Chemistry:Blue diamond
| Blue Diamond | |
|---|---|
| File:The 9.75 ct zoe diamond.png | |
| General | |
| Category | Native minerals |
| Formula (repeating unit) | C |
| Strunz classification | 1.CB.10a |
| Crystal system | Cubic |
| Crystal class | Hexoctahedral (m3m) H-M symbol: (4/m 3 2/m) |
| Identification | |
| Formula mass | 12.01 g/mol |
| Color | Light Blue to Deep Blue |
| Crystal habit | Octahedral |
| Twinning | Spinel law common (yielding "macle") |
| Cleavage | 111 (perfect in four directions) |
| Fracture | Conchoidal (shell-like) |
| Mohs scale hardness | 10 (defining mineral) |
| |re|er}} | Adamantine |
| Streak | Colorless |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to subtransparent to translucent |
| Specific gravity | 3.52±0.01 |
| Density | 3.5–3.53 g/cm3 |
| Polish luster | Adamantine |
| Optical properties | Isotropic |
| Refractive index | 2.418 (at 500 nm) |
| Birefringence | None |
| Pleochroism | None |
| Dispersion | 0.044 |
| Melting point | Pressure dependent |
| References | [1] |
Blue diamond is a type of diamond which exhibits all of the same inherent properties of the mineral except with the additional element of blue color in the stone. They are colored blue by trace amounts of boron that contaminate the crystalline lattice structure. Blue diamonds belong to a subcategory of diamonds called fancy color diamonds, the generic name for diamonds that exhibit intense color. Blue diamonds range in grade from Flawless to Included, just as in the case of white diamonds.
Properties determining value
The same four basic parameters that govern the grading of all gemstones are used to grade blue diamonds–the four Cs of Connoisseurship: color, clarity, cut and carat weight. Color is considered the absolute most important criterion in grading a blue diamond and determining its value.[2] However, the most valuable of blue diamonds also exhibit the highest clarity grades.[3] There is no known blue diamond with a completely flawless (F) clarity grading, although several are known which are graded Internally Flawless (IF).[4]
One of the earliest mentioned blue diamonds is the Hope Diamond, a 45.52 carat fancy dark grayish-blue which is believed to have been discovered in India but whose first recorded presence was in 1666 by French gem merchant Jean-Baptiste Tavernier. Its last owner was famed jeweler Harry Winston before he donated it to the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.[5] Colorless (“White”) diamonds have remained the most popular type of diamond through the millennia, but the existence of this blue diamond so long ago affirms the reality of the demand for fancy color diamonds over the years.
Color
In gemology,[6] color is divided into three components: hue, saturation and tone. Blue diamonds occur in hues ranging from green-blue to gray-blue, with the primary hue necessarily being blue. Green and gray are the normal secondary hues that can be found in blue diamonds. Blue diamonds are considered most beautiful and valuable when there is no secondary color present but rather are a pure blue color. However, a pure blue diamond of light color may be considered less valuable than a green-blue or gray-blue diamond whose color is more vivid. The characteristic of color is very complex in blue diamonds for this reason.[2][7] Most pure blue diamonds are Type IIb, meaning they contain either very few or a complete lack of nitrogen impurities. Type Ia blue stones contain a secondary hue and get their color from the presence of hydrogen.[8]
Clarity
As with all diamonds, the loupe standard is used to grade clarity. This means that the inclusions are judged based on the appearance of the diamond under 10x magnification, and not how it would appear to the naked eye.[4] Unlike in colorless diamonds, the clarity in blue diamonds has little effect on the diamond’s value. The exception is when there is an especially high clarity on a very vividly colored diamond. In this case, the clarity can add tremendous value.[9]
Treatments
Blue diamonds are only considered rare and valuable if they are natural. The definition of a natural blue diamond is a blue diamond that was mined with its blue color already present.[10] Since the 1950s, many methods have been developed to change a diamond’s appearance, including adding color to a colorless stone. These are considered enhanced diamonds and do not have the value or resale value of a natural blue diamond.[11] Enhanced blue diamonds are not bought with the intention of investment or eventual resale. Synthetic blue diamonds have also been made, using the HPHT method.[12]
Blue diamond mines
The earliest recorded blue diamond, the Hope Diamond, was discovered in India , in the Kollur mine in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh (which at the time was part of the Golconda kingdom), in the seventeenth century.[13][14][15] However, blue diamonds have also been discovered in the Cullinan Mine in South Africa and the Golconda region.[10] A few blue diamonds have been discovered in the Argyle Mine in Western Australia as well, and are offered at their annual Argyle Tender when they are found.[16]
Blue diamond lore
Aside from the fabled curse of the Hope Diamond, blue diamonds do not yet represent a large part of world culture. However, as of 2015, blue diamonds have become the most sought-after gems at auction. This was instigated by the sale of the 9.75 carat fancy vivid blue "Zoe" diamond to Hong Kong billionaire Joseph Lau, who bought it for, and named it after, his young daughter, Zoe.[17]
Notable Blue Diamonds
| Blue Diamond | Origin | Notability |
|---|---|---|
| Hope Diamond | Kollur Mine, Golconda, India | One of the most famous jewels in the world, with ownership records dating back almost four centuries |
| Wittelsbach-Graff Diamond | Kollur Mine, Golconda, India | Passed through Austrian royalty until it was sold at auction in 2008 to Laurence Graff and then re-polished |
| The Tereschenko Diamond | probably Kollur Mine, Golconda, India | Originally owned by the prominent Tereschenko family, sold at auction in 1984 to Robert Mouawad |
| Heart of Eternity | South Africa | Part of the “De Beers Millennium Jewels” display in 2000, member of the Smithsonian “Splendor of Diamonds” exhibit in Washington D.C. in 2005 |
| Sultan of Morocco Diamond | Kollur Mine, Golconda, India | Originally owned by the Yousupov family in Russia, eventually passed to the Sultans in Morocco |
| The Transvaal Blue Diamond | Premier Mine (now called the Cullinan Mine), Transvaal, South Africa | Once owned by the Baumgold Bros, current owner is unknown |
| The Zoe Diamond | Probably South Africa | Originally owned by Rachel “Bunny” Mellon, was sold at auction in 2014 for $32.5 million which made it, at the time, the highest price ever paid for any diamond, the highest price ever paid for a blue diamond at auction, and the highest price per carat ever paid for a diamond.[18] |
| The Blue Moon of Josephine Diamond | South Africa | Sold at auction to Hong Kong billionaire Joseph Lau Luen-hung in November 2015 for his 7-year-old daughter Josephine, one year after he bought the Zoe diamond for his 12-year-old daughter Zoe. At $48.5 million, it became, at the time, the highest price ever paid for any diamond, the highest price ever paid for a blue diamond at auction, and the highest price per carat ever paid for a diamond.[19] |
| The Oppenheimer Blue Diamond | Premier Mine, South Africa | Originally owned by the Oppenheimer family, the diamond was sold at auction in 2016 for $58 million, making it the highest price ever paid for any diamond, and the highest price ever paid for a blue diamond at auction.[20] |
Gallery
- The hope diamond.jpg
The 45.52 carat Hope diamond
- Wittelsbach-graff diamond.png
The 35.56 carat Wittelsbach-Graff diamond
- The Heart of Eternity.jpg
The 27.64 carat Heart of Eternity diamond
- The Tereschenko.jpg
The 42.92 carat Tereschenko diamond
- The Transvaal Blue.jpg
The 25 carat Transvaal Blue diamond
- Sultan of Morocco diamond.jpg
The 35.27 carat Sultan of Morocco diamond
- Zoe diamond.png
The 9.75 carat Zoe diamond
- Blue moon diamond.png
The 12.03 carat Blue Moon of Josephine diamond
- Oppenheimer blue.png
The 14.62 carat Oppenheimer Blue diamond
See also
- List of minerals
- List of diamonds
References
- ↑ "Diamond". WebMineral. http://webmineral.com/data/Diamond.shtml. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rachminov, E. (2009). The Fancy Color Diamond Book: Facts and Secrets of Trading in Rarities. New York: Diamond Odyssey. ISBN 9659149905. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Fancy_Color_Diamond_Book.html?id=YdBMMwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y&hl=en.
- ↑ "Investing In Natural Blue Diamonds". Diamond Investment & Intelligence Center. http://www.investments.diamonds/investing-in-natural-blue-diamonds/. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Fancy Color Diamond Quality Factors". Gemological Institute of America. https://www.gia.edu/fancycoloreddiamond-quality-factor. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ↑ "Harry Winston: The Man Who Gave Away The Gem". Smithsonian Institution. http://www.smithsonianchannel.com/site/smithsonian/hope_winston.html. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ↑ Grading Fancy-Color Diamonds; Gemological Institute of America
- ↑ "What Are The Colors of Fancy Diamonds?". Diamond Investment & Intelligence Center. http://www.investments.diamonds/colors-fancy-diamonds/. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ↑ "Blue Diamonds". Naturally Colored. http://www.naturallycolored.com/diamond-education/blue-diamonds-wiki. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ↑ "What Are The Colors Of Fancy Diamonds?". Diamond Investment & Intelligence Center. http://www.investments.diamonds/colors-fancy-diamonds/. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Blue Diamonds". NCDIA. https://www.ncdia.com/blue.php. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ↑ The National Science Foundation & NBC Learn. Science Of Innovation: Synthetic Diamonds. NBC Learn. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ↑ "Largest Blue HPHT Synthetic Diamond". GIA. https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-labnotes-largest-blue-hpht-synthetic-diamond. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ↑ India Before Europe, C.E.B. Asher and C. Talbot, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN:0-521-80904-5, p. 40
- ↑ A History of India, Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, Edition: 3, Routledge, 1998, p. 160; ISBN:0-415-15482-0
- ↑ Deccan Heritage, H. K. Gupta, A. Parasher and D. Balasubramanian, Indian National Science Academy, 2000, p. 144, Orient Blackswan, ISBN:81-7371-285-9
- ↑ "Blues and Violets". Argyle Pink Diamonds. http://www.argylepinkdiamonds.com.au/blues-and-violets. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ↑ "Upcoming Geneva Auctions to Reveal Three More Very Unique Diamonds". Diamond Investment & Intelligence Center. http://www.investments.diamonds/upcoming-geneva-auctions-to-reveal-three-more-very-unique-blue-diamonds.
- ↑ "Bunny Mellon's Blue Diamond Sells For More Than $32.6 Million, Sets Two World Auction Records". https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2014/11/21/9-75-carat-blue-diamond-sets-two-world-auction-records/#2ac4d8ba3bf5. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ↑ "Billionaire Buys 7-year-old Daughter Blue Moon Diamond for Record $48m". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/12/billionaire-buys-7-year-old-daughter-blue-moon-diamond-for-record-48m. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ↑ "The Oppenheimer Blue Diamond Helps Christie’s Gain Edge". http://www.investments.diamonds/oppenheimer-blue-diamond-helps-christies-gain-edge/. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
Further reading
- Cooper, J. C. (ed.) (1992). Brewer's Myth and Legend. New York: Cassell Publishers Ltd. ISBN:0-304-34084-7.
- Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (20th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN:0-471-80580-7.
- Rachminov, Eden (2009). “The Fancy Color Diamond Book: Facts and Secrets of Trading in Rarities” New York: Diamond Odyssey. ISBN:9659149905
- Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste (1925 [1676]). Travels in India (second edition), Volume II. Edited by William Crooke and translated by V. Ball. London: Oxford University Press.
- Weinstein, Michael (1958). The World of Jewel Stones. New York: Sheriden House. OCLC 519758.
- Wise, Richard W. (2003). Secrets of the Gem Trade: The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones. Lenox, Mass.: Brunswick House Press. ISBN:9780972822398. OCLC 55662640. Online Emerald chapters.
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