Biology:Gasterosteiformes

From HandWiki
Short description: Order of fishes

Gasterosteiformes
Gasterosteus aculeatus.jpg
Three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Gasterosteiformes
Type species
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Families

Aulorhynchidae
Gasterosteidae
Hypoptychidae

Gasterosteiformes /ɡæstɪˈrɒstiːɪfɔːrmiːz/ is an order of ray-finned fishes that includes the sticklebacks and relatives.

In the Gasterosteiformes, the pelvic girdle is never attached to the cleithra directly, and the supramaxillary, orbitosphenoid, and basisphenoid bones are absent. The body is often partly or completely covered with dermal plates.

The name "Gasterosteiformes" means "bone-bellies". It is derived from Ancient Greek gaster (γαστήρ; "stomach", "abdomen") + ostoun (ὀστοῦν; "bone"). The ending for fish orders "-formes" is derived from Latin and indicates "of similar form".

Systematics

Gasterosteiformes often includes the sea horses, pipefishes and their relatives as suborder Syngnathoidei, with the sticklebacks and relatives in the suborder Gasterosteoidei.[1] In many more recent treatments the traditional placement[2] as different orders, with the former becoming Syngnathiformes, is used.[3] There is a growing body of evidence that this is correct; in fact, the two groups do not seem to be particularly close relatives among the Acanthopterygii.

As it seems, the loosely delimited Gasterosteiformes are paraphyletic with the Scorpaeniformes. The more typical members of that group (e.g. scorpionfishes) are apparently closer to the "true" Gasterosteiformes, whereas the keel-bodied flying gurnards (Dactylopteridae) seem actually to belong to the Syngnathiformes clade. It seems that the closest living relatives of the narrowly delimited Gasterosteiformes are the gunnels (Pholidae) and eelpouts (Zoarcidae), traditionally placed in the massively paraphyletic "Perciformes". These two families, as well as the related Trichodontidae, would then appear to be derived offshoots of the scorpaeniform-gasterosteiform radiation which have apomorphically lost the bone "armour" found in their relatives.[4]

Three families certainly belong to the Gasterosteiformes sensu stricto:

The armoured sticklebacks (Indostomidae) and the dragonfishes and sea moths (Pegasidae) are variously placed with the pipefish or stickleback lineage. While the Pegasidae are almost certainly Syngnathiformes, the proper placement of the monotypic former family remains unresolved.[4] Following the practice of the major fish classification organizations, it is included here.

Timeline of genera

<timeline> ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px

Period = from:-145.5 till:15 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-145.5 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-145.5 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify

Colors = 

#legends
 id:CAR	  value:claret
 id:ANK 	 value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
 id:HER	  value:teal
 id:HAD	  value:green
 id:OMN	  value:blue
 id:black        value:black
 id:white        value:white
 id:cretaceous   value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31)
 id:earlycretaceous   value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65)
 id:latecretaceous   value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37)
 id:cenozoic     value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
 id:paleogene     value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) 
 id:paleocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) 
 id:eocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) 
 id:oligocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) 
 id:neogene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) 
 id:miocene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) 
 id:pliocene     value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)  
 id:quaternary   value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
 id:pleistocene   value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)
 id:holocene   value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)

BarData= 

bar:eratop
bar:space
bar:periodtop
bar:space
bar:NAM1
bar:NAM2
bar:NAM3
bar:NAM4
bar:NAM5
bar:NAM6
bar:NAM7
bar:NAM8
bar:NAM9
bar:NAM10
bar:NAM11
bar:NAM12
bar:NAM13
bar:NAM14
bar:NAM15
bar:NAM16
bar:NAM17
bar:NAM18
bar:NAM19
bar:NAM20
bar:NAM21
bar:NAM22
bar:NAM23
bar:NAM24
bar:NAM25
bar:NAM26
bar:NAM27
bar:NAM28
bar:NAM29
bar:NAM30
bar:NAM31
bar:NAM32
bar:NAM33
bar:NAM34

bar:space
bar:period
bar:space
bar:era

PlotData= 

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 
shift:(7,-4)
 
bar:periodtop
from: -145.5    till: -99.6    color:earlycretaceous    text:Early
from: -99.6    till: -65.5    color:latecretaceous    text:Late
from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:Paleo.
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eo. 
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:Oligo.            
from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:Mio.
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Pl.
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:Pl.
from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:H.

bar:eratop
from: -145.5    till: -65.5   color:cretaceous    text:Cretaceous
from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:Paleogene         
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:Neogene
from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:Q.

PlotData= 

align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

color:latecretaceous bar:NAM1  from:	-83.5	till:	-70.6	text:	Gasterorhamphosus
color:eocene bar:NAM2  from:	-55.8	till:	-55.8	text:	Urosphenopsis
color:eocene bar:NAM3  from:	-55.8	till:	-55.8	text:	Protorhamphosus
color:eocene bar:NAM4  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Urosphen
color:eocene bar:NAM5  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Synhypuralis
color:eocene bar:NAM6  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Solenorhynchus
color:eocene bar:NAM7  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Ramphosus
color:eocene bar:NAM8  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Pseudosyngnathus
color:eocene bar:NAM9  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Prosolenostomus
color:eocene bar:NAM10  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Parasynarcualis
color:eocene bar:NAM11  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Paramphisile
color:eocene bar:NAM12  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Paraeoliscus
color:eocene bar:NAM13  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Macroaulostomus
color:eocene bar:NAM14  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Jungersenichthys
color:eocene bar:NAM15  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Fistularioides
color:eocene bar:NAM16  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Eoaulostomus
color:eocene bar:NAM17  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Calamostoma
color:eocene bar:NAM18  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Aulostomoides
color:eocene bar:NAM19  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Aulorhamphus
color:eocene bar:NAM20  from:	-55.8	till:	-33.9	text:	Aeoliscoides
color:eocene bar:NAM21  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	Syngnathus
color:eocene bar:NAM22  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	Solenostomus
color:eocene bar:NAM23  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	Protaulopsis
color:eocene bar:NAM24  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	Aulostomus
color:eocene bar:NAM25  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	Aulorhynchus
color:oligocene bar:NAM26  from:	-33.9	till:	-28.4	text:	Hipposyngnathus
color:oligocene bar:NAM27  from:	-33.9	till:	0	text:	Fistularia
color:oligocene bar:NAM28  from:	-33.9	till:	0	text:	Aeoliscus
color:oligocene bar:NAM29  from:	-33.9	till:	0	text:	Acanthognathus
color:oligocene bar:NAM30  from:	-28.4	till:	0	text:	Nerophis
color:miocene bar:NAM31  from:	-11.608	till:	0	text:	Pungitius
color:miocene bar:NAM32  from:	-11.608	till:	0	text:	Gasterosteus
color:pliocene bar:NAM33  from:	-5.332	till:	0	text:	Hippocampus
color:pliocene bar:NAM34  from:	-5.332	till:	0	text:	Centriscus

PlotData= 

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

bar:period
from: -145.5    till: -99.6    color:earlycretaceous    text:Early
from: -99.6    till: -65.5    color:latecretaceous    text:Late
from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:Paleo.
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eo. 
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:Oligo.            
from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:Mio.
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Pl.
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:Pl.
from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:H.

bar:era
from: -145.5    till: -65.5   color:cretaceous    text:Cretaceous
from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:Paleogene         
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:Neogene
from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:Q.

</timeline>

Footnotes

  1. ↑ E.g. ITIS (2004), Nelson (2006)
  2. ↑ E.g. McAllister (1968)
  3. ↑ E.g. FishBase (2005a,b)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kawahara (2008)

References

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q212492 entry




Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Gasterosteiformes&oldid=2834761"