Biology:Accipitriformes
| Accipitriformes | |
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| Clockwise from top left: Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), cinereous harrier (Circus cinereus), greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga), harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), slate-colored hawk (Buteogallus schistaceus), Galapagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis), white-backed vulture (Gyps africanus) (center) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Accipitrimorphae |
| Order: | Accipitriformes Vieillot, 1816 |
| Families | |
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| Diversity map of Accipitriformes (258 species). The colour gradient (from light to dark) indicates species richness.[2] | |
The Accipitriformes (/ækˈsɪpɪtrɪfɔːrmiːz/; from Latin accipiter/accipitri- "hawk", and Neo-Latin -formes "having the form of") are an order of birds that includes most of the diurnal birds of prey, including hawks, eagles, vultures, and kites, but not falcons.
For a long time, the majority view was to include them with the falcons in the Falconiformes, but many authorities now recognize a separate from Accipitriformes.[3][4][5][6] A DNA study published in 2008 indicated that falcons are not closely related to the Accipitriformes, being instead more closely related to parrots and passerines.[7] Since then, the split and the placement of the falcons next to the parrots in taxonomic order has been adopted by the American Ornithological Society's South American Classification Committee (SACC),[8][9][10] its North American Classification Committee (NACC),[11][12] and the International Ornithological Congress (IOC).[13][14] The British Ornithologists' Union already recognized the Accipitriformes,[15] and has adopted the move of Falconiformes.[16] The DNA-based proposal and the NACC and IOC classifications include the New World vultures in the Accipitriformes,[7][11] while the SACC classifies the New World vultures as a separate order, the Cathartiformes.
Characteristics
The Accipitriformes are known from the Middle Eocene[citation needed] and typically have a sharply hooked beak with a soft cere housing the nostrils. Their wings are long and fairly broad, suitable for soaring flight, with the outer four to six primary feathers emarginated.
They have strong legs and feet with raptorial claws and opposable hind claws. Almost all Accipitriformes are carnivorous, hunting by sight during the day or at twilight. They are exceptionally long-lived, and most have low reproductive rates.[citation needed]
The young have a long, very fast-growing fledgling stage, followed by 3–8 weeks of nest care after first flight, and 1 to 3 years as sexually immature adults. The sexes have conspicuously different sizes and sometimes a female is more than twice as heavy as her mate. This sexual dimorphism is sometimes most extreme in specialized bird-eaters, such as the Accipiter hawks. Monogamy is the general rule, although an alternative mate is often selected if one dies.
Taxonomy
Accipitriformes, currently with 262 species and 75 genera in 4 extant families and possibly 1 extinct family, is the largest diurnal raptor order. DNA sequence analyses suggest that divergences within Accipitriformes began around the Eocene/Oligocene boundary about 34 mya, with the split of the group including genera Elanus and Gampsonyx from the other Accipitriformes genera.[17]
The order includes the following families: Order Accipitriformes
- Accipitridae (eagles, harriers, hawks, kites, Old World vultures)
- Pandionidae (ospreys) (1 or 2 species)
- Cathartidae (Cathartid vultures and condors)
- Sagittariidae (secretarybird)
- Possibly includes the extinct Teratornithidae as well.
For a complete list of species, see list of Accipitriformes species.
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Phylogeny based on Nagy, J. & Tökölyi, J. (2014).[18]
Footnotes
- ↑ Mayr G, Smith T. A diverse bird assemblage from the Ypresian of Belgium furthers knowledge of early Eocene avifaunas of the North Sea Basin. N Jb Geol Paläontol, Abh. 2019;291:253–281. doi: 10.1127/njgpa/2019/0801.
- ↑ Nagy, Jenő (2020). "Biologia Futura: rapid diversification and behavioural adaptation of birds in response to Oligocene–Miocene climatic conditions". Biologia Futura 71 (1–2): 109–121. doi:10.1007/s42977-020-00013-9. PMID 34554530. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42977-020-00013-9.pdf.
- ↑ Voous 1973.
- ↑ Cramp 1980, pp. 3, 277.
- ↑ Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001, p. 69.
- ↑ Christidis & Boles 2008, pp. 50–51.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hackett et al. 2008.
- ↑ Remsen et al.
- ↑ Remsen 2008.
- ↑ Nores, Barker & Remsen 2011.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Chesser et al. 2010.
- ↑ Chesser et al. 2012.
- ↑ Gill & Donsker.
- ↑ Gill & Donsker 2014.
- ↑ Dudley et al. 2006.
- ↑ Sangster et al. 2013.
- ↑ Mindell, David; Fuchs, Jerome; Johnson, Jeff (2018). "Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Geographic Diversity of Diurnal Raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes.". in Sarasola, José Hernán; Grande, Juan Manuel; Negro, Juan José. Birds of Prey Biology and conservation in the XXI century. Springer. pp. 3–32. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73745-4. ISBN 978-3-319-73744-7.
- ↑ Nagy, Jenő; Tökölyi, Jácint (2014). "Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography and the Evolution of Migration in Accipitrid Birds of Prey (Aves: Accipitriformes)". Ornis Hungarica 22: 15–35. doi:10.2478/orhu-2014-0008.
References
- Chesser, R. T.; Banks, R. C.; Barker, F. K.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J. L.; Kratter, A. W.; Lovette, I. J.; Rasmussen, P. C. et al. (2010). "Fifty-First Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk 127 (3): 726–744. doi:10.1525/auk.2010.127.3.726. http://www.aou.org/checklist/suppl/AOU_checklist_suppl_51.pdf.
- Chesser, R. Terry; Banks, Richard C.; Barker, F. Keith; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Lovette, Irby J.; Rasmussen, Pamela C. et al. (2012). "Fifty-Third Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds". The Auk 129 (3): 573–588. doi:10.1525/auk.2012.129.3.573. https://zenodo.org/record/1236291. Full text via AOU, COPO, BioOne.
- Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=SFP9P1i-PoEC&pg=PT60. Retrieved 2010-01-14. Includes a review of recent literature on the controversy.
- Cramp, Stanley (1980). Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic – Hawks to Bustards. Oxford University Press. pp. 3, 277. ISBN 978-0-19-857505-4.
- Dudley, S. P.; Gee, M.; Kehoe, C.; Melling, T. M. M. (2006). "The British List: A Checklist of Birds of Britain (7th edition)". Ibis 148 (3): 526. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00603.x. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/153488/1/153488.pdf.
- Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). Raptors of the World. Illustrated by Kim Franklin, David Mead, and Philip Burton. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-12762-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=hlIztc05HTQC&pg=PP1. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
- Gill, Frank; Donsker, D.. "IOC World Bird List (version 2.4)". Worldbirdnames.org. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-raptors.html.
- Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew et al. (2008). "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history". Science 320 (5884): 1763–68. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. Bibcode: 2008Sci...320.1763H.
- Gill, Frank; Donsker, D. (2014). "Updates". IOC World Bird List. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates/. Falconiformes was resequenced in version 4.1 (Jan 7, 2014)
- Nores, Manuel; Barker, Keith; Remsen, Van (July 2011). "Proposal (491) to South American Classification Committee: Change linear sequence of orders for Falconiformes, Psittaciformes, and Cariamiformes". http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop491.html.
- Remsen, Van (November 2008). "Proposal (383) to South American Classification Committee: Separate Accipitriformes from Falconiformes". http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop383.html.
- Remsen, J. V. Jr.; Cadena, C. D.; Jaramillo, A.; Nores, M.; Pacheco, J. F.; Robbins, M. B.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Stiles, F. G. et al.. "A classification of the bird species of South America (section "ACCIPITRIDAE (HAWKS) 3" note 1)". American Ornithologists' Union. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline02.html.
- Sangster, G.; Collinson, J. M.; Crochet, P. A.; Knox, A. G.; Parkin, D. T.; Votier, S. C. (2013). "Taxonomic recommendations for Western Palearctic birds: Ninth report". Ibis 155 (4): 898. doi:10.1111/ibi.12091.
- Voous, K. H. (1973). "List of Recent Holarctic Bird Species Non-Passerines". Ibis 115 (4): 612–638. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1973.tb02004.x.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q21736 entry
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