Biology:List of birds

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Penguins
Ostriches

This article lists living orders and families of birds. The links below should then lead to family accounts and hence to individual species.

The passerines (perching birds) alone account for well over 5,000 species. In total there are about 10,000 species of birds described worldwide, though one estimate of the real number places it at almost twice that.[1]

Taxonomy is very fluid in the age of DNA analysis, so comments are made where appropriate, and all numbers are approximate. In particular see Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy for a very different classification.

Phylogeny

Cladogram of modern bird relationships based on Jarvis, E.D. et al. (2014)[2] with some clade names after Yuri, T. et al. (2013).[3]

Aves
Palaeognathae
Struthionimorphae

Struthioniformes (ostriches)[4]

 
Notopalaeognathae
 
Rheimorphae

Rheiformes (rheas)

 
Novaeratitae
 

Casuariiformes (cassowaries & emus)

 
 
 

Apterygiformes (kiwi)

 
 

†Aepyornithiformes (elephant birds)

 
 
 
 
Tinamimorphae
 

†Dinornithiformes (moas)

 
 
 

†Lithornithiformes (false tinamous)

 
 

Tinamiformes (tinamous)

 
 
 
 
 
Neognathae
Galloanserae
Gallomorphae

Galliformes (landfowl)

 
Odontoanserae
 

†Odontopterygiformes

 
Anserimorphae
 
 

†Vegaviiformes[5]

 
 

†Gastornithiformes

 
 
 

Anseriformes (waterfowl)

 
 
 
 
Neoaves
Columbea
Mirandornithes
 

Phoenicopteriformes (flamingoes)

 
 

Podicipediformes (grebes)

 
 
Columbimorphae
 
 

Mesitornithiformes (mesites)

 
 

Pterocliformes (sandgrouse)

 
 
 

Columbiformes (pigeons)

 
 
 
Passerea
Otidae
Otidimorphae
 

Cuculiformes (cuckoos)

 
 
 

Otidiformes (bustards)

 
 

Musophagiformes (turacos)

 
 
 
Cypselomorphae
 

Caprimulgiformes (nightjars)

 
 
 

Nyctibiiformes (oilbirds & potoos)

 
 
 

Podargiformes (frogmouths)

 
 
 

Aegotheliformes (owlet-nightjars)

 
 

Apodiformes (hummingbirds & swifts)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gruae
 

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

 
Cursorimorphae
 

Gruiformes (rails and cranes)

 
 

Charadriiformes (shorebirds)

 
 
 
 
Phaethoquornithes
Phaethontimorphae
 

Eurypygiformes (sunbittern, kagu)

 
 

Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds)

 
 
Aequornithes
 

Gaviiformes (loons)

 
 
Austrodyptornithes
 

Procellariiformes (albatross and petrels)

 
 

Sphenisciformes (penguins)

 
 
 
 

Ciconiiformes (storks)

 
 
 

Suliformes (boobies, cormorants, etc.)

 
 

Pelecaniformes (pelicans, herons & egrets)

 
 
 
 
 
 
Telluraves
Afroaves
Accipitrimorphae
 

Cathartiformes (condors and New World vultures)

 
 

Accipitriformes (hawks, eagles, vultures, etc.)

 
 
 
 

Strigiformes (owls)

 
Coraciimorphae
 

Coliiformes (mousebirds)

 
 
 

Leptosomiformes (cuckoo roller)

 
 
 

Trogoniformes (trogons)

 
 
 

Bucerotiformes (hornbills, hoopoe and wood hoopoes)

 
 
 

Coraciiformes (kingfishers etc.)

 
 

Piciformes (woodpeckers etc.)

 
Template:Clade label
Template:Clade label
Template:Clade label
Template:Clade label
 
 
 
Australaves
 

Cariamiformes (seriemas)

 
Eufalconimorphae
 

Falconiformes (falcons)

 
Psittacopasserae
 

Psittaciformes (parrots)

 
 

Passeriformes (songbirds and kin)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Subclass Palaeognathae

The Palaeognathae or "old jaws" is one of the two superorders recognized within the taxonomic class Aves and consist of the ratites and tinamous. The ratites are mostly large and long-legged, flightless birds, lacking a keeled sternum. Traditionally, all the ratites were place in the order Struthioniformes. However, recent genetic analysis has found that the group is not monophyletic, as it is paraphyletic with respect to the tinamous, so the ostriches are classified as the only members of the order Struthioniformes and other ratites placed in other orders.[6][7]

Order Struthioniformes

Greater rhea pair
Eudromia elegans
Casuarius casuarius

Africa; 2 species

Infraclass Notopalaeognathae

Order Rheiformes

South America; 2 species

  • Family †Opisthodactylidae
  • Family Rheidae: rheas

Order Casuariiformes

Australasia; 4 species

Order Apterygiformes

Australasia; 5 species

Order †Aepyornithiformes

Madagascar

Order †Dinornithiformes

New Zealand

Order Tinamiformes

South America; 45 species

Subclass Neognathae

Nearly all living birds belong to the subclass Neognathae or "new jaws". With their keeled sternum (breastbone), unlike the ratites, they are known as carinatae.

Infraclass Galloanserae

Order Galliformes

Australian brush turkey

Worldwide; 250 species

Order †Gastornithiformes

Order Anseriformes

Worldwide; 150 species

Superorder Mirandornithes

Order Podicipediformes

Worldwide; 19 species

Order Phoenicopteriformes

Worldwide; 6 species

Superorder Columbimorphae

Order Columbiformes

Worldwide; 300 species

Order Pterocliformes

Africa, Europe, Asia; 16 species

  • Family Pteroclidae: sandgrouse

Order Mesitornithiformes

Madagascar; 3 species

Grandorder Cypselomorphae

Order Caprimulgiformes

Worldwide; 97 species

  • Caprimulgidae: nightjars

Order Steatornithiformes

South America; 1 species

Order Nyctibiiformes

Americas; 7 species

Order Podargiformes

Tawny frogmouth

Asia and Australasia; 14 species

Order Aegotheliformes

Australasia; 10 species

Order Apodiformes

Worldwide; 478 species

Grandorder Otidimorphae

Order Cuculiformes

Worldwide; 150 species

  • Family Cuculidae: cuckoos and relatives

Order Musophagiformes

Africa; 23 species

Order Otidiformes

Africa and Eurasia; 27 species

Superorder Gruae

Order Opisthocomiformes

South America; 1 species

Order Gruiformes

Worldwide; 164 species

  • Suborder Grui: cranes and allies
  • Suborder Ralli: rails and allies

Order Charadriiformes

Worldwide; 350 species

Grandorder Phaethontimorphae

Order Eurypygiformes

Neotropics and New Caledonia; 2 species

Order Phaethontiformes

Oceanic; 3 species

Grandorder Aequornithes

Order Gaviiformes

North America, Eurasia; 5 species

Order Sphenisciformes

Antarctic and southern waters; 17 species

Order Procellariiformes

Pan-oceanic; 120 species

Order Ciconiiformes

Worldwide; 19 species

White stork

Order Suliformes

Worldwide; 59 species

  • Suborder Fregatae
  • Suborder Sulae

Order Pelecaniformes

Hamerkop

Worldwide; 108 species

Grandorder Afroaves

Order Accipitriformes

Osprey

Worldwide; 260 species

Order Strigiformes

Worldwide; 250 species

  • Family Tytonidae: barn owls
  • Family Strigidae: true owls

Order Coliiformes

Blue-naped mousebird

Sub-Saharan Africa; 6 species

Order Leptosomiformes

Madagascar; 1 species

Order Trogoniformes

Sub-Saharan Africa, Americas, Asia; 35 species

Order Bucerotiformes

Old World, New Guinea; 64 species

Order Coraciiformes

Worldwide; 144 species

Kingfisher

Order Piciformes

Worldwide except Australasia; 400 species

Grandorder Australaves

Order Cariamiformes

South America; 2 species

Order Falconiformes

Worldwide; 60 species

Order Psittaciformes

Pan-tropical, southern temperate zones; 330 species

Order Passeriformes

Rock wren
Eurylaimus javanicus
Pitta cyanea
Pachyramphus castaneus
Lyrebird

Worldwide; 6,500 species

See also

References

  1. ↑ Barrowclough, GF; Cracraft, J; Klicka, J; Zink, RM (2016). "How Many Kinds of Birds Are There and Why Does It Matter?". PLOS ONE 11 (11): e0166307. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166307. PMID 27880775. Bibcode: 2016PLoSO..1166307B. 
  2. ↑ Jarvis, E.D. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science 346 (6215): 1320–1331. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMID 25504713. Bibcode: 2014Sci...346.1320J. 
  3. ↑ Yuri, T. (2013). "Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals". Biology 2 (1): 419–444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419. PMID 24832669. 
  4. ↑ Boyd, John (2007). "NEORNITHES: 46 Orders". http://jboyd.net/Taxo/Orders.pdf. [unreliable source?]
  5. ↑ Worthy, T.H.; Degrange, F.J.; Handley, W.D.; Lee, M.S.Y. (2017). "The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres)". Royal Society Open Science 11 (10): 170975. doi:10.1098/rsos.170975. PMID 29134094. Bibcode: 2017RSOS....470975W. 
  6. ↑ Hackett, S.J. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science 320 (5884): 1763–1768. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. Bibcode: 2008Sci...320.1763H. 
  7. ↑ Yuri, T (2013). "Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals". Biology 2 (1): 419–44. doi:10.3390/biology2010419. PMID 24832669. 



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