Biology:Citrus × sinensis

Short description: Cultivated trees bearing sweet oranges

Citrus × sinensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Rutaceae
Genus:	Citrus
Species:	C. a. f. aurantium
Binomial name
Citrus aurantium f. aurantium
Synonyms
Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Citrus × aurantium f. aurantium (Syn: Citrus × sinensis), a hybrid between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata), also known as the sweet oranges, is a commonly cultivated species of orange that includes Valencia oranges, blood oranges and navel oranges.

Uses

The orange fruit is an important agricultural product, used for both the juicy fruit pulp and the aromatic peel (rind). Orange blossoms (the flowers) are used in several different ways, as are the leaves and wood of the tree.

Flowers

• The orange blossom, which is the state flower of Florida, is highly fragrant and traditionally associated with good fortune. It has long been popular in bridal bouquets and head wreaths.
• Orange blossom essence is an important component in the making of perfume.
• Orange blossom petals can also be made into a delicately citrus-scented counterpart to rosewater, known as "orange blossom water" or "orange flower water". It is a common ingredient in French and Middle Eastern cuisines, especially in desserts and baked goods. In some Middle Eastern countries, drops of orange flower water are added to disguise the unpleasant taste of hard water drawn from wells or stored in qullahs (traditional Egyptian water pitchers made of porous clay). In the United States, orange flower water is used to make orange blossom scones and marshmallows.
• In Spain, fallen blossoms are dried and used to make orange tea.
• Orange blossom honey (or citrus honey) is obtained by putting beehives in the citrus groves while trees bloom. By this method, bees also pollinate seeded citrus varieties. This type of honey has an orangey taste and is highly prized.

Leaves

• Orange leaves can be boiled to make orange tea.

Wood

• Orangewood sticks are used as cuticle pushers in manicures and pedicures, and as spudgers for manipulating slender electronic wires.
• Orangewood is used in the same way as mesquite, oak, and hickory for seasoning grilled meat.

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  Orange trees in movable pots, so that they can be placed indoors for the winter

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  Orange flowers

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  Unripened fruit

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  Blood oranges

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  Oranges on the branch

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  Oranges on a tree

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  A mature tree in Galicia, Spain

Chemical composition

Orange fruit and leaf both are reported to contain indole alkaloids including N,N-DMT.

Threats

Giant swallowtail larva

Giant swallowtail caterpillars (Papilio cresphontes) cause serious damage to this crop, especially to young trees.

See also

• The orange blossom gives its touristic nickname to the Costa del Azahar ("Orange blossom coast"), the Castellón seaboard.
• Citrus greening disease - bacterial disease killing orange trees and other citrus fruits grown

External links

• Porcher Michel H. (1995–2002), Sorting Citrus Names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) - A Work in Progress, The University of Melbourne, Australia, http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html 
• Xu, Q.; Chen, L.-L.; Ruan, X.; Chen, D.; Zhu, A.; Chen, C.; Bertrand, D.; Jiao, W.-B. et al. (2013), "The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)", Nature Genetics 45 (1): 59–66, doi:10.1038/ng.2472, PMID 23179022 
• Bausher, Michael G; Singh, Nameirakpam D; Lee, Seung-Bum; Jansen, Robert K; Daniell, Henry (2006). "The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck var 'Ridge Pineapple': Organization and phylogenetic relationships to other angiosperms". BMC Plant Biology 6: 21. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-6-21. PMID 17010212. 

Wikidata ☰ Q3355098 entry