Astronomy:List of supernova candidates

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This is a list of supernova candidates, or stars that astronomers have suggested are supernova progenitors. Type II supernova progenitors include stars with at least 10 solar masses that are in the final stages of their evolution. Prominent examples of stars in this mass range include Antares, Spica,[1] Gamma Velorum,[2] Mu Cephei, and members of the Quintuplet Cluster.[3] Type Ia supernova progenitors are white dwarf stars that are close to the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.44 solar masses and are accreting matter from a binary companion star.

The list includes massive Wolf–Rayet stars, which may become Type Ib/Ic supernovae, particularly oxygen-sequence stars. As of 2023, most of these candidates are in the Milky Way galaxy, however five oxygen-sequence Wolf-Rayet stars are also known in other galaxies.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Supernova progenitor candidates
Identifier Epoch J2000 Constellation Distance
(light years) 		Spectral
class 		Possible supernova

type

Notes
R. A. Dec.
IK Pegasi  21h 26m 26.7s +19° 22′ 32″ Pegasus 154.4±1.0[4] A8m:/DA Ia [5][6][7]
Spica  13h 25m 11.6s −11° 09′ 40.8″ Virgo 250+14
−13[8]		 B1 [7]
Bellatrix  05h 25m 07.86s +06° 20′ 58.9″ Orion 250 B2III[9]-V[10] [11]
Mimosa  12h 47m 43.3s  -59h 41m 19.6s Crux 280 B0.5III+B2V[12][13] [14]
Acrux  12h 26m 35.9s  -63h 05m 56.7s Crux 321[8] B0.5IV+B1V[15] [16]
Adhara  06h 58m 37.6s –28° 58′ 19″ Canis Major 430±30[17] B2 II [18]
Betelgeuse  05h 55m 10.3s +07° 24′ 25″ Orion 408[19]–548+90
−49[20]		 M2Iab IIP [1][21][7]
Alpha Lupi  14h 41m 55.8s –47° 23′ 17″ Lupus 465+12
−11[8]		 B1.5 II [22][7]
Mirzam  06h 22m 42.0s –17° 57′ 21″ Canis Major 490±20[23] B1 III [24]
Lambda Velorum  09h 07m 59.8s −43° 25′ 57.3″ Vela 545 ± 10[8] K4Ib Electron capture [25]
Antares  16h 29m 24.5s –26° 25′ 55″ Scorpius 554+113
−80[8]		 M1.5Iab-b IIP [26][7]
Rigel  05h 14m 32.3s –08° 12′ 06″ Orion 863±78[8] B8Ia IIn(pec?) [27][7]
Gamma2 Velorum  08h 09m 32.0s −47° 20′ 12″ Vela 1120+130
−100[8]		 WC8+O7.5III Ib/Ic [28]
Delta Canis Majoris  07h 08m 23.5s −26° 23′ 35.5″ Canis Major 1600 F8Ia [29]
119 Tauri  05h 32m 12.8s +18° 35′ 40″ Taurus 1790+300
−220[30] 		M2Iab-Ib [31]
Deneb  20h 41m 25.9s +45° 16′ 49″ Cygnus 2615 ± 215[32] A2la Ib/Ic [33]
T Coronae Borealis  15h 59m 30.2s +25° 55′ 13″ Corona Borealis 2690+110
−100[4]		 M3III/D Ia [34]
KPD 1930+2752  19h 32m 14.9s +27° 58′ 35″ Cygnus 2860+130
−120[4] 		sdB/D Ia [35][36]
Mu Cephei  21h 43m 30.5s +58° 46′ 48″ Cepheus 3060+456
−130[37] 		M2Ia IIn/IIb [38]
Rho Cassiopeiae  23h 54m 23.0s +57° 29′ 58″ Cassiopeia 3440+930
−610[4]		 G2Ia0e IIL [39]
VY Canis Majoris  07h 22m 58.3s −25° 46′ 03″ Canis Major 3930+420
−350[40]		 M5eIa II [21][41]
IRAS 17163-3907  17h 19m 49.3s −39° 10′ 37.9″ Scorpius 3930+990
−660[4]		 late B/early A II [42]
VV Cephei  21h 56m 39.1s +63° 37′ 32″ Cepheus 4900[43] M2Iab [44]
HD 168625  18h 21m 19.5s −16° 22′ 26″ Sagittarius 5250+600
−490[4]		 B6Ia II [45]
NML Cygni  20h 46m 25.6s +40° 06′ 59.4″ Cygnus 5250+420
−360[46]		 M6I II [47]
WR 142  20h 21m 44.34s +37° 22′ 30.4″ Cygnus 5380 WO2 Ic, Grb likely
IRC +10420  19h 26m 48.1s +11° 21′ 17″ Aquila 5600+2200
−1200[4]		 F8Ia+ IIb [48][49]
RS Ophiuchi  17h 50m 13.2s –06° 42′ 28″ Ophiuchus 7380+1000
−790[4]		 M2III/D Ia [50][51]
WR 93b  17h 32m 03.31s –35° 04′ 32.7″ Scorpius 7470 WO3 Ic
WR 2  01h 05m 23.03s +60° 25′ 18.9″ Cassiopeia 7830 WN2-w Ib/Ic, Grb likely
WR 102  17h 45m 47.54s –26° 10′ 26.8″ Sagittarius 8610 WO2 Ic
Eta Carinae  10h 45m 03.6s −59° 41′ 04″ Carina 8630+69
−68[4]		 LBV/O Ib, SLSN likely [52][53]
HD 179821  19h 13m 58.6s +00° 07′ 32″ Aquila 10500+2100
−1500[4]		 G5Ia IIL [54][55]
T Pyxidis  09h 04m 41.5s −32° 22′ 48″ Pyxis 10700+1700
−1300[4] 		Ia [56][57]
WR 104  18h 02m 04.1s –23° 37′ 41″ Sagittarius 13400+9200
−3900[4]		 WC9d/OB Ib/Ic with Grb? [58][59]
V445 Puppis  07h 37m 56.9s –25° 56′ 59″ Puppis 16000+5200
−4600[60]		 Ia [61]
WR 38  11h 05m 46.43s −61° 13′ 48.6″ Carina 19 700 WC4 Ic
WR 30a  10h 51m 38.89s −60° 56′ 34.9″ Carina 21 900 WO4+O5-5.5 Ic
Sher 25  11h 15m 07.8s −61° 15′ 17″ Carina 43500+5200
−4200[4]		 B1.5Iab [62]
U Scorpii  16h 22m 30.7s –17° 52′ 42″ Scorpius 64000+68000
−17000[63]		 Ia [64]

References

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  2. ↑ Kaler, James B., "Regor", Stars (University of Illinois), http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/regor.html, retrieved 2007-01-08 
  3. ↑ Lloyd, Robin (2006-09-04), Strange Space Pinwheels Spotted, space.com, http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060904_mystery_monday.html, retrieved 2007-01-08 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 Brown, A. G. A. (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics 616: A1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Bibcode: 2018A&A...616A...1G. 
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  6. ↑ Tzekova, S. Y. (2004), IK Pegasi (HR 8210), ESO, http://www.eso.org/outreach/eduoff/edu-prog/catchastar/CAS2004/casreports-2004/rep-310/, retrieved 2007-01-12 [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Firestone, R. B. (July 2014), "Observation of 23 Supernovae That Exploded <300 pc from Earth during the past 300 kyr", The Astrophysical Journal 789 (1): 11, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/29, 29, Bibcode: 2014ApJ...789...29F, https://zenodo.org/record/895414.  See Table 4, p. 10.
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  13. ↑ Aerts, C.; De Cat, P.; Cuypers, J.; Becker, S. R.; Mathias, P.; De Mey, K.; Gillet, D.; Waelkens, C. (1998-01-01). "Evidence for binarity and multiperiodicity in the beta Cephei star beta Crucis". Astronomy and Astrophysics 329: 137–146. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 1998A&A...329..137A. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A&A...329..137A. 
  14. ↑ "Mimosa". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/mimosa.html. 
  15. ↑ Houk, Nancy (1978-01-01). Michigan catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD stars. Bibcode: 1978mcts.book.....H. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978mcts.book.....H. 
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  22. ↑ "Big and Giant Stars: Alpha Lupi". Jumk.de. http://jumk.de/astronomie/big-stars/alpha-lupi.shtml. 
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  24. ↑ "Mirzam". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/mirzam.html. 
  25. ↑ Nomoto, K. (1984-02-01). "Evolution of 8-10 solar mass stars toward electron capture supernovae. I - Formation of electron-degenerate O + NE + MG cores.". The Astrophysical Journal 277: 791–805. doi:10.1086/161749. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1984ApJ...277..791N. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ApJ...277..791N. 
  26. ↑ "What will happen when Antares explodes?". Disassociated.com. 2009-01-13. https://www.disassociated.com/what-will-happen-when-antares-explodes.html. 
  27. ↑ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres (March 2012), "Asteroseismology of the nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel. Part I. The MOST High-precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring", The Astrophysical Journal 747 (1): 108–115, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108, Bibcode: 2012ApJ...747..108M 
  28. ↑ Beech, Martin (December 2011), "The past, present and future supernova threat to Earth's biosphere", Astrophysics and Space Science 336 (2): 287–302, doi:10.1007/s10509-011-0873-9, Bibcode: 2011Ap&SS.336..287B 
  29. ↑ "Wezen". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/wezen.html. 
  30. ↑ van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics 474 (2): 653–664. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. Bibcode: 2007A&A...474..653V.  Vizier catalog entry
  31. ↑ "119 Tau". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/119tau.html. 
  32. ↑ Schiller, Florian; Przybilla, Norbert (March 2008). "Quantitative spectroscopy of Deneb". Astronomy & Astrophysics 479 (3): 849–858. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078590. ISSN 0004-6361. http://arxiv.org/abs/0712.0040. 
  33. ↑ Georgy, Cyril; Saio, Hideyuki; Meynet, Georges (2014-03-21). "The puzzle of the CNO abundances of {\alpha} Cygni variables resolved by the Ledoux criterion?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 439 (1): L6–L10. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt165. ISSN 1745-3933. http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.4744. 
  34. ↑ "Recurrent Novae as a Progenitor System of Type Ia Supernovae. I. RS Ophiuchi Subclass: Systems with a Red Giant Companion - Abstract - The Astrophysical Journal - IOPscience". Iopscience.iop.org. 2008-12-19. http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/558/1/323. 
  35. ↑ Maxted, P. F. L.; Marsh, T. R.; North, R. C. (September 2000). "KPD 1930+2752: a candidate Type Ia supernova progenitor". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 317 (3): L41–L44. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03856.x. Bibcode: 2000MNRAS.317L..41M. 
  36. ↑ Kanipe, Jeff (2000-08-05). "Skywatch—Watch This Space!". space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/skywatch_000805.html. 
  37. ↑ Davies, Ben; Beasor, Emma R. (2020-03-21). "The 'Red Supergiant Problem': the upper luminosity boundary of type-II supernova progenitors". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493 (1): 468–476. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa174. ISSN 0035-8711. 
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  53. ↑ Milan, Wil (2000-03-07). "Possible Hypernova Could Affect Earth". space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/milan_eta_carinae_000307.html. 
  54. ↑ "What next for the Likely Pre-Supernova, HD 179821?". American Astronomical Society. 2001-06-05. http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v33n2/aas198/66.htm. 
  55. ↑ Josselin, E.; Lèbre, A. (2001). "Probing the post-AGB nature of HD 179821". Astronomy and Astrophysics 367 (3): 826–830. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000496. Bibcode: 2001A&A...367..826J. http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/aa/abs/2001/09/aa9850/aa9850.html. 
  56. ↑ Schaefer, Bradley E.; Pagnotta, Ashley; Shara, Michael M. (January 2010). "The Nova Shell and Evolution of the Recurrent Nova T Pyxidis". The Astrophysical Journal 708 (1): 381–402. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/1/381. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...708..381S. 
  57. ↑ Edwards, Lin (2010). "Massive white dwarf in our galaxy may go supernova". PhysOrg. http://www.physorg.com/news182067005.html. 
  58. ↑ Tuthill, Peter G. (March 2008). "The Prototype Colliding-Wind Pinwheel WR 104". The Astrophysical Journal 675 (1): 698–710. doi:10.1086/527286. Bibcode: 2008ApJ...675..698T. 
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  64. ↑ Thoroughgood, T. D.; Dhillon, V. S.; Littlefair, S. P.; Marsh, T. R.; Smith, D. A. (2002). "The recurrent nova U Scorpii -- A type Ia supernova progenitor". 261. San Francisco, CA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Bibcode: 2002ASPC..261...77T. 



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