Astronomy:3C 99

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3C 99
3C 99 captured by SDSS
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationTaurus
Right ascension 04h 01m 07.59s[1]
Declination+00° 36′ 32.39″[1]
Redshift0.426000[1]
Helio radial velocity127,712 km/s ± 0[1]
Distance4.625 Gly
Apparent magnitude (V)19.01
Apparent magnitude (B)20.20
Characteristics
TypeN galaxy; HEG Sy2[1]
Size~74,000 ly (22.68 kpc) (estimated)[1]
Other designations
0358+004, LEDA 2817528, 4C +00.14, DA 121, G4Jy 0406, NRAO 0153, NVSS J040107+003633, PAPER J060.29+00.52, OE +097, 2MASS J04010760+0036324, 87GB 035832.9+002802[1]

3C 99 is a Seyfert type 2 galaxy located in the constellation of Taurus. Its redshift is (z) 0.426[1][2] and it was first discovered as an astronomical radio source in 1959 by astronomers.[3] This object has also been designated as PKS 0358+00 in the Parkes Survey[4] and categorized as a high-excitation radio galaxy (HEG)[5] or an N galaxy in literature.[6][7]

Description

3C 99 is classified as a strong doubled-lobed source and low frequency variable object.[8] It has a radio spectrum that appears as steep. When observed with MERLIN at 408 MHz, it was shown to have two components that are connected via a radio emission bridge.[6] It's active galactic nucleus (AGN) is as radio-loud.[9]

Imaging with Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), has found both central and eastern components with a total angular resolution of around 11 x 3 milliarcseconds2. There are also emission blob features present inside the central component, with two of them being misaligned with the source's axis. A bright radio component is found, suggesting the central component has a nucleus.[6] The jet region is polarized to a slight degree.[10]

Further studies have confirmed 3C 99 is a compact steep spectrum (CSS) source.[11] When observed on arcsecond scales, the source is found to contain a triple radio structure with further components of asymmetrical positions and of different surface brightness.[12] There is a one-sided radio jet described as straight and collimated, connecting both the core region and hotspot feature on the northeast side. The jet also has a bent appearance and it increases slightly before reaching the hotspot region.[13] The estimated dynamical age of the source is around 4 x 105 years.[11] In the galaxy's optical spectrum, there are narrow permitted lines. An extended emission-line region (EELR) was discovered in 3C 99.[14]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "NED Search results for 3C 99". https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=3C+99&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1. 
  2. ↑ Massaro, F.; Harris, D. E.; Liuzzo, E.; Orienti, M.; Paladino, R.; Paggi, A.; Tremblay, G. R.; Wilkes, B. J. et al. (September 2015). "The Chandra Survey of Extragalactic Sources in the 3CR Catalog: X-ray Emission from Nuclei, Jets, and Hotspots in the Chandra Archival Observations" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 220 (1): 5. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/5. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2015ApJS..220....5M. 
  3. ↑ Edge, D. O.; Shakeshaft, J. R.; McAdam, W. B.; Baldwin, J. E.; Archer, S. (1959). "A survey of radio sources at a frequency of 159 Mc/s." (in en). Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society 68: 37–60. Bibcode: 1959MmRAS..68...37E. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959MmRAS..68...37E/abstract. 
  4. ↑ Day, G. A.; Shimmins, A. J.; Ekers, R. D.; Cole, D. J. (February 1966). "The Parkes catalogue of radio sources, declination zone 0° to +20°" (in en). Australian Journal of Physics 19: 35. doi:10.1071/PH660035. ISSN 0004-9506. Bibcode: 1966AuJPh..19...35D. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1966AuJPh..19...35D. 
  5. ↑ Varano, S.; Chiaberge, M.; Macchetto, F. D.; Capetti, A. (December 2004). "The nuclear radio-optical properties of intermediate-redshift FR II radio galaxies and quasars" (in en). Astronomy and Astrophysics 428 (2): 401–408. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040303. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2004A&A...428..401V. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mantovani, F.; Saikia, D. J.; Browne, I. W. A.; Fanti, R.; Muxlow, T. W. B.; Padrielli, L. (August 1990). "The steep-spectrum low-frequency variable source 3C 99: radio and optical observations." (in en). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 245 (3): 427–433. doi:10.1093/mnras/245.3.427. ISSN 0035-8711. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1990MNRAS.245..427M. 
  7. ↑ Smith, H. E.; Spinrad, H.; Hunstead, R. (June 1976). "Spectrophotometric observations of N galaxies at large redshift: PKS 0353+027, 3C 99, 3C 467." (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 206: 345–354. doi:10.1086/154388. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1976ApJ...206..345S. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1976ApJ...206..345S/0000346.000.html. 
  8. ↑ Mantovani, F.; Junor, W.; Fanti, R.; Padrielli, L.; Browne, I. W. A.; Muxlow, T. W. B. (July 1992). "Obervations at arcsecond resolution of steep-spectrum sources which vary at low frequencies." (in en). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 257 (2): 353–367. doi:10.1093/mnras/257.2.353. ISSN 0035-8711. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1992MNRAS.257..353M. 
  9. ↑ Barvainis, Richard; Lonsdale, Colin (March 1998). "Search for Free-Free Absorption Cutoffs from Tori in Three Type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei" (in en). The Astronomical Journal 115 (3): 885–889. doi:10.1086/300262. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1998AJ....115..885B. 
  10. ↑ Mantovani, F.; Junor, W.; Fanti, R.; Padrielli, L.; Saikia, D. J. (November 1997). "VLA polarimetry of compact steep spectrum sources" (in en). Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 125 (3): 573–580. doi:10.1051/aas:1997244. ISSN 0365-0138. Bibcode: 1997A&AS..125..573M. https://aas.aanda.org/articles/aas/pdf/1997/15/h0354.pdf. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ferrari, C.; Fanti, R.; Mantovani, F. (2001). "Structure and physical characteristics of 3C 99" (in en). Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana 72: 95–96. ISSN 0037-8720. Bibcode: 2001MmSAI..72...95F. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/2001MmSAI..72...95F. 
  12. ↑ Mantovani, F.; Junor, W.; Bondi, M.; Cotton, W.; Fanti, R.; Padrielli, L.; Nicolson, G.; Salerno, E. (1997-12-05), Large bent jets in the inner region of CSSs 
  13. ↑ Mantovani, F.; Fanti, R.; Ferrari, C.; Cotton, W.; Muxlow, T. W. B. (2003-02-01). "Radio asymmetry in 3C 99" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 399 (2): 449–456. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021682. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2003A&A...399..449M. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2003/08/aa2438.pdf. 
  14. ↑ Hes, R.; Barthel, P. D.; Fosbury, R. a. E. (September 1996). "Emission line imaging of 3CR quasars and radio galaxies." (in en). Astronomy and Astrophysics 313: 423–438. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 1996A&A...313..423H. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1996A%26A...313..423H/0000428.000.html. 



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