Astronomy:List of supernova candidates

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This is a list of supernova candidates, or stars that astronomers have suggested are supernova progenitors. Type II supernova progenitors include stars with at least 10 solar masses that are in the final stages of their evolution. Prominent examples of stars in this mass range include Antares, Spica,[1] Gamma Velorum,[2] Mu Cephei, and members of the Quintuplet Cluster.[3] Type Ia supernova progenitors are white dwarf stars that are close to the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.44 solar masses and are accreting matter from a binary companion star. The list includes massive Wolf–Rayet stars, which may become Type Ib/Ic supernovae.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Supernova progenitor candidates
Identifier Epoch J2000 Constellation Distance
(light years) 		Spectral
class 		Possible supernova

type

Notes
R. A. Dec.
IK Pegasi  21h 26m 26.7s +19° 22′ 32″ Pegasus 154.4±1.0[4] A8m:/DA Ia [5][6][7]
Spica  13h 25m 11.6s −11° 09′ 40.8″ Virgo 250+14
−13[8]		 B1 [7]
Alpha Lupi  14h 41m 55.8s –47° 23′ 17″ Lupus 465+12
−11[8]		 B1.5 II [9][7]
Antares  16h 29m 24.5s –26° 25′ 55″ Scorpius 554+113
−80[8]		 M1.5Iab-b IIP [10][7]
Betelgeuse  05h 55m 10.3s +07° 24′ 25″ Orion 720+160
−110[11]		 M2Iab IIP [1][12][7]
Rigel  05h 14m 32.3s –08° 12′ 06″ Orion 1118+30
−28[4]		 B8Ia IIn(pec?) [13][7]
Gamma2 Velorum  08h 09m 32.0s −47° 20′ 12″ Vela 1120+130
−100[8]		 WC8+O7.5III Ib/Ic [14]
T Coronae Borealis  15h 59m 30.2s +25° 55′ 13″ Corona Borealis 2690+110
−100[4]		 M3III/D Ia [15]
KPD 1930+2752  19h 32m 14.9s +27° 58′ 35″ Cygnus 2860+130
−120[4] 		sdB/D Ia [nb 1][16][17]
Rho Cassiopeiae  23h 54m 23.0s +57° 29′ 58″ Cassiopeia 3440+930
−610[4]		 G2Ia0e IIL [18]
VY Canis Majoris  07h 22m 58.3s −25° 46′ 03″ Canis Major 3930+420
−350[19]		 M5eIa II [12][20]
IRAS 17163-3907  17h 19m 49.3s −39° 10′ 37.9″ Scorpius 3930+990
−660[4]		 late B/early A II [21]
HD 168625  18h 21m 19.5s −16° 22′ 26″ Sagittarius 5250+600
−490[4]		 B6Ia II [22]
NML Cygni  20h 46m 25.6s +40° 06′ 59.4″ Cygnus 5250+420
−360[23]		 M6I II [24]
WR 142  20h 21m 44.34s +37° 22′ 30.4″ Cygnus 5380 WO2 Ic, Grb likely
IRC +10420  19h 26m 48.1s +11° 21′ 17″ Aquila 5600+2200
−1200[4]		 F8Ia+ IIb [25][26]
Mu Cephei  21h 43m 30.5s +58° 46′ 48″ Cepheus 5900+3400
−1600[8]		 M2Ia IIn/IIb [27]
RS Ophiuchi  17h 50m 13.2s –06° 42′ 28″ Ophiuchus 7380+1000
−790[4]		 M2III/D Ia [28][29]
WR 93b  17h 32m 03.31s –35° 04′ 32.7″ Scorpius 7470 WO3 Ic
WR 2  01h 05m 23.03s +60° 25′ 18.9″ Cassiopeia 7830 WN2-w Ib/Ic, Grb likely
WR 102  17h 45m 47.54s –26° 10′ 26.8″ Sagittarius 8610 WO2 Ic
Eta Carinae  10h 45m 03.6s −59° 41′ 04″ Carina 8630+69
−68[4]		 LBV/O Ib [30][31]
HD 179821  19h 13m 58.6s +00° 07′ 32″ Aquila 10500+2100
−1500[4]		 G5Ia IIL [32][33]
T Pyxidis  09h 04m 41.5s −32° 22′ 48″ Pyxis 10700+1700
−1300[4] 		Ia [34][35]
WR 104  18h 02m 04.1s –23° 37′ 41″ Sagittarius 13400+9200
−3900[4]		 WC9d/OB Ib/Ic with Grb? [36][37]
V445 Puppis  07h 37m 56.9s –25° 56′ 59″ Puppis 16000+5200
−4600[38]		 Ia [39]
WR 38  11h 05m 46.43s −61° 13′ 48.6″ Carina 19 700 WC4 Ic
WR 30a  10h 51m 38.89s −60° 56′ 34.9″ Carina 21 900 WO4+O5-5.5 Ic
Sher 25  11h 15m 07.8s −61° 15′ 17″ Carina 43500+5200
−4200[4]		 B1.5Iab [40]
U Scorpii  16h 22m 30.7s –17° 52′ 42″ Scorpius 64000+68000
−17000[41]		 Ia [42]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Kitt Peak Downes star.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Supernova Remnants and Neutron Stars, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 2005-08-02, http://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/faq/sources/snr/snr-5.html, retrieved 2006-06-08 
  2. ↑ Kaler, James B., "Regor", Stars (University of Illinois), http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/regor.html, retrieved 2007-01-08 
  3. ↑ Lloyd, Robin (2006-09-04), Strange Space Pinwheels Spotted, space.com, http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060904_mystery_monday.html, retrieved 2007-01-08 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Brown, A. G. A. (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics 616: A1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Bibcode: 2018A&A...616A...1G. 
  5. ↑ Samuel, Eugenie (2002-05-23), Supernova poised to go off near Earth, New Scientist, https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2311, retrieved 2007-01-12 
  6. ↑ Tzekova, S. Y. (2004), IK Pegasi (HR 8210), ESO, http://www.eso.org/outreach/eduoff/edu-prog/catchastar/CAS2004/casreports-2004/rep-310/, retrieved 2007-01-12 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Firestone, R. B. (July 2014), "Observation of 23 Supernovae That Exploded <300 pc from Earth during the past 300 kyr", The Astrophysical Journal 789 (1): 11, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/29, 29, Bibcode: 2014ApJ...789...29F, https://zenodo.org/record/895414.  See Table 4, p. 10.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics 474 (2): 653–664. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. Bibcode: 2007A&A...474..653V.  Vizier catalog entry
  9. ↑ "Big and Giant Stars: Alpha Lupi". Jumk.de. http://jumk.de/astronomie/big-stars/alpha-lupi.shtml. 
  10. ↑ "What will happen when Antares explodes?". Disassociated.com. 2009-01-13. https://www.disassociated.com/what-will-happen-when-antares-explodes.html. 
  11. ↑ Harper, G. M.; Brown, A.; Guinan, E. F.; O'Gorman, E.; Richards, A. M. S.; Kervella, P.; Decin, L. (2017). "An Updated 2017 Astrometric Solution for Betelgeuse". The Astronomical Journal 154 (1): 11. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa6ff9. Bibcode: 2017AJ....154...11H. https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/591314. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Smith, Nathan; Hinkle, Kenneth H.; Ryde, Nils (March 2009). "Red Supergiants as Potential Type IIn Supernova Progenitors: Spatially Resolved 4.6 μm CO Emission Around VY CMa and Betelgeuse". The Astronomical Journal 137 (3): 3558–3573. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/3/3558. Bibcode: 2009AJ....137.3558S. 
  13. ↑ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres (March 2012), "Asteroseismology of the nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel. Part I. The MOST High-precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring", The Astrophysical Journal 747 (1): 108–115, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108, Bibcode: 2012ApJ...747..108M 
  14. ↑ Beech, Martin (December 2011), "The past, present and future supernova threat to Earth's biosphere", Astrophysics and Space Science 336 (2): 287–302, doi:10.1007/s10509-011-0873-9, Bibcode: 2011Ap&SS.336..287B 
  15. ↑ "Recurrent Novae as a Progenitor System of Type Ia Supernovae. I. RS Ophiuchi Subclass: Systems with a Red Giant Companion - Abstract - The Astrophysical Journal - IOPscience". Iopscience.iop.org. 2008-12-19. http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/558/1/323. 
  16. ↑ Maxted, P. F. L.; Marsh, T. R.; North, R. C. (September 2000). "KPD 1930+2752: a candidate Type Ia supernova progenitor". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 317 (3): L41–L44. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03856.x. Bibcode: 2000MNRAS.317L..41M. 
  17. ↑ Kanipe, Jeff (2000-08-05). "Skywatch—Watch This Space!". space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/skywatch_000805.html. 
  18. ↑ Staff (2003-01-31). "The William Herschel telescope finds the best candidate for a supernova explosion". Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council. http://www.ing.iac.es/PR/press/ing12003.html. 
  19. ↑ Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W. (January 2012). "Distance and Kinematics of the Red Hypergiant VY CMa: VLBA and VLA Astrometry". The Astrophysical Journal 744 (1): 23. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/744/1/23. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...744...23Z. 
  20. ↑ "Astronomers Map a Hypergiant Star's Massive Outbursts". HubbleSite NewsCenter. 2007-01-08. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/03/full/. 
  21. ↑ Staff (2011-09-28). "'Fried Egg' Nebula Cracks Open Rare Hypergiant Star". Space.com. http://www.space.com/13104-fried-egg-nebula-hypergiant-stars.html. 
  22. ↑ Smith, Nathan (March 2007). "Discovery of a Nearby Twin of SN 1987A's Nebula around the Luminous Blue Variable HD 168625: Was Sk -69 202 an LBV?". The Astronomical Journal 133 (3): 1034–1040. doi:10.1086/510838. Bibcode: 2007AJ....133.1034S. 
  23. ↑ Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W.; Brunthaler, A. (2012). "The distance and size of the red hypergiant NML Cygni from VLBA and VLA astrometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics 544: A42. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219587. Bibcode: 2012A&A...544A..42Z. http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2012/08/aa19587-12.pdf. 
  24. ↑ Monnier, J. D.; Millan‐Gabet, R.; Tuthill, P. G.; Traub, W. A.; Carleton, N. P.; Coude Du Foresto, V.; Danchi, W. C.; Lacasse, M. G. et al. (2004). "High‐Resolution Imaging of Dust Shells by Using Keck Aperture Masking and the IOTA Interferometer". The Astrophysical Journal 605 (1): 436–461. doi:10.1086/382218. Bibcode: 2004ApJ...605..436M. 
  25. ↑ Jones, Terry Jay (July 1993). "IRC +10420 - A cool hypergiant near the top of the H-R diagram". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 411 (1): 323–335. doi:10.1086/172832. Bibcode: 1993ApJ...411..323J. 
  26. ↑ Than, Ker (2004-10-04). "Astronomers Demonstrate a Global Internet Telescope". University of Manchester. http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/news/evlbi/. 
  27. ↑ Lloyd, Robin (2006-09-04). "Strange Space Pinwheels Spotted". space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060904_mystery_monday.html. 
  28. ↑ Than, Ker (2006-07-19), Mystery of Explosive Star Solved, space.com, http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060719_ophiuchi_nova.html, retrieved 2007-01-08 
  29. ↑ Staff (2006-07-25), Astronomers See Future Supernova Developing, SpaceDaily, http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Astronomers_See_Future_Supernova_Developing_999.html, retrieved 2006-12-01 
  30. ↑ van Boekel, R.; Schöller, M.; Herbst, T. (2003-11-18). "Biggest Star in Our Galaxy Sits within a Rugby-Ball Shaped Cocoon". European Southern Observatory Press Release (European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO)): 31. Bibcode: 2003eso..pres...31.. http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2003/pr-31-03.html. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
  31. ↑ Milan, Wil (2000-03-07). "Possible Hypernova Could Affect Earth". space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/milan_eta_carinae_000307.html. 
  32. ↑ "What next for the Likely Pre-Supernova, HD 179821?". American Astronomical Society. 2001-06-05. http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v33n2/aas198/66.htm. 
  33. ↑ Josselin, E.; Lèbre, A. (2001). "Probing the post-AGB nature of HD 179821". Astronomy and Astrophysics 367 (3): 826–830. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000496. Bibcode: 2001A&A...367..826J. http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/aa/abs/2001/09/aa9850/aa9850.html. 
  34. ↑ Schaefer, Bradley E.; Pagnotta, Ashley; Shara, Michael M. (January 2010). "The Nova Shell and Evolution of the Recurrent Nova T Pyxidis". The Astrophysical Journal 708 (1): 381–402. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/1/381. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...708..381S. 
  35. ↑ Edwards, Lin (2010). "Massive white dwarf in our galaxy may go supernova". PhysOrg. http://www.physorg.com/news182067005.html. 
  36. ↑ Tuthill, Peter G. (March 2008). "The Prototype Colliding-Wind Pinwheel WR 104". The Astrophysical Journal 675 (1): 698–710. doi:10.1086/527286. Bibcode: 2008ApJ...675..698T. 
  37. ↑ Kaler, Jim (1999-04-09). "WR 104: Pinwheel Star". Astronomy Picture of the Day. http://zuserver2.star.ucl.ac.uk/~apod/apod/ap990409.html. 
  38. ↑ Kato, Mariko; Hachisu, Izumi; Kiyota, Seiichiro; Saio, Hideyuki (September 2008). "Helium Nova on a Very Massive White Dwarf: A Revised Light-Curve Model of V445 Puppis (2000)". The Astrophysical Journal 684 (2): 1366–1373. doi:10.1086/590329. Bibcode: 2008ApJ...684.1366K. 
  39. ↑ Woudt, P. A. (November 2009). "The Expanding Bipolar Shell of the Helium Nova V445 Puppis". The Astrophysical Journal 706 (1): 738–746. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/706/1/738. Bibcode: 2009ApJ...706..738W. 
  40. ↑ Smartt, S. J.; Lennon, D. J.; Kudritzki, R. P.; Rosales, F.; Ryans, R. S. I.; Wright, N. (September 2002). "The evolutionary status of Sher 25 - implications for blue supergiants and the progenitor of SN 1987A". Astronomy and Astrophysics 391 (3): 979–991. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020829. Bibcode: 2002A&A...391..979S. 
  41. ↑ Schaefer, Bradley E. (2018). "The distances to Novae as seen by Gaia". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 481 (3): 3033–3051. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2388. Bibcode: 2018MNRAS.481.3033S. 
  42. ↑ Thoroughgood, T. D.; Dhillon, V. S.; Littlefair, S. P.; Marsh, T. R.; Smith, D. A. (2002). "The recurrent nova U Scorpii -- A type Ia supernova progenitor". 261. San Francisco, CA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Bibcode: 2002ASPC..261...77T. 



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