Biology:Parve101q
ParvE101Q is an experimental modification of parvalbumin, designed to delay calcium sequestration in heart muscles to enhance contraction.[1] The protein parvalbumin has EF hand motifs used for calcium binding.[2] EF hands are structural helix-loop-helix protein subunits that have a high affinity for calcium ions, and a moderate affinity for magnesium ions.[3] In muscle, the binding of Ca2+ by parvalbumin efficiently sequesters it following contraction. This increases the speed of muscle relaxation, allowing the muscle to contract again sooner.[1] Although parvalbumin is classified as a delayed calcium buffer, it quickly sequesters Ca2+, usually before the muscle is done fully contracting.[4] Large amounts of parvalbumin allow rapid contractions of muscles at a high contractile speed with the trade-off of having relatively lower contraction force.[4] This decreased force of contraction is due to the rapid sequestration of Ca2+, preventing prolonged contraction which is required for greater force.
Biochemistry
It has been theorized that expressing a modified version of parvalbumin in the heart could have therapeutic use to aid heart contraction, and treat relaxation disorders.[5] ParvE101Q is optimized so that relaxation is rapid, but contraction lasts for a sufficient time to fully eject blood.[1] Amino acid substitutions of glutamine for glutamate on the protein’s 101st amino acid were introduced, followed immediately by a tryptophan replacing a phenylalanine at site 102, as well as alanine replacing aspartate at site 51. By introducing these changes, the preferential binding of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were reversed. Instead of having high preference for Ca2+ like parvalbumin, ParvE101Q has a preference for Mg2+ first, and Ca2+ second.[1] This reversed binding preference allows the normal presence of Mg2+ to delay the Ca2+ sequestration of ParvE101Q. This delay allows heart contraction to last long enough to preserve blood ejection, then have the excess Ca2+ bound and sequestered by ParvE101Q. The resulting increase in contractility is speculated to be due to the increased Mg2+ binding affinity. By binding Mg2+ first, ParvE101Q allows more Ca2+ binding to Troponin C, which is required for myocyte contraction.[1] The result of the modification is an increased contractility and quicker relaxation in myocytes with no reported side-effects.[1] This modified protein retains the heart’s ability to store calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, even under the added stress of caffeine. Additionally, when treated with ParvE101Q, calcium sparks (spontaneous releases of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum) are not different from normal. Other Ca2+ handling proteins used for sequestration are not affected by ParvE101Q, and the effects are not dependent on temperature changes.[1]
Clinical applications
Clinically, ParvE101Q shows promise in correcting diastolic heart failure. Diastolic heart failure is a condition where the heart has trouble relaxing efficiently. As a result, less blood is pumped out of the ventricles and the blood trying to enter the heart can back up in the circulation to cause hypertension, often in the lungs, and congestive heart failure develops.[6] Additionally, the decreased ability of the heart to eject blood leads to perfusion problems to vital organs such as the heart’s coronary arteries and the brain. ParvE101Q is being investigated for side effects, and optimal delivery mechanisms before moving on to experimental trials to treat conditions such as diastolic heart failure. Parvalbumin has diverse effects on cell cycles, second messengers, microtubule organization, cardiac muscle contraction, and the nervous system.[7][8]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Wang, W; Barnabei MS; Asp ML; Heinis FI; Arden E; Davis J; Braunlin E; Li Q et al. (10 February 2013). "Noncanonical EF-hand motif strategically delays Ca(2+) buffering to enhance cardiac performance". Nature Medicine 19 (3): 305–312. doi:10.1038/nm.3079. PMID 23396207.
- ↑ Cates, MS; Teodoro ML; Phillips GN Jr (March 2002). "Molecular mechanisms of calcium and magnesium binding to parvalbumin". Biophysical Journal 82 (3): 1133–1146. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75472-6. PMID 11867433. Bibcode: 2002BpJ....82.1133C.
- ↑ Pauls, TL; Cox JA; Berchtold MW (10 April 1996). "The Ca2+(-)binding proteins parvalbumin and oncomodulin and their genes: new structural and functional findings". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression 1306 (1): 39–54. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(95)00221-9. PMID 8611623.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hirsch, JC; Borton AR; Albayya FP; Russell MW; Ohye RG; Metzger JM (June 2004). "Comparative analysis of parvalbumin and SERCA2a cardiac myocyte gene transfer in a large animal model of diastolic dysfunction". American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 286 (6): H2314–H2321. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01137.2003. PMID 15148059.
- ↑ Wang, W; Metzger JM (2008). "Parvalbumin isoforms for enhancing cardiac diastolic function". Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 51 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/s12013-008-9011-x. PMID 18458829.
- ↑ Haney, S; Sur D; Xu Z (May–June 2005). "Diastolic heart failure: a review and primary care perspective". Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 18 (3): 189–198. doi:10.3122/jabfm.18.3.189. PMID 15879566.
- ↑ "Metal-ion affinity and specificity in EF-hand proteins: coordination geometry and domain plasticity in parvalbumin". Structure 7 (10): 1269–1278. 15 October 1999. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(00)80060-X. PMID 10545326.
- ↑ Verret, L; Mann EO; Hang GB; Barth AM; Cobos I; Ho K; Devidze N; Masliah E et al. (27 April 2012). "Inhibitory interneuron deficit links altered network activity and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer model". Cell 149 (3): 708–721. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.046. PMID 22541439.
External links
- Parvalbumins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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