Astronomy:List of supernova candidates

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Map showing various supernova candidates, most of which are within one kiloparsec from the Solar System[1]

This is a list of supernova candidates, or stars that are believed to soon become supernovae. Type II supernova progenitors include stars with at least 8–10 solar masses that are in the final stages of their evolution. Prominent examples of stars in this mass range include Antares, Spica, Gamma Velorum,[2] Mu Cephei, and members of the Quintuplet Cluster.[3] Type Ia supernova progenitors are white dwarf stars that are close to the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.44 solar masses and are accreting matter from a binary companion star.

The list includes massive Wolf–Rayet stars, which may become Type Ib/Ic supernovae, particularly oxygen-sequence (Wolf–Rayet WO) stars. As of 2023, most of these candidates are in the Milky Way galaxy; however, five oxygen-sequence Wolf–Rayet stars are also known in other galaxies.

Table

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Identifier Epoch J2000 Constellation Distance

(light-years)

Spectral

class

Evolutionary stage Possible supernova

type

Notes
R. A. Dec.
Wolf 1130  20h 05m 19.5s[4] +54° 26′ 03″[4] Cygnus 54.09±0.02[4] M3 + D Main sequence + white dwarf Ia [5]
49 Librae  16h 00m 19.61s[6] −16° 32′ 00.5″[6] Libra 95.3±0.5 F8V + D Main sequence + white dwarf Ia [7]
NLTT 12758  04h 12m 26.33s −11° 17′ 47.3″ Eridanus[8] 115±0.1 D + D White dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in 140 billion years[9]
IK Pegasi  21h 26m 26.7s +19° 22′ 32″ Pegasus 154.4±1.0[10] A8m:/DA White dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in 1.9 billion years[11]
WD J181058.67+311940.94  18h 10m 58.7s +31° 19′ 40.9″ Hercules[12] 160 D + D White dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in 23 billion years[13]
Nunki (Sigma Sagittarii)  18h 55m 15.93s –26° 17′ 48.2″ Sagittarius 228±5 B2.5 V Main sequence II Supernova will occur in over 20 million years after binary pair merger.[14]
Bellatrix (Gamma Orionis)  05h 25m 07.86s +06° 20′ 58.9″ Orion 250±10 B2 III Blue Giant II or Ia [15]
Spica (Alpha Virginis)  13h 25m 11.6s −11° 09′ 40.8″ Virgo 250+14
−13[16] 		B1 Subgiant [17]
Acrux (Alpha1 Crucis)  12h 26m 35.9s –63° 05′ 56″ Crux 320±20[16] B0.5 IV Main sequence (blue dwarf) II [18]
Acrux (Alpha2 Crucis)  12h 26m 36.4s –63° 05′ 58″ Crux 320±20[16] B1 V Main sequence (blue dwarf) II [18]
Zeta Ophiuchi  16h 37m 09.5s −10° 34′ 02″ Ophiuchus 365±6.52[1] O9.5V Main sequence (blue dwarf) [1]
Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis)  05h 55m 10.3s +07° 24′ 25″ Orion ~400–500[19] M2Iab Red supergiant IIP [20]
Uridim (Alpha Lupi)  14h 41m 55.8s –47° 23′ 17″ Lupus 465+12
−11[16] 		B1.5 Blue giant II [17]
Antares (Alpha Scorpii)  16h 29m 24.5s –26° 25′ 55″ Scorpius 554+113
−80[16] 		M1.5Iab-b Red supergiant IIP [17]
Saiph (Kappa Orionis)  05h 47m 45.38884s −09° 40′ 10.5777″ Orion 650 ± 30 B0.5 Ia Blue Supergiant II [21]
Ahadi (Pi Puppis)  07h 17m 08.6s –37° 05′ 51″ Puppis 807+72
−61[16] 		K3 Ib Red supergiant II? [1][22]
S Monocerotis A  06h 40m 58.7s +09° 53′ 44″ Monoceros 920+150
−110[16] 		O7V Main sequence (blue dwarf) II [1]
S Monocerotis B  06h 40m 58.7s +09° 53′ 44″ Monoceros 920+150
−110[16] 		O9.5V Main sequence (blue dwarf) II [1]
Rigel (Beta Orionis)  05h 14m 32.3s –08° 12′ 06″ Orion 1,118+30
−28[10] 		B8Ia Blue supergiant IIn(pec?) [23]
Gamma2 Velorum A  08h 09m 32.0s −47° 20′ 12″ Vela 1,120+130
−100[16] 		WC8 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic [24][2]
Gamma2 Velorum B  08h 09m 32.0s −47° 20′ 12″ Vela 1,120+130
−100[16] 		O7.5III Blue supergiant II [25][2]
Mintaka Aa1 (Delta Orionis)  05h 32m 00.4000s −00° 17′ 56.7424″ Orion 1,200 O9.5II Blue supergiant II [26]
Alnilam (Epsilon Orionis)  05h 36m 12.81s −01° 12′ 06.9″ Orion 1,250±26 B0 Ia Blue supergiant II [27]
Alnitak Aa (Zeta Orionis)  05h 40m 45.5s −01° 56′ 34.3″ Orion 1,260±180 O9.5Iab Blue supergiant [28]
HD 49798  06h 48m 04.7s −44° 18′ 58″ Puppis 1,699±46[29] sdO5.5/D[30] White dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in a few tens of thousands of years[31][32]
119 Tauri  05h 32m 12.8s +18° 35′ 40″ Taurus 1,790+300
−220[16] 		M2Iab-Ib Red supergiant IIb [1][22]
Deneb (Alpha Cygni)  20h 41m 25.9s +45° 16′ 49″ Cygnus 2,615±215[1] A2la Blue supergiant IIL [1]
KPD 1930+2752  19h 32m 14.9s +27° 58′ 35″ Cygnus 2,860+130
−120[10] 		sdB/D White dwarf Ia [nb 1][33][34]
Garnet Star (Mu Cephei)  21h 43m 30.5s +58° 46′ 48″ Cepheus 3,060+456
−130[35] 		M2Ia Red hypergiant IIn/IIb [36]
Rho Cassiopeiae  23h 54m 23.0s +57° 29′ 58″ Cassiopeia 3,440+930
−610[10] 		G2Ia0e Yellow hypergiant IIL [37]
VY Canis Majoris  07h 22m 58.3s −25° 46′ 03″ Canis Major 3,930+420
−350[38] 		M5eIa Red hypergiant II [20][39]
IRAS 17163-3907  17h 19m 49.3s −39° 10′ 37.9″ Scorpius 3,930+990
−660[10] 		late B/early A Yellow hypergiant II [40]
Wray 17-96  17h 41m 35.4s –30° 06′ 39″ Scorpius 3,940+1,110
−710[10] 		B3 Luminous blue variable
VV Cephei A  21h 56m 39.1s +63° 37′ 32″ Cepheus 4,900[41] M2Iab Red hypergiant [1]
Polis Aa (Mu Sagittarii)  18h 13m 14.8s –21° 03′ 32″ Sagittarius 5,100[42] B8Iap Blue supergiant [43]
P Cygni  20h 17m 47.2s +38° 01′ 59″ Cygnus 5,250±590[44] B1Ia+ Luminous blue variable IIb [45]
HD 168625  18h 21m 19.5s −16° 22′ 26″ Sagittarius 5,250+600
−490[10] 		B6Ia Luminous blue variable II [46]
NML Cygni  20h 46m 25.6s +40° 06′ 59.4″ Cygnus 5,250+420
−360[47] 		M6I Red hypergiant II [48]
IRC +10420  19h 26m 48.1s +11° 21′ 17″ Aquila 5,600+2,200
−1,200[10] 		F8Ia+ Yellow hypergiant IIb [49][50]
WR 142  20h 21m 44.3s +37° 22′ 31″ Cygnus 5,670+290
−270[10] 		WO2 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
WR 136  20h 12m 06.5s +38° 21′ 18″ Cygnus 6,700+500
−430[10] 		WN6(h)-s Wolf–Rayet star Ic
RS Ophiuchi  17h 50m 13.2s –06° 42′ 28″ Ophiuchus 7,380+1,000
−790[10] 		M2III/D White dwarf Ia
IRAS 00500+6713  00h 53m 11.21s +67° 30′ 02.4″ Cassiopeia 8,000 ± 500 WD White dwarf Ia [51]
Eta Carinae  10h 45m 03.6s −59° 41′ 04″ Carina 8,630+69
−68[10] 		LBV/O Luminous blue variable Ib [52][53]
WR 93b  17h 32m 03.3s −35° 04′ 32″ Scorpius 8,700+1,900
−1,300[10] 		WO3 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
WR 102  17h 45m 47.5s −26° 10′ 27″ Sagittarius 9,410+840
−710[10] 		WO2 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
HD 179821  19h 13m 58.6s +00° 07′ 32″ Aquila 10,500+2,100
−1,500[10] 		G5Ia Yellow hypergiant IIL [54][55]
T Pyxidis  09h 04m 41.5s −32° 22′ 48″ Pyxis 10,700+1,700
−1,300[10] 		White dwarf Ia [56][57]
WR 104  18h 02m 04.1s –23° 37′ 41″ Sagittarius 13,400+9,200
−3,900[10] 		WC9d/OB Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic with Grb? [58][59]
AG Carinae  10h 56m 11.57814s −60° 27′ 12.8107″ Carina 17,000±1,000 LBV (WN11h-A-Ia) Luminous blue variable IIb [60]
WR 30a  10h 51m 38.9s −60° 56′ 35.2″ Carina 38,900+18,500
−9,500[10] 		WO4/O5((f)) Wolf–Rayet star
Sher 25  11h 15m 07.8s −61° 15′ 17″ Carina 43,500+5,200
−4,200[10] 		B1.5Iab Blue supergiant [61]
LMC195-1  05h 18m 10.3s −69° 13′ 03″ Dorado 160,000[10] WO2 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
S Doradus  05h 18m 14.4s −69° 15′ 01″ Dorado 169,000 LBV Luminous blue variable [62]
SMC AB8  01h 31m 04.1s −73° 25′ 04″ Hydrus 200,000[10] WO4/O4 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
DR1  01h 05m 01.6s +02° 04′ 20″ Cetus 2,350,000 WO3 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic with Grb? [63]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Kitt Peak Downes star.

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Mukhopadhyay, Mainak; Lunardini, Cecilia; Timmes, F. X.; Zuber, Kai (August 2020). "Presupernova Neutrinos: Directional Sensitivity and Prospects for Progenitor Identification" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 899 (2): 153. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab99a6. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...899..153M. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kaler, James B.. "Regor". Stars. University of Illinois. http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/regor.html. 
  3. ↑ Lloyd, Robin (2006-09-04), Strange Space Pinwheels Spotted, space.com, http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060904_mystery_monday.html, retrieved 2007-01-08 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940  Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  5. ↑ Mace, Gregory N.; Mann, Andrew W.; Skiff, Brian A.; Sneden, Christopher; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Schneider, Adam C.; Kidder, Benjamin; Gosnell, Natalie M. et al. (2018-02-01). "Wolf 1130: A Nearby Triple System Containing a Cool, Ultramassive White Dwarf". The Astrophysical Journal 854 (2): 145. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa8dd. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2018ApJ...854..145M. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Brown, A. G. A. (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics 616: A1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Bibcode: 2018A&A...616A...1G.  Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
  7. ↑ Fuhrmann, K.; Chini, R. (2017-01-02), "Bright Times for an Ancient Star" (in en), The Astrophysical Journal 834 (2): 114, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/114, Bibcode: 2017ApJ...834..114F. 
  8. ↑ Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a constellation from a position". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 99 (617): 695. doi:10.1086/132034. Bibcode: 1987PASP...99..695R  Constellation record for this object at VizieR.
  9. ↑ Kawka, Adela; Briggs, Gordon P.; Vennes, Stéphane; Ferrario, Lilia; Paunzen, Ernst; Wickramasinghe, Dayal T. (2016-12-05). "A fast spinning magnetic white dwarf in the double degenerate, super-Chandrasekhar system NLTT 12758". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 466 (1): 1127–1139. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3149. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 Brown, A. G. A. (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics 616: A1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Bibcode: 2018A&A...616A...1G. 
  11. ↑ Beech, Martin (2011-12-01). "The past, present and future supernova threat to Earth's biosphere". Astrophysics and Space Science 336: 287–302. doi:10.1007/s10509-011-0873-9. ISSN 0004-640X. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Ap&SS.336..287B/abstract. 
  12. ↑ Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a constellation from a position". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 99 (617): 695. doi:10.1086/132034. Bibcode: 1987PASP...99..695R  Constellation record for this object at VizieR.
  13. ↑ Munday, James; Pakmor, Ruediger; Pelisoli, Ingrid; Jones, David; Sahu, Snehalata; Tremblay, Pier-Emmanuel; Rajamuthukumar, Abinaya Swaruba; Nelemans, Gijs et al. (2025-04-06). "A super-Chandrasekhar mass type Ia supernova progenitor at 49 pc set to detonate in 23 Gyr". Nature Astronomy. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02528-4. 
  14. ↑ Waisberg, Idel; Klein, Ygal; Katz, Boaz (April 2025). "Hidden Companions to Intermediate-mass Stars. XXVI. Uncovering Nunki = Sigma Sagittarii as a 6.5 M⊙ + 6.3 M⊙, 0.60 au Binary". Research Notes of the AAS 9 (4): 71. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/adc739. 
  15. ↑ Kaler, James B.. "BELLATRIX (Gamma Orionis)". Stars. University of Illinois. http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/bellatrix.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics 474 (2): 653–664. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. Bibcode: 2007A&A...474..653V.  Vizier catalog entry
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Firestone, R. B. (July 2014), "Observation of 23 Supernovae That Exploded <300 pc from Earth during the past 300 kyr", The Astrophysical Journal 789 (1): 11, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/29, 29, Bibcode: 2014ApJ...789...29F, https://zenodo.org/record/895414.  See Table 4, p. 10.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Acrux (Alpha Crucis)". illinois.edu. http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/acrux.html. 
  19. ↑ Neuhäuser, Ralph; Torres, Guillermo; Mugrauer, Markus; Neuhäuser, Dagmar L.; Chapman, Jesse; Luge, Daniela; Cosci, Matteo (2022-09-05). "Colour evolution of Betelgeuse and Antares over two millennia, derived from historical records, as a new constraint on mass and age". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 516 (1): 693–719. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1969. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Smith, Nathan; Hinkle, Kenneth H.; Ryde, Nils (2009-03-01). "Red Supergiants as Potential Type IIn Supernova Progenitors: Spatially Resolved 4.6 μm CO Emission Around VY CMa and Betelgeuse". The Astronomical Journal 137 (3): 3558–3573. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/3/3558. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2009AJ....137.3558S. 
  21. ↑ "Saif". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/saiph.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Asakura, K.; Gando, A.; Gando, Y.; Hachiya, T.; Hayashida, S.; Ikeda, H.; Inoue, K.; Ishidoshiro, K. et al. (February 2016). "KamLAND SENSITIVITY TO NEUTRINOS FROM PRE-SUPERNOVA STARS" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 818 (1): 91. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/91. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...818...91A. 
  23. ↑ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres (March 2012), "Asteroseismology of the nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel. Part I. The MOST High-precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring", The Astrophysical Journal 747 (1): 108–115, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108, Bibcode: 2012ApJ...747..108M 
  24. ↑ Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl; Hirschi, Raphael; Liebendörfer, Matthias; Diehl, Roland (2011), "Massive Stars and their Supernovae", Astronomy with Radioactivities, Lecture Notes in Physics, 812, pp. 153–231, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12698-7_4, ISBN 978-3-642-12697-0, Bibcode: 2011LNP...812..153T 
  25. ↑ Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl; Hirschi, Raphael; Liebendörfer, Matthias; Diehl, Roland (2011), "Massive Stars and their Supernovae", Astronomy with Radioactivities, Lecture Notes in Physics, 812, pp. 153–231, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12698-7_4, ISBN 978-3-642-12697-0, Bibcode: 2011LNP...812..153T 
  26. ↑ "Mintaka". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/mintaka.html. 
  27. ↑ "Alnilam". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/Alnilam.html. 
  28. ↑ Berman, Bob (2023-04-10). "Alnitak: an exceptionally hot, blue star on Orion's Belt | Astronomy.com" (in en-US). https://www.astronomy.com/observing/alnitak-an-exceptionally-hot-blue-star-on-orions-belt/. 
  29. ↑ Rigoselli, Michela; De Grandis, Davide; Mereghetti, Sandro; Malacaria, Christian (30 May 2023). "Timing the X-ray pulsating companion of the hot subdwarf HD 49798 with NICER". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 523 (2): 3043–3048. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1611. 
  30. ↑ Mereghetti, S.; Tiengo, A.; Esposito, P.; La Palombara, N.; Israel, G. L.; Stella, L. (2009). "An Ultramassive, Fast-Spinning White Dwarf in a Peculiar Binary System". Science 325 (5945): 1222–1223. doi:10.1126/science.1176252. PMID 19729650. Bibcode: 2009Sci...325.1222M. 
  31. ↑ Wang, Bo; Han, Zhanwen (2012). "Progenitors of type Ia supernovae". New Astronomy Reviews 56 (4): 122. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2012.04.001. Bibcode: 2012NewAR..56..122W. 
  32. ↑ Liu, Dong-Dong; Zhou, Wei-Hong; Wu, Cheng-Yuan; Wang, Bo (2015). "Is the X-ray pulsating companion of HD 49798 a possible type Ia supernova progenitor?". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 15 (11): 1813. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/15/11/004. Bibcode: 2015RAA....15.1813L. 
  33. ↑ Maxted, P. F. L.; Marsh, T. R.; North, R. C. (2000-09-21). "KPD 1930+2752: a candidate Type Ia supernova progenitor" (in en). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 317 (3): L41–L44. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03856.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2000MNRAS.317L..41M. 
  34. ↑ Kanipe, Jeff (2000-08-05). "Skywatch—Watch This Space!". space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/skywatch_000805.html. 
  35. ↑ Davies, Ben; Beasor, Emma R (2020-01-20). "The 'red supergiant problem': the upper luminosity boundary of Type II supernova progenitors". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493 (1): 468–476. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa174. ISSN 0035-8711. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/493/1/468/5709941. 
  36. ↑ Lloyd, Robin (2006-09-04). "Strange Space Pinwheels Spotted". space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060904_mystery_monday.html. 
  37. ↑ "The William Herschel telescope finds the best candidate for a supernova explosion". Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council. 2003-01-31. http://www.ing.iac.es/PR/press/ing12003.html. 
  38. ↑ Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W. (January 2012). "Distance and Kinematics of the Red Hypergiant VY CMa: VLBA and VLA Astrometry". The Astrophysical Journal 744 (1): 23. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/744/1/23. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...744...23Z. 
  39. ↑ Weaver, Donna; Humphreys, Roberta (2007-01-08). "Astronomers Map a Hypergiant Star's Massive Outbursts". http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/03/full/. 
  40. ↑ "'Fried Egg' Nebula Cracks Open Rare Hypergiant Star". Space.com. 2011-09-28. http://www.space.com/13104-fried-egg-nebula-hypergiant-stars.html. 
  41. ↑ Bauer, Wendy Hagen; Gull, Theodore R.; Bennett, Philip D. (2008-09-01). "Spatial Extension in the Ultraviolet Spectrum of Vv Cephei". The Astronomical Journal 136 (3): 1312–1324. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1312. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....136.1312H. 
  42. ↑ Gaia Collaboration; Vallenari, A.; Brown, A. G. A.; Prusti, T.; de Bruijne, J. H. J.; Arenou, F.; Babusiaux, C.; Biermann, M. et al. (June 2023). "Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics 674: A1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2023A&A...674A...1G. 
  43. ↑ "Polis". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/polis.html. 
  44. ↑ de Almeida, E S G; Hugbart, M; Domiciano de Souza, A; Rivet, J-P; Vakili, F; Siciak, A; Labeyrie, G; Garde, O et al. (2022-06-15). "Combined spectroscopy and intensity interferometry to determine the distances of the blue supergiants P Cygni and Rigel". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 515 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1617. ISSN 0035-8711. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/515/1/1/6608892. 
  45. ↑ Groh, Jose H.; Meynet, Georges; Ekström, Sylvia (February 2013). "Massive star evolution: Luminous Blue Variables as unexpected Supernova progenitors". Astronomy & Astrophysics 550: L7. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220741. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2013A&A...550L...7G. 
  46. ↑ Smith, Nathan (March 2007). "Discovery of a Nearby Twin of SN 1987A's Nebula around the Luminous Blue Variable HD 168625: Was Sk -69 202 an LBV?". The Astronomical Journal 133 (3): 1034–1040. doi:10.1086/510838. Bibcode: 2007AJ....133.1034S. 
  47. ↑ Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W.; Brunthaler, A. (2012). "The distance and size of the red hypergiant NML Cygni from VLBA and VLA astrometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics 544: A42. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219587. Bibcode: 2012A&A...544A..42Z. http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2012/08/aa19587-12.pdf. 
  48. ↑ Monnier, J. D.; Millan-Gabet, R.; Tuthill, P. G.; Traub, W. A.; Carleton, N. P.; Coude Du Foresto, V.; Danchi, W. C.; Lacasse, M. G. et al. (2004). "High-Resolution Imaging of Dust Shells by Using Keck Aperture Masking and the IOTA Interferometer". The Astrophysical Journal 605 (1): 436–461. doi:10.1086/382218. Bibcode: 2004ApJ...605..436M. 
  49. ↑ Jones, Terry Jay (July 1993). "IRC +10420 - A cool hypergiant near the top of the H-R diagram" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 411 (1): 323. doi:10.1086/172832. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1993ApJ...411..323J. 
  50. ↑ Than, Ker (2004-10-04). "Astronomers Demonstrate a Global Internet Telescope". University of Manchester. http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/news/evlbi/. 
  51. ↑ "Brilliant X-rays reveal what might be a new type of star". Nature 589 (7841): 172. 2021. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03654-x. Bibcode: 2021Natur.589S.172.. 
  52. ↑ van Boekel, Roy; Schöller, Markus; Herbst, Tom (2003-11-18). "Biggest Star in Our Galaxy Sits within a Rugby-Ball Shaped Cocoon". European Southern Observatory Press Release (European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO)): 31. Bibcode: 2003eso..pres...36.. http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2003/pr-31-03.html. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
  53. ↑ Milan, Wil (2000-03-07). "Possible Hypernova Could Affect Earth". space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/milan_eta_carinae_000307.html. 
  54. ↑ Jura, M.; Velusamy, T.; Werner, M. W. (2001-06-05). "What next for the Likely Pre-Supernova, HD 179821?". American Astronomical Society. http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v33n2/aas198/66.htm. 
  55. ↑ Josselin, E.; Lèbre, A. (March 2001). "Probing the post-AGB nature of HD 179821: A new radio study of its circumstellar envelope". Astronomy & Astrophysics 367 (3): 826–830. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000496. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2001A&A...367..826J. 
  56. ↑ Schaefer, Bradley E.; Pagnotta, Ashley; Shara, Michael M. (2010-01-01). "The Nova Shell and Evolution of the Recurrent Nova T Pyxidis". The Astrophysical Journal 708 (1): 381–402. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/1/381. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...708..381S. 
  57. ↑ Edwards, Lin (2010). "Massive white dwarf in our galaxy may go supernova". PhysOrg. http://www.physorg.com/news182067005.html. 
  58. ↑ Tuthill, Peter G. (March 2008). "The Prototype Colliding-Wind Pinwheel WR 104" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 675 (1): 698–710. doi:10.1086/527286. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2008ApJ...675..698T. 
  59. ↑ Kaler, Jim (1999-04-09). "WR 104: Pinwheel Star". Astronomy Picture of the Day. http://zuserver2.star.ucl.ac.uk/~apod/apod/ap990409.html. 
  60. ↑ Groh, J. H.; Meynet, G.; Ekström, S. (2013). "Massive star evolution: luminous blue variables as unexpected supernova progenitors". Astronomy & Astrophysics 550: 4. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220741. L7. Bibcode: 2013A&A...550L...7G. 
  61. ↑ Smartt, S. J.; Lennon, D. J.; Kudritzki, R. P.; Rosales, F.; Ryans, R. S. I.; Wright, N. (September 2002). "The evolutionary status of Sher 25 – implications for blue supergiants and the progenitor of SN 1987A". Astronomy & Astrophysics 391 (3): 979–991. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020829. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2002A&A...391..979S. 
  62. ↑ Kalari, V. M.; Vink, J. S.; Dufton, P. L.; Fraser, M. (2018-10-01). "How common is LBV S Doradus variability at low metallicity?" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 618: A17. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833484. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2018A&A...618A..17K. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2018/10/aa33484-18/aa33484-18.html. 
  63. ↑ Tramper, F.; Gräfener, G.; Hartoog, O. E.; Sana, H.; de Koter, A.; Vink, J. S.; Ellerbroek, L. E.; Langer, N. et al. (2013). "On the nature of WO stars: a quantitative analysis of the WO3 star DR1 in IC 1613". Astronomy & Astrophysics 559: A72. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322155. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2013A&A...559A..72T. 



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