Biology:Flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase
| Flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC number | 2.4.1.91 | ||||||||
| CAS number | 50812-18-5 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
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In enzymology, a flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.91) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
- UDP-glucose + a flavonol [math]\displaystyle{ \rightleftharpoons }[/math] UDP + a flavonol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and flavonol, whereas its two products are UDP and flavonol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside. The flavonoids that can act as substrates within this reaction include quercetin, kaempferol, dihydrokaempferol, kaempferid, fisetin, and isorhamnetin. Flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase is a hexosyl group transfer enzyme.[1]
This enzyme is known by the systematic name UPD-glucose:flavonol 3-O-D glucosyltransferase, and it participates in flavonoid biosynthesis and causes the formation of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins produce a purple color in the plant tissues that they are present in.[2]
It is an enzyme found most notably in grapes (Vitis vinifera).[3] This enzyme is found within a number of other plants as well—such as snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus), kale (Brassica oleracea), and grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi).[4]
Pathways
This enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The primary function of this enzyme within its pathway is binding a glucoside onto a flavonol molecule, forming a flavonol 3-O-glucoside.[5] It is through this mechanism that the enzyme converts anthocyanidins to anthocyanins as a part of the phenylpropanoid pathway. One specific example would be this enzymes actions on pelargonidin. Flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase binds the glucoside to this protein, making pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside. This enzyme is also involved in the flavone glycoside pathway, and daphnetin modification in some organisms. The role of the enzyme in these pathways is, again, to bind a glucoside to the substrate to construct a flavonol 3-O-glucoside.[6]
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:flavonol 3-O-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include:
- GTI,
- uridine diphosphoglucose-flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase,
- UDP-glucose:flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase, and
- UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT).
Among those, UFGT is divided into UDP-glucose: Flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UF3GT) and UDP-glucose: Flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase (UF5GT), which are responsible for the glucosylation of anthocyanins to produce stable molecules.[7]
Inhibitors and Structure of the Enzyme
Some of the inhibitors of this enzyme include CaCl2, CoCl2, Cu+2, CuCl2, KCl, Mg+2, and Mn+2.[8] The primary active site residue of this enzyme is Asp181, as determined by studies of how mutations affect enzyme capacity.[9] There are several documentations of the crystalline structure of flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase (2C1X, 2C1Z, and 2C9Z),[10] and, based on these renderings of the enzyme, there is only one subunit in the quaternary structure of the molecule.
References
- ↑ http://brenda-enzymes.info/enzyme.php?ecno=2.4.1.91&Suchword=&reference=&organism%5B%5D=Vitis+vinifera&show_tm=0#REACTION TYPE
- ↑ Dooner, H.K. & Nelson, O.E. Biochem Genet (1977) 15: 509. doi:10.1007/BF00520194
- ↑ "Comparison of UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) gene sequences between white grapes (Vitis vinifera) and their sports with red skin". Plant Sci. 160 (3): 543–550. February 2001. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00425-8. PMID 11166442.
- ↑ "BRENDA - Information on EC 2.4.1.91 - flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase". http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/enzyme.php?ecno=2.4.1.91.
- ↑ http://brenda-enzymes.info/enzyme.php?ecno=2.4.1.91&Suchword=&reference=&organism%5B%5D=Vitis+vinifera&show_tm=0#SOURCE TISSUE
- ↑ "KEGG ENZYME: 2.4.1.115". http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?ec:2.4.1.115.
- ↑ "Isolation of a UDP-glucose: Flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase gene and expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)". Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 15 (6). November 2012. doi:10.2225/vol15-issue6-fulltext-7.
- ↑ "Flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase". Springer Handbook of Enzymes. 32. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 1 January 2006. pp. 21–29. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-49534-5_2. ISBN 978-3-540-32591-8.
- ↑ Hiromoto, Takeshi; Honjo, Eijiro; Noda, Naonobu; Tamada, Taro; Kazuma, Kohei; Suzuki, Masahiko; Blaber, Michael; Kuroki, Ryota (2016-12-06). "Structural basis for acceptor-substrate recognition of UDP-glucose: anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase from Clitoria ternatea". Protein Science 24 (3): 395–407. doi:10.1002/pro.2630. ISSN 0961-8368. PMID 25556637.
- ↑ Offen, W; Martinez-Fleites, C; Yang, M; Kiat-Lim, E; Davis, B.G; Tarling, C.A; Ford, C.M; Bowles, D.J et al. (2006-01-01). "Structure of a Flavonoid Glucosyltransferase Reveals the Basis for Plant Natural Product Modification.". EMBO J. 25 (6): 1396–405. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600970. PMID 16482224. PMC 1422153. http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2c1z.
Further reading
- Wiermann R (1982). "Formation of flavonol 3-O-diglycosides and flavonol 3-O-triglycosides by enzyme extracts from anthers of Tulipa cv apeldoorn - characterization and activity of 3 different O-glycosyltransferases during anther development". Z. Naturforsch. C 37: 587–599. doi:10.1515/znc-1982-7-808.
- "UDP-glucose: flavonol 3-0-glucosyltransferase from cell suspension cultures of parsley". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 309 (2): 289–95. 1973. doi:10.1016/0005-2744(73)90027-2. PMID 4731963.
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