Astronomy:List of supernova candidates

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Map showing various supernova candidates, most of which are within one kiloparsec from the Solar System[1]

This is a list of supernova candidates, or stars that are believed to soon become supernovae. Type II supernova progenitors include stars with at least 8–10 solar masses that are in the final stages of their evolution. Prominent examples of stars in this mass range include Antares, Spica, Gamma Velorum,[2] Mu Cephei, and members of the Quintuplet Cluster.[3] Type Ia supernova progenitors are white dwarf stars that are close to the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.44 solar masses and are accreting matter from a binary companion star.

The list includes massive Wolf–Rayet stars, which may become Type Ib/Ic supernovae, particularly oxygen-sequence (Wolf–Rayet WO) stars. As of 2023, most of these candidates are in the Milky Way galaxy; however, five oxygen-sequence Wolf–Rayet stars are also known in other galaxies.

Table

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Identifier Epoch J2000 Constellation Distance

(light-years)

Spectral

class

Evolutionary stage Possible supernova

type

Notes
R. A. Dec.
Wolf 1130  20h 05m 19.5s +54° 26′ 03″[4] Cygnus 54.09 ± 0.02[4] M3 + D[5] Subdwarf + white dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in over 6.2 billion years.[5]
49 Librae  16h 00m 19.61s −16° 32′ 00.5″[6] Libra 95.3 ± 0.5[6] F8V + D[7][8] Main sequence + white dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in over 500 million years after binary pair merger.[7]
NLTT 12758  04h 12m 26.33s −11° 17′ 47.3″[4] Eridanus[9] 114.5 ± 0.1[4] D + D White dwarf + white dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in 140 billion years[10]
IK Pegasi  21h 26m 26.7s +19° 22′ 32″[6] Pegasus 154 ± 1[6] A8m: or kA6hA9mF0 + DA Main sequence + White dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in 1.9 billion years[11]
WD J181058.67+311940.94  18h 10m 58.7s +31° 19′ 40.9″ Hercules[12] 160 D + D White dwarf + white dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in 23 billion years[13]
Sigma Sagittarii (Nunki)  18h 55m 15.93s –26° 17′ 48.2″[14] Sagittarius 224.7 ± 9.8[14] B2.5 V Main sequence II Supernova will occur in over 20 million years after binary pair merger.[15]
Bellatrix  05h 25m 07.86s +06° 20′ 58.9″[14] Orion 250 ± 10 B2 III or B2V Blue giant II [16]
Spica  13h 25m 11.6s −11° 09′ 40.8″[14] Virgo 250 ± 10[17] B1III-IV Subgiant II [18]
Mimosa  12h 47m 43.26877s −59° 41′ 19.5792″[14] Crux 280 ± 20 B0.5 III Blue giant II [19]
Acrux Aa  12h 26m 35.9s –63° 05′ 56″[14] Crux 348 ± 5 B0.5 IV Main sequence II [20]
Acrux B  12h 26m 36.4s –63° 05′ 58″[14] Crux 348 ± 5 B1 V Main sequence II [20]
Beta Centauri Aa (Hadar)  14h 03m 49.40535s −60° 22′ 22.9266″[14] Centaurus 361 ± 2 B1 III Blue giant II [21]
Beta Centauri Ab (Hadar)  14h 03m 49.40535s −60° 22′ 22.9266″[14] Centaurus 361 ± 2 B1 III Blue giant II [21]
Epsilon Canis Majoris (Adhara)  06h 58m 37.54876s −28° 58′ 19.5102″[14] Canis Major 405 ± 7 B2 II or B2 III-II Bright giant or Subgiant II [22]
Betelgeuse  05h 55m 10.3s +07° 24′ 25″[14] Orion 408 – 548+90
−49 		M1–M2 Ia–ab Red supergiant II-P [23]
Zeta Ophiuchi  16h 37m 09.5s −10° 34′ 02″ Ophiuchus 440 ± 36 O9.5V Main sequence II [1]
Alpha Lupi (Uridim)  14h 41m 55.8s –47° 23′ 17″ Lupus 460 ± 10 B1.5 III Blue giant II [18]
Beta Canis Majoris (Mirzam)  06h 22m 41.98535s −17° 57′ 21.3073″ Canis Major 490 ± 20 B1 II-III Blue giant II [24]
Antares  16h 29m 24.5s –26° 25′ 55″ Scorpius 550 M1.5Iab-b Red supergiant II-P [18]
Lambda Scorpii (Shaula)  17h 33m 36.520s −37° 06′ 13.76″ Scorpius 570 B1.5IV Main-sequence II [25]
Saiph  05h 47m 45.38884s −09° 40′ 10.5777″ Orion 650 ± 30 B0.5 Ia Blue Supergiant II [26]
Pi Puppis (Ahadi)  07h 17m 08.6s –37° 05′ 51″ Puppis 807+72
−61[17] 		K3 Ib Red supergiant II? [1][27]
Rigel  05h 14m 32.3s –08° 12′ 06″ Orion 848 ± 65 B8 Ia Blue supergiant IIn(pec?) [28]
S Monocerotis A  06h 40m 58.7s +09° 53′ 44″ Monoceros 920+150
−110[17] 		O7V Main-sequence II [1]
S Monocerotis B  06h 40m 58.7s +09° 53′ 44″ Monoceros 920+150
−110[17] 		O9.5V Main-sequence II [1]
Zeta Puppis (Naos)  08h 03m 35.05s −40° 00′ 11.3″ Puppis 1,080 ± 40 O4If(n)p Blue supergiant II [29]
Gamma2 Velorum A  08h 09m 32.0s −47° 20′ 12″ Vela 1,120+130
−100[17] 		WC8 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic [30][2]
Gamma2 Velorum B  08h 09m 32.0s −47° 20′ 12″ Vela 1,120+130
−100[17] 		O7.5III Blue supergiant II [31][2]
Mintaka Aa1  05h 32m 00.4000s −00° 17′ 56.7424″ Orion 1,200 O9.5II Blue supergiant II [32]
Alnilam  05h 36m 12.81s −01° 12′ 06.9″ Orion 1,250±26 B0 Ia Blue supergiant II [33]
Alnitak Aa  05h 40m 45.5s −01° 56′ 34.3″ Orion 1,260±180 O9.5Iab Blue supergiant [34]
Delta Canis Majoris (Wezen)  07h 08m 23.48608s −26° 23′ 35.5474″ Canis Major 1,600 F8 Ia Yellow supergiant II [35]
HD 49798  06h 48m 04.7s −44° 18′ 58″ Puppis 1,699±46[36] sdO5.5/D[37] White dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in a few tens of thousands of years[38][39]
119 Tauri  05h 32m 12.8s +18° 35′ 40″ Taurus 1,790+300
−220[17] 		M2Iab-Ib Red supergiant IIb [1][27]
Gamma Cygni (Sadr)  20h 22m 13.70184s +40° 15′ 24.0450″ Cygnus 1,800 F8 Iab Yellow supergiant II [40]
Deneb  20h 41m 25.9s +45° 16′ 49″ Cygnus 2,615±215[1] A2la Blue supergiant IIL [1]
KPD 1930+2752  19h 32m 14.9s +27° 58′ 35″ Cygnus 2,860+130
−120[41] 		sdB/D White dwarf Ia [nb 1][42][43]
Mu Cephei (Garnet Star)  21h 43m 30.5s +58° 46′ 48″ Cepheus 3,060+456
−130[44] 		M2Ia Red hypergiant IIn/IIb [45]
Rho Cassiopeiae  23h 54m 23.0s +57° 29′ 58″ Cassiopeia 3,440+930
−610[41] 		G2Ia0e Yellow hypergiant IIL [46]
VY Canis Majoris  07h 22m 58.3s −25° 46′ 03″ Canis Major 3,930+420
−350[47] 		M5eIa Red hypergiant II [23][48]
IRAS 17163-3907  17h 19m 49.3s −39° 10′ 37.9″ Scorpius 3,930+990
−660[41] 		late B/early A Yellow hypergiant II [49]
Wray 17-96  17h 41m 35.4s –30° 06′ 39″ Scorpius 3,940+1,110
−710[41] 		B3 Luminous blue variable
VV Cephei A  21h 56m 39.1s +63° 37′ 32″ Cepheus 4,900[50] M2Iab Red hypergiant [1]
Stephenson 2 DFK 52  18h 39m 23.4s −06° 02′ 16″ Scutum 4,900 M0I Red supergiant II-P [51]
Mu Sagittarii Aa (Polis)  18h 13m 14.8s –21° 03′ 32″ Sagittarius 5,100[52] B8Iap Blue supergiant [53]
P Cygni  20h 17m 47.2s +38° 01′ 59″ Cygnus 5,250±590[54] B1Ia+ Luminous blue variable IIb [55]
HD 168625  18h 21m 19.5s −16° 22′ 26″ Sagittarius 5,250+600
−490[41] 		B6Ia Luminous blue variable II [56]
NML Cygni  20h 46m 25.6s +40° 06′ 59.4″ Cygnus 5,250+420
−360[57] 		M6I Red hypergiant II [58]
IRC +10420  19h 26m 48.1s +11° 21′ 17″ Aquila 5,600+2,200
−1,200[41] 		F8Ia+ Yellow hypergiant IIb [59][60]
WR 142  20h 21m 44.3s +37° 22′ 31″ Cygnus 5,670+290
−270[41] 		WO2 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
WR 136  20h 12m 06.5s +38° 21′ 18″ Cygnus 6,700+500
−430[41] 		WN6(h)-s Wolf–Rayet star Ic
RS Ophiuchi  17h 50m 13.2s –06° 42′ 28″ Ophiuchus 7,380+1,000
−790[41] 		M2III/D White dwarf Ia
IRAS 00500+6713  00h 53m 11.21s +67° 30′ 02.4″ Cassiopeia 8,000 ± 500 WD White dwarf Ia [61]
Eta Carinae  10h 45m 03.6s −59° 41′ 04″ Carina 8,630+69
−68[41] 		LBV/O Luminous blue variable Ib [62][63]
WR 93b  17h 32m 03.3s −35° 04′ 32″ Scorpius 8,700+1,900
−1,300[41] 		WO3 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
WR 102  17h 45m 47.5s −26° 10′ 27″ Sagittarius 9,410+840
−710[41] 		WO2 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
HD 179821  19h 13m 58.6s +00° 07′ 32″ Aquila 10,500+2,100
−1,500[41] 		G5Ia Yellow hypergiant IIL [64][65]
T Pyxidis  09h 04m 41.5s −32° 22′ 48″ Pyxis 10,700+1,700
−1,300[41] 		White dwarf Ia [66][67]
WR 104  18h 02m 04.1s –23° 37′ 41″ Sagittarius 13,400+9,200
−3,900[41] 		WC9d/OB Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic with Grb? [68][69]
AG Carinae  10h 56m 11.57814s −60° 27′ 12.8107″ Carina 17,000±1,000 LBV Luminous blue variable IIb [70]
WR 30a  10h 51m 38.9s −60° 56′ 35.2″ Carina 38,900+18,500
−9,500[41] 		WO4/O5((f)) Wolf–Rayet star
Sher 25  11h 15m 07.8s −61° 15′ 17″ Carina 43,500+5,200
−4,200[41] 		B1.5Iab Blue supergiant [71]
LMC195-1  05h 18m 10.3s −69° 13′ 03″ Dorado 160,000[41] WO2 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
S Doradus  05h 18m 14.4s −69° 15′ 01″ Dorado 169,000 LBV Luminous blue variable [72]
SMC AB8  01h 31m 04.1s −73° 25′ 04″ Hydrus 200,000[41] WO4/O4 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
DR1  01h 05m 01.6s +02° 04′ 20″ Cetus 2,350,000 WO3 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic with Grb? [73]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Kitt Peak Downes star.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Mukhopadhyay, Mainak; Lunardini, Cecilia; Timmes, F. X.; Zuber, Kai (August 2020). "Presupernova Neutrinos: Directional Sensitivity and Prospects for Progenitor Identification" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 899 (2): 153. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab99a6. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...899..153M. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kaler, James B.. "Regor". Stars. University of Illinois. http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/regor.html. 
  3. ↑ Lloyd, Robin (2006-09-04), Strange Space Pinwheels Spotted, space.com, http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060904_mystery_monday.html, retrieved 2007-01-08 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Gaia Collaboration; Vallenari, A.; Brown, A. G. A.; Prusti, T.; de Bruijne, J. H. J.; Arenou, F.; Babusiaux, C.; Biermann, M. et al. (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics 674: A1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. ISSN 0004-6361. https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Mace, Gregory N.; Mann, Andrew W.; Skiff, Brian A.; Sneden, Christopher; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Schneider, Adam C.; Kidder, Benjamin; Gosnell, Natalie M. et al. (2018-02-01). "Wolf 1130: A Nearby Triple System Containing a Cool, Ultramassive White Dwarf". The Astrophysical Journal 854 (2): 145. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa8dd. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2018ApJ...854..145M. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Gaia Collaboration; Brown, A. G. A.; Vallenari, A.; Prusti, T.; de Bruijne, J. H. J.; Babusiaux, C.; Bailer-Jones, C. A. L.; Biermann, M. et al. (2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics 616: A1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. ISSN 0004-6361. https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Fuhrmann, K.; Chini, R. (January 2, 2017), "Bright Times for an Ancient Star" (in en), The Astrophysical Journal 834 (2): 114, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/114, Bibcode: 2017ApJ...834..114F. 
  8. ↑ Willmarth, Daryl W. et al. (August 2016), "Spectroscopic Orbits for 15 Late-type Stars", The Astronomical Journal 152 (2): 13, doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/46, 46, Bibcode: 2016AJ....152...46W, https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/236718/3/Willmarth_2016_AJ_152_46.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a constellation from a position". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 99 (617): 695. doi:10.1086/132034. Bibcode: 1987PASP...99..695R  Constellation record for this object at VizieR.
  10. ↑ Kawka, Adela; Briggs, Gordon P.; Vennes, Stéphane; Ferrario, Lilia; Paunzen, Ernst; Wickramasinghe, Dayal T. (2016-12-05). "A fast spinning magnetic white dwarf in the double degenerate, super-Chandrasekhar system NLTT 12758". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 466 (1): 1127–1139. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3149. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  11. ↑ Beech, Martin (2011-12-01). "The past, present and future supernova threat to Earth's biosphere". Astrophysics and Space Science 336: 287–302. doi:10.1007/s10509-011-0873-9. ISSN 0004-640X. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Ap&SS.336..287B/abstract. 
  12. ↑ Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a constellation from a position". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 99 (617): 695. doi:10.1086/132034. Bibcode: 1987PASP...99..695R  Constellation record for this object at VizieR.
  13. ↑ Munday, James; Pakmor, Ruediger; Pelisoli, Ingrid; Jones, David; Sahu, Snehalata; Tremblay, Pier-Emmanuel; Rajamuthukumar, Abinaya Swaruba; Nelemans, Gijs et al. (2025-04-06). "A super-Chandrasekhar mass type Ia supernova progenitor at 49 pc set to detonate in 23 Gyr". Nature Astronomy. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02528-4. 
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy & Astrophysics 474 (2): 653–664. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. ISSN 0004-6361. http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. 
  15. ↑ Waisberg, Idel; Klein, Ygal; Katz, Boaz (April 2025). "Hidden Companions to Intermediate-mass Stars. XXVI. Uncovering Nunki = Sigma Sagittarii as a 6.5 M⊙ + 6.3 M⊙, 0.60 au Binary". Research Notes of the AAS 9 (4): 71. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/adc739. 
  16. ↑ Kaler, James B.. "BELLATRIX (Gamma Orionis)". Stars. University of Illinois. http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/bellatrix.html. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics 474 (2): 653–664. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. Bibcode: 2007A&A...474..653V.  Vizier catalog entry
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Firestone, R. B. (July 2014), "Observation of 23 Supernovae That Exploded <300 pc from Earth during the past 300 kyr", The Astrophysical Journal 789 (1): 11, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/29, 29, Bibcode: 2014ApJ...789...29F, https://zenodo.org/record/895414.  See Table 4, p. 10.
  19. ↑ "Mimosa". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/mimosa.html. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Acrux (Alpha Crucis)". illinois.edu. http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/acrux.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Hadar". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/hadar.html. 
  22. ↑ "Adhara". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/adhara.html. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Smith, Nathan; Hinkle, Kenneth H.; Ryde, Nils (2009-03-01). "Red Supergiants as Potential Type IIn Supernova Progenitors: Spatially Resolved 4.6 μm CO Emission Around VY CMa and Betelgeuse". The Astronomical Journal 137 (3): 3558–3573. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/3/3558. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2009AJ....137.3558S. 
  24. ↑ "Mirzam". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/mirzam.html. 
  25. ↑ "Shaula". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/shaula.html. 
  26. ↑ "Saif". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/saiph.html. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Asakura, K.; Gando, A.; Gando, Y.; Hachiya, T.; Hayashida, S.; Ikeda, H.; Inoue, K.; Ishidoshiro, K. et al. (February 2016). "KamLAND SENSITIVITY TO NEUTRINOS FROM PRE-SUPERNOVA STARS" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 818 (1): 91. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/91. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...818...91A. 
  28. ↑ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres (March 2012), "Asteroseismology of the nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel. Part I. The MOST High-precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring", The Astrophysical Journal 747 (1): 108–115, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108, Bibcode: 2012ApJ...747..108M 
  29. ↑ "Naos". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/naos.html. 
  30. ↑ Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl; Hirschi, Raphael; Liebendörfer, Matthias; Diehl, Roland (2011), "Massive Stars and their Supernovae", Astronomy with Radioactivities, Lecture Notes in Physics, 812, pp. 153–231, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12698-7_4, ISBN 978-3-642-12697-0, Bibcode: 2011LNP...812..153T 
  31. ↑ Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl; Hirschi, Raphael; Liebendörfer, Matthias; Diehl, Roland (2011), "Massive Stars and their Supernovae", Astronomy with Radioactivities, Lecture Notes in Physics, 812, pp. 153–231, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12698-7_4, ISBN 978-3-642-12697-0, Bibcode: 2011LNP...812..153T 
  32. ↑ "Mintaka". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/mintaka.html. 
  33. ↑ "Alnilam". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/Alnilam.html. 
  34. ↑ Berman, Bob (2023-04-10). "Alnitak: an exceptionally hot, blue star on Orion's Belt | Astronomy.com" (in en-US). https://www.astronomy.com/observing/alnitak-an-exceptionally-hot-blue-star-on-orions-belt/. 
  35. ↑ "Wezen". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/wezen.html. 
  36. ↑ Rigoselli, Michela; De Grandis, Davide; Mereghetti, Sandro; Malacaria, Christian (30 May 2023). "Timing the X-ray pulsating companion of the hot subdwarf HD 49798 with NICER". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 523 (2): 3043–3048. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1611. 
  37. ↑ Mereghetti, S.; Tiengo, A.; Esposito, P.; La Palombara, N.; Israel, G. L.; Stella, L. (2009). "An Ultramassive, Fast-Spinning White Dwarf in a Peculiar Binary System". Science 325 (5945): 1222–1223. doi:10.1126/science.1176252. PMID 19729650. Bibcode: 2009Sci...325.1222M. 
  38. ↑ Wang, Bo; Han, Zhanwen (2012). "Progenitors of type Ia supernovae". New Astronomy Reviews 56 (4): 122. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2012.04.001. Bibcode: 2012NewAR..56..122W. 
  39. ↑ Liu, Dong-Dong; Zhou, Wei-Hong; Wu, Cheng-Yuan; Wang, Bo (2015). "Is the X-ray pulsating companion of HD 49798 a possible type Ia supernova progenitor?". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 15 (11): 1813. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/15/11/004. Bibcode: 2015RAA....15.1813L. 
  40. ↑ "Sadr". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/sadr.html. 
  41. ↑ 41.00 41.01 41.02 41.03 41.04 41.05 41.06 41.07 41.08 41.09 41.10 41.11 41.12 41.13 41.14 41.15 41.16 41.17 41.18 Brown, A. G. A. (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics 616: A1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Bibcode: 2018A&A...616A...1G. 
  42. ↑ Maxted, P. F. L.; Marsh, T. R.; North, R. C. (2000-09-21). "KPD 1930+2752: a candidate Type Ia supernova progenitor" (in en). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 317 (3): L41–L44. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03856.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2000MNRAS.317L..41M. 
  43. ↑ Kanipe, Jeff (2000-08-05). "Skywatch—Watch This Space!". space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/skywatch_000805.html. 
  44. ↑ Davies, Ben; Beasor, Emma R (2020-01-20). "The 'red supergiant problem': the upper luminosity boundary of Type II supernova progenitors". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493 (1): 468–476. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa174. ISSN 0035-8711. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/493/1/468/5709941. 
  45. ↑ Lloyd, Robin (2006-09-04). "Strange Space Pinwheels Spotted". space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060904_mystery_monday.html. 
  46. ↑ "The William Herschel telescope finds the best candidate for a supernova explosion". Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council. 2003-01-31. http://www.ing.iac.es/PR/press/ing12003.html. 
  47. ↑ Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W. (January 2012). "Distance and Kinematics of the Red Hypergiant VY CMa: VLBA and VLA Astrometry". The Astrophysical Journal 744 (1): 23. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/744/1/23. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...744...23Z. 
  48. ↑ Weaver, Donna; Humphreys, Roberta (2007-01-08). "Astronomers Map a Hypergiant Star's Massive Outbursts". http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/03/full/. 
  49. ↑ "'Fried Egg' Nebula Cracks Open Rare Hypergiant Star". Space.com. 2011-09-28. http://www.space.com/13104-fried-egg-nebula-hypergiant-stars.html. 
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  52. ↑ Gaia Collaboration; Vallenari, A.; Brown, A. G. A.; Prusti, T.; de Bruijne, J. H. J.; Arenou, F.; Babusiaux, C.; Biermann, M. et al. (June 2023). "Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics 674: A1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2023A&A...674A...1G. 
  53. ↑ "Polis". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/polis.html. 
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  56. ↑ Smith, Nathan (March 2007). "Discovery of a Nearby Twin of SN 1987A's Nebula around the Luminous Blue Variable HD 168625: Was Sk -69 202 an LBV?". The Astronomical Journal 133 (3): 1034–1040. doi:10.1086/510838. Bibcode: 2007AJ....133.1034S. 
  57. ↑ Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W.; Brunthaler, A. (2012). "The distance and size of the red hypergiant NML Cygni from VLBA and VLA astrometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics 544: A42. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219587. Bibcode: 2012A&A...544A..42Z. http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2012/08/aa19587-12.pdf. 
  58. ↑ Monnier, J. D.; Millan-Gabet, R.; Tuthill, P. G.; Traub, W. A.; Carleton, N. P.; Coude Du Foresto, V.; Danchi, W. C.; Lacasse, M. G. et al. (2004). "High-Resolution Imaging of Dust Shells by Using Keck Aperture Masking and the IOTA Interferometer". The Astrophysical Journal 605 (1): 436–461. doi:10.1086/382218. Bibcode: 2004ApJ...605..436M. 
  59. ↑ Jones, Terry Jay (July 1993). "IRC +10420 - A cool hypergiant near the top of the H-R diagram" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 411 (1): 323. doi:10.1086/172832. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1993ApJ...411..323J. 
  60. ↑ Than, Ker (2004-10-04). "Astronomers Demonstrate a Global Internet Telescope". University of Manchester. http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/news/evlbi/. 
  61. ↑ "Brilliant X-rays reveal what might be a new type of star". Nature 589 (7841): 172. 2021. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03654-x. Bibcode: 2021Natur.589S.172.. 
  62. ↑ van Boekel, Roy; Schöller, Markus; Herbst, Tom (2003-11-18). "Biggest Star in Our Galaxy Sits within a Rugby-Ball Shaped Cocoon". European Southern Observatory Press Release (European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO)): 31. Bibcode: 2003eso..pres...36.. http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2003/pr-31-03.html. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
  63. ↑ Milan, Wil (2000-03-07). "Possible Hypernova Could Affect Earth". space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/milan_eta_carinae_000307.html. 
  64. ↑ Jura, M.; Velusamy, T.; Werner, M. W. (2001-06-05). "What next for the Likely Pre-Supernova, HD 179821?". American Astronomical Society. http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v33n2/aas198/66.htm. 
  65. ↑ Josselin, E.; Lèbre, A. (March 2001). "Probing the post-AGB nature of HD 179821: A new radio study of its circumstellar envelope". Astronomy & Astrophysics 367 (3): 826–830. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000496. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2001A&A...367..826J. 
  66. ↑ Schaefer, Bradley E.; Pagnotta, Ashley; Shara, Michael M. (2010-01-01). "The Nova Shell and Evolution of the Recurrent Nova T Pyxidis". The Astrophysical Journal 708 (1): 381–402. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/1/381. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...708..381S. 
  67. ↑ Edwards, Lin (2010). "Massive white dwarf in our galaxy may go supernova". PhysOrg. http://www.physorg.com/news182067005.html. 
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  69. ↑ Kaler, Jim (1999-04-09). "WR 104: Pinwheel Star". Astronomy Picture of the Day. http://zuserver2.star.ucl.ac.uk/~apod/apod/ap990409.html. 
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