Chemistry:Prodiamine
Prodiamine is a preemergent herbicide of the dinitroaniline class. Prodiamine is used with crops such as soybeans, alfalfa, cotton, and ornamental crops. Prodiamine inhibits the formation of microtubules,[1] making it a Group D (Aus), K1 (global) or 3 (numeric).
Prodiamine was developed by Sandoz AG and marketed beginning in 1987.[2] Prodiamine can be obtained starting from 2,4-dichlorobenzotrifluoride.[3] It is normally sold formulated as dispersible granules or liquid concentrate. It is not registered in the United Kingdom or European Union,[4] though it is used in Australia, sold under the "Spartan" and "Barricade" trademarks.[5][6]
Prodiamine is surface applied, and requires no soil incorporation.[7]
Toxicity and environmental behaviour
Prodiamine is practically non-toxic to mammals, with an oral LD50 of over 5000 mg/kg (tested on rats). No observable effect exists for rats fed up to 6 mg/kg/day. For birds, the LD50 is over 2250 mg/kg, for bees, over 100 micrograms per bee, and for earthworms over 1000 mg/kg.[4] These values are not tested beyond there, as they already show the acute toxicity not to be a concern.
Prodiamine has moderate aquatic toxicity, with a 96-hour LC50 of 0.829 mg/L for rainbow trout, and a NOEL of 12 μg/L over 21 days. It has a similar acute toxicity to daphnia, though a higher NOEL of 23 μg/L. The LC50 is better for crustaceans, at 2.1 mg/L. Prodiamine is highly toxic to algae, halting growth at 3 μg/L.[4]
In soil, prodiamine has a half-life of 60 to 80 days by most estimates, except the EPA which states 120 days. It is non-mobile in soil, and unlikely to bioaccumulate.[4]
References
- ↑ "Herbicide Mode-Of-Action Summary". Purdue University. http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ws/ws-23-w.html.
- ↑ Entry on Prodiamin. at: Römpp Online. Georg Thieme Verlag, retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ↑ Thomas A. Unger (1996). Pesticide Synthesis Handbook. p. 877. ISBN 978-0-8155-1401-5.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedppdb - ↑ "Spartan Herbicide (Prodiamine)". 25 February 2024. https://specialistsales.com.au/shop/turf-domestic/turf-care/winter-grass/spartan-herbicide-prodiamine/.
- ↑ "Barricade Herbicide". 18 April 2023. https://specialistsales.com.au/shop/turf-domestic/turf-care/winter-grass/barricade-herbicide/.
- ↑ "Trifluralin vs Prodiamine: A Comparison for Weed Control". 24 October 2024. https://www.pomais.com/trifluralin-vs-prodiamine/.
External links
- Prodiamine in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
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