Biography:Emmanuelle Charpentier

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Short description: French microbiologist, biochemist and Nobel laureate
Emmanuelle Charpentier
Emmanuelle Charpentier.jpg
Born
Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier

(1968-12-11) 11 December 1968 (age 55)
Juvisy-sur-Orge, France
EducationPierre and Marie Curie University (BSc MSc, DPhil)
Pasteur Institute (PhD training)
Known forCRISPR[1]
Awards
  • Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine (2015)
  • Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2015)
  • Princess of Asturias Award (2015)
  • Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science (2016)
  • Canada Gairdner International Award (2016)
  • Leibniz Prize (2016)
  • Pour le Mérite (2017)
  • Japan Prize (2017)
  • The Novozymes Prize (2017)
  • Kavli Prize in Nanoscience (2018)
  • Wolf Prize in Medicine (2020)
  • Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2020)
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsUniversity of Berlin
Umeå University
Max Planck Society
ThesisAntibiotic resistance in Listeria spp (1995)
Doctoral advisorPatrice Courvalin
Websitewww.emmanuelle-charpentier-pr.org

Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier (French: [ɛmanɥɛl ʃaʁpɑ̃tje]; born 11 December 1968[2]) is a French professor and researcher in microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry.[1] As of 2015, she has been a director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin. In 2018, she founded an independent research institute, the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens.[3] In 2020, Charpentier and American biochemist Jennifer Doudna of the University of California, Berkeley, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of a method for genome editing" (through CRISPR). This was the first science Nobel Prize ever won by two women only.[4][5][6]

Early life and education

Born in 1968 in Juvisy-sur-Orge in France, Charpentier studied biochemistry, microbiology, and genetics at the Pierre and Marie Curie University (which became the Faculty of Science of Sorbonne University) in Paris.[7] She was a graduate student at the Institut Pasteur from 1992 to 1995 and was awarded a research doctorate. Charpentier's PhD work investigated molecular mechanisms involved in antibiotic resistance.[8] Her paternal grandfather was an Armenian who escaped to France during the Armenian genocide and met his wife in Marseille.[9]

Career and research

The Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin, Germany

Charpentier worked as a university teaching assistant at Pierre and Marie Curie University from 1993 to 1995 and as a postdoctoral fellow at the Institut Pasteur from 1995 to 1996. She moved to the US and worked as a postdoctoral fellow at Rockefeller University in New York from 1996 to 1997. During this time, Charpentier worked in the lab of microbiologist Elaine Tuomanen.[10] Tuomanen's lab investigated how the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae utilizes mobile genetic elements to alter its genome. Charpentier also helped to demonstrate how S. pneumoniae develops vancomycin resistance.[11]

Charpentier worked as an assistant research scientist at the New York University Medical Center from 1997 to 1999. There she worked in the lab of Pamela Cowin, a skin-cell biologist interested in mammalian gene manipulation. Charpentier published a paper exploring the regulation of hair growth in mice.[12] She held the position of Research Associate at the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine[13] in New York from 1999 to 2002.[7]

After five years in the United States, Charpentier returned to Europe and became the lab head and a guest professor at the Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, from 2002 to 2004. In 2004, Charpentier published her discovery of an RNA molecule involved in the regulation of virulence-factor synthesis in Streptococcus pyogenes.[14] From 2004 to 2006 she was lab head and an assistant professor at the Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology. In 2006 she became a privatdozentin (Microbiology) and received her habilitation at the Centre of Molecular Biology. From 2006 to 2009 she worked as lab head and associate professor at the Max F. Perutz Laboratories.[7]

Charpentier moved to Sweden and became lab head and associate professor at the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), at Umeå University. She held the position of group leader from 2008 to 2013 and was visiting professor from 2014 to 2017.[15] She moved to Germany to act as department head and W3 Professor at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research[16] in Braunschweig and the Hannover Medical School from 2013 until 2015. In 2014 she became an Alexander von Humboldt Professor.[7]

In 2015 Charpentier accepted an offer from the German Max Planck Society to become a scientific member of the society and a director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin. Since 2016, she has been an Honorary Professor at Humboldt University in Berlin; since 2018, she is the Founding and acting director of the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens.[7][17][18] Charpentier retained her position as visiting professor at Umeå University until the end of 2017 when a new donation from the Kempe Foundations and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation allowed her to offer more young researchers positions within research groups of the MIMS Laboratory.[19]

CRISPR/Cas9

Charpentier is best known for her Nobel-winning work of deciphering the molecular mechanisms of a bacterial immune system, called CRISPR/Cas9, and repurposing it into a tool for genome editing. In particular, she uncovered a novel mechanism for the maturation of a non-coding RNA which is pivotal in the function of CRISPR/Cas9. Specifically, Charpentier demonstrated that a small RNA called tracrRNA is essential for the maturation of crRNA.[20]

In 2011, Charpentier met Jennifer Doudna at a research conference in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and they began a collaboration.[10] Working with Doudna's laboratory, Charpentier's laboratory showed that Cas9 could be used to make cuts in any DNA sequence desired.[21][22] The method they developed involved the combination of Cas9 with easily created synthetic "guide RNA" molecules. Synthetic guide RNA is a chimera of crRNA and tracrRNA; therefore, this discovery demonstrated that the CRISPR-Cas9 technology could be used to edit the genome with relative ease.[22] Researchers worldwide have employed this method successfully to edit the DNA sequences of plants, animals, and laboratory cell lines. Since its discovery, CRISPR has revolutionized genetics by allowing scientists to edit genes to probe their role in health and disease and to develop genetic therapies with the hope that it will prove safer and more effective than the first generation of gene therapies.[6]

In 2013, Charpentier co-founded CRISPR Therapeutics and ERS Genomics along with Shaun Foy and Rodger Novak.[23]

Awards

Emmanuelle Charpentier in the Senate Chamber of York University in 2016, after giving her Gairdner Foundation International Award Lecture
Emmanuelle Charpentier in the Senate Chamber of York University in 2016, after giving her Gairdner Foundation International Award Lecture

In 2015, Time (magazine) magazine designated Charpentier one of the Time 100 most influential people in the world (together with Jennifer Doudna).[24][25] Charpentier Awards are as follows:

Nobel Prize in Chemistry,[26] the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine, the Gruber Foundation International Prize in Genetics, the Leibniz Prize, the Tang Prize, the Japan Prize, and the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience. She has won the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award jointly with Jennifer Doudna and Francisco Mojica.[27]


  • 2009 – Theodor Körner Prize for Science and Culture[28]
  • 2011 – The Fernström Prize for young and promising scientists[29]
  • 2014 – Alexander von Humboldt Professorship[30]
  • 2014 – The Göran Gustafsson Prize for Molecular Biology (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)[31]
  • 2014 – Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research[32] (shared with Jennifer Doudna)
  • 2014 – The Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award[33] (shared with Feng Zhang and Jennifer Doudna)
  • 2015 – Time 100: Pioneers[34] (shared with Jennifer Doudna)
  • 2015 – The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences[35] (shared with Jennifer Doudna)
  • 2015 – Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine[36]
  • 2015 – The Ernst Jung Prize in Medicine[37]
  • 2015 – Princess of Asturias Awards (shared with Jennifer Doudna)[38]
  • 2015 – Gruber Foundation International Prize in Genetics (shared with Jennifer Doudna)[39]
  • 2015 – Carus Medal (de), from German National Academy of Science, Leopoldina[40]
  • 2015 – Massry Prize[41]
  • 2015 – The Family Hansen Award[42]
  • 2016 – Otto Warburg Medal[43]
  • 2016 – L'Oréal-UNESCO "For Women in Science" Award[44]
  • 2016 – Leibniz Prize from the German Research Foundation[45]
  • 2016 – Canada Gairdner International Award (shared with Jennifer Doudna and Feng Zhang)[46]
  • 2016 – Warren Alpert Foundation Prize
  • 2016 – Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize (jointly with Jennifer Doudna)[47]
  • 2016 – Tang Prize (shared with Jennifer Doudna and Feng Zhang)[48]
  • 2016 – HFSP Nakasone Award (jointly with Jennifer Doudna)[49]
  • 2016 – Knight (Chevalier) French National Order of the Legion of Honour[50]
  • 2016 – Meyenburg Prize[51]
  • 2016 – Wilhelm Exner Medal[52]
  • 2016 – John Scott Award[53]
  • 2017 – BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (jointly with Jennifer Doudna and Francisco Mojica)[54]
  • 2017 – Japan Prize (jointly with Jennifer Doudna)[55]
  • 2017 – Albany Medical Center Prize (jointly with Jennifer Doudna, Luciano Marraffini, Francisco Mojica, and Feng Zhang)[56]
  • 2017 – Pour le Mérite[57]
  • 2018 – Kavli Prize in Nanoscience (jointly with Jennifer Doudna and Virginijus Šikšnys)[58]
  • 2018 – Austrian Decoration for Science and Art[59]
  • 2018 – Bijvoet Medal of the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research of Utrecht University[60]
  • 2018 – Harvey Prize (jointly with Jennifer Doudna and Feng Zhang)[61]
  • 2019 – Scheele Award of the Swedish Pharmaceutical Society[62]
  • 2019 – Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany[63]
  • 2020 – Wolf Prize in Medicine (jointly with Jennifer Doudna)[64]
  • 2020 – Nobel Prize in Chemistry (jointly with Jennifer Doudna)[4]


Honorary doctorate degrees

Memberships

In popular culture

In 2019, Charpentier was a featured character in the play STEM FEMMES by Philadelphia theater company Applied Mechanics.[86]

In 2021, Walter Isaacson detailed the story of Jennifer Doudna and her collaboration with Charpentier leading to the discovery of CRISPR/CAS-9, in the biography The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race.[87]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Abbott, Alison (2016). "The quiet revolutionary: How the co-discovery of CRISPR explosively changed Emmanuelle Charpentier's life". Nature 532 (7600): 432–434. doi:10.1038/532432a. PMID 27121823. Bibcode: 2016Natur.532..432A. 
  2. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/charpentier/facts/. 
  3. ↑ "CRISPR discoverer gets own research institute". 19 April 2017. https://biooekonomie.de/en/nachrichten/crispr-discoverer-gets-own-research-institute. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/press-release/. 
  5. ↑ Wu, Katherine J.; Peltier, Elian (7 October 2020). "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to 2 Scientists for Work on Genome Editing – Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna developed the Crispr tool, which can alter the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with high precision.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/07/science/nobel-prize-chemistry-crispr.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Two female CRISPR scientists make history, winning Nobel in chemistry" (in en-US). 7 October 2020. https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/07/two-crispr-scientists-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Charpentier, Emmanuelle – Vita". Max Planck Society. https://www.mpg.de/9343753/infektionsbiologie-charpentier. 
  8. ↑ Deffke, Uta (7 February 2017). "Emmanuelle Charpentier" (in en). https://www.mpg.de/10729312/emmanuelle-charpentier. 
  9. ↑ "Nobel laureate Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier reveals Armenian identity". 6 September 2022. https://en.armradio.am/2022/09/06/nobel-laureate-emmanuelle-charpentier-reveals-armenian-identity/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Abbott, Alison (28 April 2016). "The quiet revolutionary: How the co-discovery of CRISPR explosively changed Emmanuelle Charpentier's life" (in en). Nature News 532 (7600): 432–434. doi:10.1038/532432a. PMID 27121823. Bibcode: 2016Natur.532..432A. 
  11. ↑ Novak, R.; Henriques, B.; Charpentier, E.; Normark, S.; Tuomanen, E. (1999). "Emergence of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae" (in en). Nature 399 (6736): 590–593. doi:10.1038/21202. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 10376600. Bibcode: 1999Natur.399..590N. https://www.nature.com/articles/21202. 
  12. ↑ Charpentier, Emmanuelle; Lavker, Robert M.; Acquista, Elizabeth; Cowin, Pamela (17 April 2000). "Plakoglobin Suppresses Epithelial Proliferation and Hair Growth in Vivo" (in en). Journal of Cell Biology 149 (2): 503–520. doi:10.1083/jcb.149.2.503. ISSN 0021-9525. PMID 10769039. 
  13. ↑ "Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine". https://med.nyu.edu/departments-institutes/skirball-institute-biomolecular-medicine/skirball-institute-biomolecular-medicine. 
  14. ↑ Mangold, Monika; Siller, Maria; Roppenser, Bernhard; Vlaminckx, Bart J. M.; Penfound, Tom A.; Klein, Reinhard; Novak, Rodger; Novick, Richard P. et al. (2004). "Synthesis of group A streptococcal virulence factors is controlled by a regulatory RNA molecule" (in en). Molecular Microbiology 53 (5): 1515–1527. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04222.x. ISSN 1365-2958. PMID 15387826. 
  15. ↑ "Research Groups". http://www.mims.umu.se/groups.html. 
  16. ↑ "Home". https://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/. 
  17. ↑ "Emmanuelle Charpentier, CRISPR-Cas9, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology". https://www.emmanuelle-charpentier-lab.org/. 
  18. ↑ CRISPR discoverer get own research institute Retrieved 4 September 2018
  19. ↑ "Emmanuelle Charpentier – Regulation in Infection Biology – Funding". Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). http://www.mims.umu.se/groups/emmanuelle-charpentier/research-charpentier.html. 
  20. ↑ Deltcheva, Elitza; Chylinski, Krzysztof; Sharma, Cynthia M.; Gonzales, Karine; Chao, Yanjie; Pirzada, Zaid A.; Eckert, Maria R.; Vogel, Jörg et al. (March 2011). "CRISPR RNA maturation by trans -encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III" (in en). Nature 471 (7340): 602–607. doi:10.1038/nature09886. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 21455174. Bibcode: 2011Natur.471..602D. 
  21. ↑ "CRISPR Therapeutics, About us". http://crisprtx.com/overview/. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Jinek, Martin; Chylinski, Krzysztof; Fonfara, Ines; Hauer, Michael; Doudna, Jennifer A.; Charpentier, Emmanuelle (17 August 2012). "A Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity" (in en). Science 337 (6096): 816–821. doi:10.1126/science.1225829. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22745249. Bibcode: 2012Sci...337..816J. 
  23. ↑ Cohen, Jon (15 February 2017). "How the battle lines over CRISPR were drawn" (in en). https://www.science.org/content/article/how-battle-lines-over-crispr-were-drawn. 
  24. ↑ King, Mary-Claire (16 April 2015). "Emmanuelle Charpentier & Jennifer Doudna". https://time.com/collection-post/3822554/emmanuelle-charpentier-jennifer-doudna-2015-time-100. 
  25. ↑ "Emmanuelle Charpentier named in Time magazine's '100 most influential people in world' list". Umeå University. 13 April 2015. http://www.umu.se/english/about-umu/news-events/news/newsdetailpage/emmanuelle-charpentier-named-in-time-magazines-100-most-influential-people-in-world-list.cid250289. 
  26. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/charpentier/facts/. 
  27. ↑ "Emmanuelle Charpentier – Frontiers of Knowledge Laureate". BBVA. https://www.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es/galardonados/emmanuelle-charpentier-2. 
  28. ↑ Wien, Arbeiterkammer (4 May 2020). "Theodor Körner Fonds > 2009 > Ausgezeichnete Arbeiten". http://www.theodorkoernerfonds.at/2009/ausgezeichnete-arbeiten/. 
  29. ↑ "Eric K. Fernström's Prize to Emmanuelle Charpentier". Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden. 9 June 2011. http://www.mims.umu.se/news-events/1387-eric-k-fernstroems-prize-to-emmanuelle-charpentier.html. 
  30. ↑ "Alexander von Humboldt sponsorship". Humboldt Foundation. https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/pls/web/pub_hn_query.humboldtianer_details?p_lang=en&p_externe_id=7000270951. 
  31. ↑ "Göran Gustafsson Prize for Emmanuelle Charpentier". Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden. http://www.mims.umu.se/news-events/1635-goeran-gustafsson-prize-for-emmanuelle-charpentier.html. 
  32. ↑ "MIMS group leader Emmanuelle Charpentier receives Dr. Paul Janssen Award for discoveries of CRISPR-Cas9". Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden. http://www.mims.umu.se/news-events/1646-mims-group-leader-emmanuelle-charpentier-receives-dr-paul-janssen-award-for-discoveries-of-crispr-cas9.html. 
  33. ↑ "Emmanuelle Charpentier receives Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award". Umeå University. http://www.umu.se/english/about-umu/news-events/news/newsdetailpage/emmanuelle-charpentier-receives-jacob-heskel-gabbay-award.cid241883. 
  34. ↑ Mary-Claire King (15 April 2015). "Emmanuelle Charpentier & Jennifer Doudna". http://time.com/3822554/emmanuelle-charpentier-jennifer-doudna-2015-time-100/. 
  35. ↑ "Umeå University, press release: Emmanuelle Charpentier honored with Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences". Umeå University. 10 November 2014. http://www.umu.se/english/about-umu/news-events/news/newsdetailpage/emmanuelle-charpentier-honored-with-breakthrough-prize-in-lifek-sciences.cid242317.  (shared with Jennifer Doudna)
  36. ↑ "Foundation Louis-Jeanet: "The 2015 Louis-Jeantet Prize-Winners"". http://www.jeantet.ch/en/support-to-european-research/louis-jeantet-prize/prize-winners.php. 
  37. ↑ "Laureates 2015 – Professor Emmanuelle Charpentier". Jung-Stiftung für Wissenschaft und Forschung. May 2015. https://www.jung-stiftung.de/en/die-jung-stiftung-1/ernst-jung-preis-fuer-medizin/2015/laureates-2015. 
  38. ↑ "Zwei Humboldtianer erhalten Prinzessin-von-Asturien-Preise 2015". humboldt-professur.de. Bonn: Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung. 29 May 2015. https://www.humboldt-professur.de/en/nachrichten/zwei-humboldtianer-erhalten-prinzessin-von-asturien-preise-2015. 
  39. ↑ "YaleNews: Gruber Foundation honors excellence in neuroscience, cosmology, and genetics". Yale University. 16 June 2015. http://news.yale.edu/2015/06/16/gruber-foundation-honors-excellence-neuroscience-cosmology-and-genetics. 
  40. ↑ "Emmanuelle Charpentier receives Carus Medal". Helmholtz Centre for Infection research. 7 September 2015. http://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/news_events/news/view/article/complete/emmanuelle_charpentier_receives_carus_medal/. 
  41. ↑ "Massry winners helped launch gene editing revolution". 7 October 2015. http://hscnews.usc.edu/massry-winners-helped-launch-gene-editing-revolution/. 
  42. ↑ "Winner of the 2015 Bayer Family Hansen Award". https://www.bayer-foundation.com/bayer-foundation-report. 
  43. ↑ "MIMS – Curriculum Vitae Emmanuelle Charpentier". http://www.mims.umu.se/groups/emmanuelle-charpentier/cv-charpentier.html. 
  44. ↑ "France celebrates Emmanuelle Charpentier during the L'Oreal-UNESCO week in Paris". Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden. 24 March 2016. http://www.mims.umu.se/news-events/1768-france-is-celebrating-emmanuelle-charpentier-during-the-l-oreal-unesco-week-in-paris.html. 
  45. ↑ "Leibniz Prizes 2016: DFG Honours Ten Researchers". Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. 10 December 2015. https://www.dfg.de/en/service/press/press_releases/2015/press_release_no_58/index.html. 
  46. ↑ "Canada Gairdner International Award". http://gairdner.org/recipients/current. 
  47. ↑ "Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize 2016". http://www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de/60514654/12. 
  48. ↑ "Tang Prize – Laureates". https://www.tang-prize.org/en/owner_detail.php?cat=11&id=554. 
  49. ↑ "The 2016 HFSP Nakasone Award goes to Emmanuelle Charpentier & Jennifer Doudna". Human Frontier Science Programme. http://www.hfsp.org/awardees/hfsp-nakasone-award/2016-award. 
  50. ↑ "Décret du 31 décembre 2015 portant promotion et nomination – Légifrance". https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000031741925. 
  51. ↑ "Die Preisträger". meyenburg-stiftung.de. Heidelberg: Meyenburg-Stiftung. 2018. http://www.meyenburg-stiftung.de/2preis.htm. 
  52. ↑ "Wilhelm-Exner-Medaille". http://www.wilhelmexner.org/liste_001.html. 
  53. ↑ "John Scott Award Recipients 2001–2011". http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/johnscottaward/js2011-2020.html. 
  54. ↑ "Laureates". https://www.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es/laureates/. 
  55. ↑ "The Japan Prize Foundation". http://www.japanprize.jp/en/. 
  56. ↑ "Gene Editing Pioneers Receive Americas Most Distinguished Prize in Medicine". http://www.amc.edu/news/gene-editing-pioneers-receive-americas-most-distinguished-prize-in-medicine.cfm. 
  57. ↑ "Pour le Mérite: Emmanuelle Charpentier". www.orden-pourlemerite.de. 2017. http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/sites/default/files/vita/emmanuelle-charpentier-vita_0_0.pdf. 
  58. ↑ "2018 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience". 22 May 2018. https://kavliprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/prizes/2018-kavli-prize-nanoscience. 
  59. ↑ "Ehrenzeichen für Geografin Leitner und Molekularbiologin Charpentier". https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000088579804/ehrenzeichen-an-molekularbiologin-charpentier-und-geografin-leitner. 
  60. ↑ "Bijvoet Medal". Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research. http://bijvoet-center.eu/bijvoet-medal/. 
  61. ↑ Harvey Prize 2018
  62. ↑ "2019 års Scheelepris till Emmanuelle Charpentier". 1 February 2019. https://www.apotekarsocieteten.se/2019-ars-scheelepris-till-emmanuelle-charpentier/. 
  63. ↑ "Artikel: Bekanntgabe vom 1. Oktober 2019" (in de). https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Berichte/Bekanntgabe-Ordensverleihung/1910-Verleihungen.html. 
  64. ↑ "The Wolf Prize". https://wolffund.org.il/the-wolf-prize/. 
  65. ↑ Bourquenoud, Sarah (1 October 2016). "L'EPFL fête ses nouveaux diplômés" (in fr). https://actu.epfl.ch/news/l-epfl-fete-ses-nouveaux-diplomes/. 
  66. ↑ "Patron Saint's Day 2016: KU Leuven awards 5 honorary degrees". https://soc.kuleuven.be/ceso/fapos/calendar/patron-saints-day-2016-ku-leuven-awards-5-honorary-degrees. 
  67. ↑ "Darren Walker, Ford Foundation President, to Speak at NYU's Commencement". http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2016/march/darren-walker-ford-foundation-president-to-speak-at-nyus-commencement.html. 
  68. ↑ "MIMS – Internationally renowned researchers become 2017 honorary doctors at the Faculty of Medicine". http://www.mims.umu.se/news-events/1826-internationally-renowned-researchers-become-2017-honorary-doctors-at-the-faculty-of-medicine.html. 
  69. ↑ "Charpentier: Be open to new perspectives". 25 October 2017. http://news.westernu.ca/2017/10/charpentier-embrace-mobility-open-new-perspectives/. 
  70. ↑ HKUST Holds 25th Congregation Conferring Honorary Doctorates on Four Distinguished Academics and Community Leaders, retrieved 20 November 2017
  71. ↑ "Doctor honoris causa and ISV 20th anniversary". https://uclouvain.be/en/research-institutes/isv/dhc.html. 
  72. ↑ "Darwin hosts Professor Emmanuelle Charpentier | www.darwin.cam.ac.uk". http://www.darwin.cam.ac.uk/news/darwin-hosts-professor-emmanuelle-charpentier. 
  73. ↑ "Businessman, scientists, actor and architect honoured as University marks its Foundation Day". https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/businessman-scientists-actor-and-architect-university-foundation-day/. 
  74. ↑ "McGill's Honorary Degree recipients for Spring Convocation 2019". mcgill.ca. Montreal: McGill University. 16 April 2019. https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/mcgills-honorary-degree-recipients-spring-convocation-2019-296322. 
  75. ↑ "Find people in the EMBO Communities". https://people.embo.org/profile/emmanuelle-charpentier. 
  76. ↑ "Emmanuelle Charpentier wird EMBO-Mitglied" (in de). 8 May 2014. https://nachrichten.idw-online.de/2014/05/08/emmanuelle-charpentier-wird-embo-mitglied. 
  77. ↑ "List of Members". http://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/list-of-members/member/8161/. 
  78. ↑ "Mitglied Emmanuelle Charpentier". bbaw.de. Berlin: Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 2020. https://www.bbaw.de/die-akademie/bbaw-mitglieder/mitglied-emmanuelle-charpentier. 
  79. ↑ "ÖAW wählte 26 neue Mitglieder". https://www.oeaw.ac.at/oesterreichische-akademie-der-wissenschaften/wissenschaft-gesellschaft/article/oeaw-waehlte-26-neue-mitglieder/?tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=13190e0b9cc0b51a0ea94737604c626d. 
  80. ↑ "Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien". 19 November 2015. http://www.kva.se/en/nyheter/tre-nya-ledamoter-invalda-i-akademien-november. 
  81. ↑ "National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected". 2 May 2017. http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/may-2-2017-NAS-Election.html. 
  82. ↑ "12 New Members Elected in 2016 to the National Academy Fo Technologies of France (NATF)". https://www.academie-technologies.fr/en/blog/posts/12-new-members-elected-in-2016-to-the-national-academy-fo-technologies-of-france-natf. 
  83. ↑ Dix-huit nouveaux membres élus à l'Académie des sciences. Press release issued 6 December 2017, retrieved on 28 February 2018.
  84. ↑ "News". https://www.euro-acad.eu/news?id=30. 
  85. ↑ Dulle, Colleen (13 August 2021). "Pope Francis appointed three women to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences this summer. What's their role at the Vatican?". https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2021/08/13/pope-francis-pontifcal-academy-science-women-241214. 
  86. ↑ Reinckens, Mina. "'STEM FEMMES' centers women in science with theater". https://www.broadstreetreview.com/wnwn/stem-femmes-centers-women-in-science-with-theater. 
  87. ↑ Isaacson, Walter (2021). The code breaker : Jennifer Doudna, gene editing, and the future of the human race (First hardcover ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-9821-1585-2. OCLC 1187220557. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1187220557. 

External links



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