Earth:Changhsingian
| Changhsingian | |
|---|---|
| 254.14 ± 0.07 – 251.9 Ma | |
 Bellerophon Formation, Dolomites, Italy | |
| Chronology | |
| Etymology | |
| Name formality | Formal |
| Name ratified | 1981 |
| Alternate spelling(s) | Changxingian |
| Usage information | |
| Celestial body | Earth |
| Regional usage | Global (ICS) |
| Time scale(s) used | ICS Time Scale |
| Definition | |
| Chronological unit | Age |
| Stratigraphic unit | Stage |
| Time span formality | Formal |
| Lower boundary definition | Meishan, Zhejiang, China |
| Lower boundary GSSP | FAD of the Conodont Clarkina wangi [ ⚑ ] : 31°04′55″N 119°42′23″E / 31.0819°N 119.7064°E |
| GSSP ratified | 2005[2] |
| Upper boundary definition | FAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus. |
| Upper boundary GSSP | Meishan, Zhejiang, China [ ⚑ ] 31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E |
| GSSP ratified | 2001[3] |
In the geologic time scale, the Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian Epoch or Series. The Changhsingian lasted from 254.14 to 251.9 Ma ago. It is preceded by the Wuchiapingian age/stage and is followed by the Induan age/stage (Early Triassic epoch).[4]
The greatest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic eon, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, occurred around the end of this age.
Stratigraphic definitions
The Changhsingian is named after Changxing (Chinese: 长兴; pinyin: Chángxīng; Wade–Giles: Ch’ang-hsing) in northern Zhejiang, China. The stage was named for the Changhsing Limestone.[5] The name was first used for a stage in 1970[6][7] and was anchored in the international timescale in 1981.[2]
The base of the Changhsingian Stage is at the first appearance of the conodont species Clarkina wangi. The global reference profile is profile D at Meishan, in the type area in Changxing, just below the Changhsingian foraminifer index fossil Palaeofusulina and the first appearance of the ammonoid Tapashanites.[2] The top of the Changhsingian (the base of the Induan Stage and the Triassic System is at the first appearance of the conodont species Hindeodus parvus.
The Changhsingian contains only one ammonoid biozone: that of the genus Iranites.
Changhsingian life
The Changhsingian ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction event of the Phanerozoic Era, when both global biodiversity and alpha diversity (community-level diversity) were devastated.[8]
On land, the Changhsingian fauna comprised gorgonopsid synapsids like Inostrancevia, anomodont synapsids like Daptocephalus and Dicynodon, and parareptiles like Elginia, milleretids and Nanoparia.
Among fishes, the bobasatraniiforms Bobasatrania and Ebenaqua are known from Changhsingian deposits of Greenland and Australia, respectively. Another deep-bodied fish, Sinoplatysomus, is known from Zhejiang province of China, along with the elongate saurichthyiform Eosaurichthys and the coelacanths Changxingia and Youngichthys. Within the Eugeneodontida, the helicoprionids are represented by the genus Sinohelicoprion as well as some edestids such as Helicampodus, and other eugeneodontids. Several fish genera were described from Changhsingian deposits of Russia and South Africa.[9] The Hambast Formation of Iran yielded chondrichthyan faunas of Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian age.[10]
The conodont Vjalovognathus carinatus is known from the Selong Formation of Tibet;[11] more common conodonts include the genera Clarkina and Hindeodus.
Changhsingian aged beds of the Tesero Member of the Werfen Formation produced fossils of a crown group echinoid, Eotiaris teseroensis and other taxa.[12]
The Paratirolites Limestone near Julfa (Azerbaijan, Iran) contains a diverse pre-extinction ammonoid fauna, including the genera Neoaganides, Pseudogastrioceras, Dzhulfites, Paratirolites, Julfotirolites, Alibashites, Abichites, Stoyanowites and Arasella[13]
The Bellerophon Formation in northern Italy documents a pre-extinction bivalve community with 26 species adapted to stressful conditions (high temperatures, high salinity, shallow water depths, low oxygen and high terrigenous input).[14] The formation is otherwise known for abundant Bellerophon fossils.[15]
In Australia, fossils of one of the last surviving eurypterids, ?Woodwardopterus freemanorum, were found.[16]
Notable formations
- Ali Bashi Formation (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran)
- Bellerophon Formation (Italy)
- Dalong formation (Yangtze, China)
- Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone* (South Africa)
- Hambast Formation (Iran)
- Hopeman Sandstone Formation (Scotland)
- Moradi Formation (Niger)
- Quartermaster Formation (Texas , USA)
- Rangal Coal Measures* (Queensland, Australia)
- Schuchert Dal Formation (Greenland)
- Tesero Member of the Werfen Formation (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy)
- Usili Formation* (Tanzania)
- Lower part of Wordie Creek Formation (Greenland)
* Tentatively assigned to the Changhsingian; age estimated primarily via terrestrial tetrapod biostratigraphy (for terrestrial formations)
References
- ↑ "Chart/Time Scale". International Commission on Stratigraphy. http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Jin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Henderson, C.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Shen, S.; Cao, C. (2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)". Episodes 29 (3): 175–182. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003. http://www.nigpas.ac.cn/permian/manage/document/edit/UploadFile/200737103436835.pdf..
- ↑ Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary". Episodes 24 (2): 102–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004. https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/induan.pdf. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ↑ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Smith, A.G. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Grabau, A.W. (1923). "Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower". Geological Survey of China. pp. 529.
- ↑ Furnish, W.M.; Glenister, B.F. (1970). "Permian ammonite Cyclolobus from the Salt Range, West Pakistan". Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan. Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication. 4. pp. 158–176.
- ↑ Furnish, W.M.; Glenister, B.F (1973). "Permian stages names". The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir. 2. pp. 522–548.
- ↑ Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMID 18198148.
- ↑ Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (2016). "Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution". Biological Reviews 91 (1): 106–147. doi:10.1111/brv.12161. PMID 25431138.
- ↑ Hampe, Oliver; Hairapetian, Vachik; Dorka, Markus; Witzmann, Florian; Akbari, Amir M.; Korn, Dieter (2013). "A first Late Permian fish fauna from Baghuk Mountain (Neo-Tethyan shelf, central Iran)". Bulletin of Geosciences 88 (1): 1–20. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1357. ISSN 1214-1119.
- ↑ Lina Wang; Paul B. Wignall; Yadong Sun; Chunbo Yan; Zaitian Zhang; Xulong Lai (2017). "New Permian-Triassic conodont data from Selong (Tibet) and the youngest occurrence of Vjalovognathus". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 146: 152–167. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.05.014. Bibcode: 2017JAESc.146..152W. http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/116518/1/Wang%20Lina%20et%20al.%2C%202017.JAES.pdf.
- ↑ Thompson, Jeffrey R.; Posenato, Renato; Bottjer, David J.; Petsios, Elizabeth (2019). "Echinoids from the Tesero Member (Werfen Formation) of the Dolomites (Italy): implications for extinction and survival of echinoids in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction". PeerJ 7: e7361. doi:10.7717/peerj.7361. PMID 31531267.
- ↑ Korn, Dieter; Ghaderi, Abbas; Leda, Lucyna; Schobben, Martin; Ashouri, Ali Reza (2015). "The ammonoids from the Late Permian Paratirolites Limestone of Julfa (East Azerbaijan, Iran)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 14 (10): 841–890. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1119211.
- ↑ Prinoth, Herwig; Posenato, Renato (2023). "Bivalves from the Changhsingian (upper Permian) Bellerophon Formation of the Dolomites (Italy): ancestors of Lower Triassic post-extinction benthic communities". Papers in Palaeontology 9 (2): e1486. doi:10.1002/spp2.1486.
- ↑ Stache, G. (1877). "Beiträge zur Fauna der Bellerphonkalke Südtirols 1, Cephalopoden und Gastropoden". Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt (Wien) 27 (3): 272–318. https://opac.geologie.ac.at/wwwopacx/wwwopac.ashx?command=getcontent&server=images&value=JB0273_271_A.pdf.
- ↑ Poschmann, Markus J.; Rozefelds, Andrew (2022-10-03). "The last eurypterid – a southern high-latitude record of sweep-feeding sea scorpion from Australia constrains the timing of their extinction" (in en). Historical Biology 34 (10): 2020–2030. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1998033. ISSN 0891-2963. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2021.1998033.
External links
- GeoWhen Database - Changhsingian
- Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chart at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
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