomāsā-) and sambā (esambā-, tesambā-) and their occurrences are similar.[10]
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| breathy | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | dʒʱ | ɡʱ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| ɔ | |||
| Low | æ | ɑ | |
- Nasalization is also phonemic.
- /i, e/ in medial and initial form are heard as [ɪ, ɛ].[11]
Notes
- ↑ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Surjapuri". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/surj1235.
- ↑ "Bihar: Tharu and Surjapuri languages facing extinction". 12 June 2022. https://theprint.in/india/bihar-tharu-and-surjapuri-languages-facing-extinction/993794/.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Bihar To Get Two New Academies To Promote Surjapuri, Bajjika Dialects". Outlook India. 25 September 2022. https://www.outlookindia.com/national/bihar-to-get-two-new-academies-to-promote-surjapuri-bajjika-dialects-news-225746.
- ↑ Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1998). Small States Syndrome in India. pp. 146. ISBN 9788170226918. https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=Mithila+India+state&pg=PA148. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
- ↑ The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics. John Wiley & Sons. 15 February 2012. ISBN 9781118257265. https://books.google.com/books?id=zc77I8CMgTYC&pg=PA508. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
- ↑ Toulmin 2006, p. 184
- ↑ Bez 2012
- ↑ Kakati 1941
- ↑ Bez 2012
- ↑ Srivastava & Perumalsamy 2021.
References
- Bez, Gitanjali (2012). Grammatical Categories in Madhav Kandali's Ramayana (Ph.D.). Gauhati University. hdl:10603/116370.
- Kakati, Banikanta (1941). Assamese: Its Formation and Development. Gauhati, Assam: Government of Assam. https://archive.org/details/AssameseitsFormationAndDevelopment.
- Srivastava, S P; Perumalsamy, P (2021), Surjapuri, http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/12.%20SURJAPURI.pdf, retrieved 15 May 2023
- Toulmin, Mathew W. S. (2006). Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan (Ph.D. thesis). The Australian National University. hdl:1885/45743.
External links
- "Word Formation in Surjapuri". Language in India. http://www.languageinindia.com/march2011/surjapuriwordformationfinal.pdf.
- "Case and Case-like Postposition in Surjapuri". Language in India. http://www.languageinindia.com/jan2011/surajpurifinal.pdf.
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