Chemistry:Thiram
Thiram is an organosulfur compound that is used as a fungicide.[1][2] It is used as a fungicide, ectoparasiticide to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops and similarly as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents and deer. It is effective against Stem gall of coriander, damping off, smut of millet, neck rot of onion, etc. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sun screen and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.[3]
Thiram is also used as a sulfur source and secondary accelerator the sulfur vulcanization of rubbers.
Usage
Thiram was traditionally used in apple and wine farming. Since 2010 most thiram is applied to soybeans.
It is registered for use in India.[4]
Chemical properties
Thiram is classified as a thiuram disulfide, which are compounds with the functional group]] N-C(S)-S-S-C(S)-N. Specifically thiram is the oxidized dimer of dimethyldithiocarbamate.[5]
- 2 (CH
3)
2NCS
2Na + H
2O
2 → (CH
3)
2NCS
2–SC(S)N(CH
3)
2 + 2 NaOH
It soluble in chloroform, acetone, and ether. The pure compound is a white solid. Many other thiuram disulfides are available. Commercial samples, which can appear off-white, are available as dust, flowable, wettable powder, water-dispersible granules, and water suspension formulations and in mixtures with other fungicides.[3]
Thiram is nearly immobile in clay soils or in soils of high organic matter. It is not expected to contaminate groundwater because of its in-soil half life of 15 days, in addition to its tendency to adhere to soil particles.[6]
As a waste, thiram carries an U.S. EPA U244 code.
Toxicity
Thiram is moderately toxic by ingestion, but it is highly toxic if inhaled. Acute exposure in humans may cause headaches, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal complaints.[7]
Chronic or repeated exposure may cause sensitive skin, and it may have effects on the thyroid or liver.[8]
References
- ↑ Thind, Tarlochan S.; Hollomon, Derek W. (2018). "Thiocarbamate fungicides: Reliable tools in resistance management and future outlook". Pest Management Science 74 (7): 1547–1551. doi:10.1002/ps.4844. PMID 29286551.
- ↑ Sharma, Vaneet Kumar; Aulakh, J. S.; Malik, Ashok Kumar (2003). "Thiram: Degradation, applications and analytical methods". Journal of Environmental Monitoring 5 (5): 717–723. doi:10.1039/b304710e. PMID 14587840.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Thiram". Extension Toxicology Network. https://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/pyrethrins-ziram/thiram-ext.html.
- ↑ Paranjape, Kalyani; Gowariker, Vasant; Krishnamurthy, V.N.; Gowariker, Sudha (2015). The Pesticide Encyclopedia. CABI. ISBN 978-1-78064-014-3.
- ↑ Schubart, Rüdiger (2026). "Dithiocarbamic Acid and Derivatives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–28. doi:10.1002/14356007.a09_001.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4.
- ↑ Howard, P.H., ed (1989). Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. III: Pesticides. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.
- ↑ Hayes, W.J. and E.R. Laws, ed (1990). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. 3, Classes of Pesticides. NY: Academic Press, Inc..
- ↑ NIOSH - Thiram International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC July 22, 2015
External links
- Thiram in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
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