Template:Infobox silicon

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Silicon, 14Si
SiliconCroda.jpg
Silicon
Pronunciation
Appearancecrystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Si)[28.084, 28.086] conventional: 28.085
Silicon in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
C
↑
Si
↓
Ge
aluminium ← silicon → phosphorus
Atomic number (Z)14
Groupgroup 14 (carbon group)
Periodperiod 3
Block  p-block
Element category  p-block
Electron configuration[Ne] 3s2 3p2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1687 K ​(1414 °C, ​2577 °F)
Boiling point3538 K ​(3265 °C, ​5909 °F)
Density (near r.t.)2.3290 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)2.57 g/cm3
Heat of fusion50.21 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization383 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity19.789 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1908 2102 2339 2636 3021 3537
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[1] +1,[2] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.90
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 786.5 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1577.1 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3231.6 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 111 pm
Covalent radius111 pm
Van der Waals radius210 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of silicon
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​face-centered diamond-cubic
Diamond cubic crystal structure for silicon
Speed of sound thin rod8433 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion2.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity149 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity2.3×103 Ω·m (at 20 °C)[3]
Band gap1.12 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[4]
Magnetic susceptibility−3.9·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[5]
Young's modulus130–188 GPa[6]
Shear modulus51–80 GPa[6]
Bulk modulus97.6 GPa[6]
Poisson ratio0.064–0.28[6]
Mohs hardness6.5
CAS Number7440-21-3
History
Namingafter Latin 'silex' or 'silicis', meaning flint
PredictionAntoine Lavoisier (1787)
Discovery and first isolationJöns Jacob Berzelius[7][8] (1823)
Named byThomas Thomson (1817)
Main isotopes of silicon
Iso­tope Abun­dance Physics:Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct
28Si 92.2% stable
29Si 4.7% stable
30Si 3.1% stable
31Si trace 2.62 h β− 31P
32Si trace 153 y β− 32P
Category Category: Silicon
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Si
data m.p. cat
in calc from C diff report ref
C 1414 — —
K 1687 1687 0
F 2577 2577 0
max precision 0
WD


input C: 1414, K: 1687, F: 2577
comment
Si
data b.p. cat
in calc from C diff report ref
C 3265 — —
K 3538 3538 0
F 5909 5909 0
max precision 0
WD


input C: 3265, K: 3538, F: 5909
comment
[
]  Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Top image (caption, alt)
Pronunciation
Category (enwiki)
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Chemistry:Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Physics:Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Term symbol * (cmt, ref)
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2019-02-03)
See also {{Infobox element/symbol-to--navbox}}

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016. https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/9745121/New_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html. 
  2. ↑ Ram, R. S. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD". J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026. http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/184.pdf. 
  3. ↑ Eranna, Golla (2014). Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI. CRC Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4822-3281-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=bo6ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7. 
  4. ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5. 
  5. ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4. 
  6. ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Hopcroft, Matthew A.; Nix, William D.; Kenny, Thomas W. (2010). "What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?". Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 19 (2): 229. doi:10.1109/JMEMS.2009.2039697. http://silicon.reddogresearch.com/. 
  7. ↑ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: XII. Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: beryllium, boron, silicon, and aluminum". Journal of Chemical Education 9 (8): 1386–1412. doi:10.1021/ed009p1386. Bibcode: 1932JChEd...9.1386W. 
  8. ↑ Voronkov, M. G. (2007). "Silicon era". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 80 (12): 2190. doi:10.1134/S1070427207120397. 

Two of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as

  • <ref name="Eranna2014" /> for the source by Eranna
  • <ref name="hopcroft" /> for the source by Hopcroft

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