Biology:Mantophasmatidae

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Mantophasmatidae is a family of carnivorous wingless insects in southern Africa which are placed within the order or suborder Mantophasmatodea. They were discovered in 2001.[1][2] They are the sister group of the Grylloblattidae, classified in the order or suborder Grylloblattodea.[3][4]

Arillo and Engel have combined the Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea into a single order, Notoptera, with the two groups ranked as suborders.[5] Alternatively, Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea are considered orders of a clade Xenonomia.[3]

Overview

The most common vernacular name for this order is gladiators, although they also are called rock crawlers, heelwalkers, mantophasmids, and colloquially, mantos.[6] Their modern centre of endemism is western South Africa and Namibia (Brandberg Massif),[7] although the modern relict population of Tanzaniophasma subsolana in Tanzania and Eocene fossils suggest a wider ancient distribution.

Mantophasmatodea are wingless even as adults, making them difficult to identify. They resemble a cross between praying mantises and phasmids, and molecular evidence indicates that they are most closely related to the equally enigmatic group Grylloblattodea.[3][4] Initially, the gladiators were described from old museum specimens that originally were found in Namibia (Mantophasma zephyra) and Tanzania (M. subsolana), and from a 45-million-year-old specimen of Baltic amber (Raptophasma kerneggeri).

Live specimens were found in Namibia by an international expedition in early 2002; Tyrannophasma gladiator was found on the Brandberg Massif, and Mantophasma zephyra was found on the Erongoberg Massif.[8]

Since then, a number of new genera and species have been discovered, the most recent being two new genera, Kuboesphasma and Minutophasma, each with a single species, described from Richtersveld in South Africa in 2018.[9]

Biology

Mantophasmatids are wingless carnivores. During courtship, they communicate using vibrations transmitted through the ground or substrate.[10] Both males and females have one-segmented cerci.[11] During copulation, the male uses his cerci to grasp the female after bending his flexible abdomen around her right side, and mating can last for up to three days.[12]

Classification

The classification of Mantophasmatodea in Arillo & Engel (2006)[5] recognizes numerous genera, including fossils, in a single family Mantophasmatidae:

Unidentified mantophasmid species in the Zoologische Staatssammlung München
  • Basal and incertae sedis
    • Genus †Raptophasma Zompro, 2001 – Baltic amber, Eocene
    • Genus †Adicophasma Engel & Grimaldi, 2004 – Baltic amber, Eocene
    • Genus †Juramantophasma Huang et al, 2008[13] – Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
    • Genus ?†Ensiferophasma Zompro, 2005[14] – Baltic amber, Eocene (assignment to Mantophasmatodea considered dubious)[note 1]
  • Subfamily Tanzaniophasmatinae Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003[note 2]
    • Genus Tanzaniophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003 – Tanzania
      • Species Tanzaniophasma subsolana (Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, & Adis 2002)
  • Subfamily Mantophasmatinae
    • Tribe Tyrannophasmatini Zompro, 2005[14]
      • Genus Praedatophasma Zompro & Adis, 2002 – Namibia
        • Species Praedatophasma maraisi Zompro & Adis, 2002
      • Genus Tyrannophasma Zompro, 2003 – Namibia
        • Species Tyrannophasma gladiator Zompro, 2003
    • Tribe Mantophasmatini Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, Adis, 2002 (paraphyletic?)
      • Genus Mantophasma Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, Adis, 2002 – Namibia
        • Species Mantophasma gamsbergense Zompro & Adis, 2006
        • Species Mantophasma kudubergense Zompro & Adis, 2006
        • Species Mantophasma omatakoense Zompro & Adis, 2006
        • Species Mantophasma zephyra Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, & Adis 2002
      • Genus Pachyphasma Wipfler, Pohl, & Predel, 2012 – Namibia
        • Species Pachyphasma brandbergense Wipfler, Pohl, & Predel, 2012
      • Genus Sclerophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003 – Namibia
        • Species Sclerophasma paresisense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, & Tojo 2003
    • Tribe Austrophasmatini Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003[note 3]
      • Genus Austrophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003 – South Africa
        • Species Austrophasma caledonense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
        • Species Austrophasma gansbaaiense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
        • Species Austrophasma rawsonvillense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
      • Genus Hemilobophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003 – South Africa
        • Species Hemilobophasma montaguense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
      • Genus Karoophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003 – South Africa
        • Species Karoophasma biedouwense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
        • Species Karoophasma botterkloofense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
      • Genus Kuboesphasma Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2018 – South Africa
        • Species Kuboesphasma compactum Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2018
      • Genus Lobatophasma Damgaard, Klass, Picker & Buder, 2008 (formerly Lobophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003) – South Africa
        • Species Lobatophasma redelinghuysense (Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003)
      • Genus Minutophasma Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2018 – South Africa
        • Species Minutophasma richtersveldense Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2018
      • Genus Namaquaphasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003 – South Africa
        • Species Namaquaphasma ookiepense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003
      • Genus Striatophasma Wipfler, Pohl & Predel, 2012 – Namibia
        • Species Striatophasma naukluftense Wipfler, Pohl & Predel, 2012
      • Genus Viridiphasma Eberhard, Picker, Klass, 2011[15] – South Africa
        • Species Viridiphasma clanwilliamense Eberhard, Picker, Klass, 2011

Some taxonomists assign full family status to the subfamilies and tribes, and sub-ordinal status to the family. In total, there are 21 extant species described as of 2018.[9]

See also

  • Oliver Zompro

Notes

  1. ↑ This genus is sometimes placed in its own family, Ensiferophasmatidae.
  2. ↑ This subfamily is sometimes known as the family Tanzaniophasmatidae.
  3. ↑ This tribe is sometimes known as the family Austrophasmatidae.

References

  1. ↑ Klass, K.-D.; Zompro, O.; Kristensen, N.P.; Adis, J. (2002). "Mantophasmatodea: a new insect order with extant members in the afrotropics". Science 296 (5572): 1456–1459. doi:10.1126/science.1069397. PMID 11964441. Bibcode: 2002Sci...296.1456K. 
  2. ↑ Adis, J.; Zompro, O.; Moombolah-Goagoses, E.; Marais, E. (November 2002). "Gladiators: A new order of insect". Scientific American 287 (5): 60–65. https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/baldwin/webbugs/3005_5006/Docs/gladiators.pdf. Retrieved 16 August 2024. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Terry, M.D.; Whiting, M.F. (2005). "Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects". Cladistics 21 (3): 240–257. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00062.x. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cameron, S. L.; Barker, S. C.; Whiting, M. F. (2006). "Mitochondrial genomics and the new insect order Mantophasmatodea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38 (1): 274–279. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.020. PMID 16321547. Bibcode: 2006MolPE..38..274C. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Arillo, A.; Engel, M.S. (2006). "Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)". American Museum Novitates (3539): 1–10. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3539[1:RCIBAN2.0.CO;2]. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59821931. 
  6. ↑ "Biodiversity Explorer: Mantophasmatodea". Iziko. http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/mantophasmatodea/. 
  7. ↑ Zompro, O.; Adis, J.; Weitschat, W. (2002). "A review of the order Mantophasmatodea (Insecta).". Zoologischer Anzeiger 241 (3): 269–279. doi:10.1078/0044-5231-00080. Bibcode: 2002ZooAn.241..269Z. 
  8. ↑ Zompro, O.; Adis, J.; Bragg, P.E.; Naskrecki, P.; Meakin, K.; Wittneben, M.; Saxe, V. (2003). "A new genus and species of Mantophasmatidae (Insecta: Mantophasmatodea) from the Brandberg Massif, Namibia, with notes on behaviour". Cimbebasia 19: 13–24. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wipfler, B; Theska, T; Predel, R (2018). "Mantophasmatodea from the Richtersveld in South Africa with description of two new genera and species". ZooKeys (746): 137–160. doi:10.3897/zookeys.746.14885. PMID 29674900. Bibcode: 2018ZooK..746..137W. 
  10. ↑ Randall, J. A. (2014). "Vibrational Communication: Spiders to Kangaroo Rats". Biocommunication of Animals. pp. 103–133. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7414-8_7. ISBN 978-94-007-7413-1. 
  11. ↑ Mantophasmatodea: A New Insect Order with Extant Members in the Afrotropics
  12. ↑ Asymmetry of the male internal reproductive organs in Mantophasmatodea
  13. ↑ Huang, Di-ying; Nel, André; Zompro, Oliver; Waller, Alain (2008-06-11). "Mantophasmatodea now in the Jurassic". Naturwissenschaften 95 (10): 947–952. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0412-x. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 18545982. Bibcode: 2008NW.....95..947H. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5311278. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Zompro, O. (2005). "Inter- and intra-ordinal relationships of the Mantophasmatodea, with comments on the phylogeny of polyneopteran orders (Insecta: Polyneoptera)". Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg 89: 85–116. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285307536. 
  15. ↑ Eberhard, M.J.B.; Picker, M.D.; Klass, K.D. (2011). "Sympatry in Mantophasmatodea, with the description of a new species and phylogenetic considerations". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 11 (1): 43–59. doi:10.1007/s13127-010-0037-8. Bibcode: 2011ODivE..11...43E. http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFB95D29FFEDDA3D7C242122FF920241. 

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