Earth:Sannine Formation
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Short description: Geologic formation in Lebanon
| Sannine Formation Stratigraphic range: late Albian-Cenomanian ~100–93.5 Ma | |
|---|---|
| Type | Geological formation |
| Underlies | Maameltain Formation |
| Overlies | Hammana Formation |
| Thickness | Coastal: >2,000 m (6,600 ft) Mountains: 500–700 m (1,600–2,300 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Chalk, limestone |
| Other | Marl |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | [ ⚑ ] : 34°06′N 35°42′E / 34.1°N 35.7°E |
| Paleocoordinates | [ ⚑ ] 12°54′N 30°24′E / 12.9°N 30.4°E |
| Region | Jabal Lubnan |
| Country |  Lebanon |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Mount Sannine |
  Sannine Formation (Lebanon) | |
The Sannine Formation, also called the Sannine Limestone, is a Cretaceous geologic formation in Lebanon.
Description
It is primarily Cenomanian in age. The formation laterally varies from east to west; the western lowland "coastal" sequence is over 2000 metres thick and primarily consists of deep water limestone and chalk, while the eastern "mountain" sequence is 500–700 metres thick and consists of shallow water limestone.[1] Pterosaur fossils have been recovered from the formation, including those of Mimodactylus[2] and Microtuban.[3] The pythonomorphs Pontosaurus, Eupodophis and probably Aphanizocnemus are known from the formation.[4] Insects are also known from compression fossils, including those of a dragonfly,[5] enigmatic pond-skater like insect Chresmoda.[6] and a mesoblattinid cockroach.[7] Compression fossils of angiosperm Sapindopsis are also known.[8] Numerous species of fossil fish are known,[9] including Ionoscopid Spathiurus dorsalis[10] and pycnodontid Flagellipinna rhomboides.[11]
Fossil Content
Fish
| Fish reported from the Sannine Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
| Armigatus | A. alticorpus | A clupeomorph[12][13] | ||
| A. brevissimus | Heckel and Hajula[12] | A clupeomorph[12] |  | |
| A. namourensis | Namoura[13] | A clupeomorph[12] | ||
| Belonostomus | B. sp., B. sp. | Namoura[13] | 2 unnamed species awaiting better material[13] | |
| Ctenodentelops | C. striatus | Namoura[13] | An elopid[13] | |
| Cyclobatis | C. oligodactylus | Hjoula[14] | [15][14] | |
| Enchodus | E. mecoanalis | Namoura[13] | ||
| Flagellipinna | F. rhomboides | Haqel | A pycodontid[11] | |
| Gigapteryx | G. lebanonensis | Namoura[13] | A euacanthopterygiian[13] | |
| Gladiopycnodus | G. byrnei | Hajoula | [16] | |
| Hensodon | H. spinosus | Hakel | A pycnodont[17] | |
| Lebonichthys | L. namourensis | Namoura[13] | An albulid[13] | |
| Paracentrus | P. lebanonensis | Namoura[13] | A holocentroid[13] | |
| Pseudocorax | P. kindlimmani | Haqel | [18] | |
| Scombroclupea | S. diminuta | Namoura[13] | A clupeiforme[13] | |
| Serrilepis | S. prymnostrigos, S. minor | Namoura[13] | A halecid[13] | |
| Spathiurus | S. dorsalis | Haqel | [10] | |
| Tethymyxine | T. tapirostrum | Hâdjoula | One of the earliest known definitive fossil hagfish.[19] | |
| Trewavasia | T. carinata | [17] | ||
| Triplomystus | T. noorae, T. oligoscutatus | Namoura[13] | 2 species known from the same site, of the paraclupeid family.[13] | |
| Ypsiloichthys | Y. sibelleae | Haqel[20] | A teleost. | |
Amniotes
| Amniotes reported from the Sannine Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
| Aphanizocnemus | A. libanensis | Although the type locality is unknown, it is said to "almost certainly" originate from the Sannine Formation. | [4] |  |
| Enantiophoenix | E. electrophyla | Namoura | [21] | |
| Eupodophis | E. descouensi | [4] |  | |
| Microtuban | M. altivolans | [3] | ||
| Mimodactylus | M. libanensis | [2] |  | |
| Pontosaurus | P. kornhuberi | [4] |  | |
| Rhinochelys | R. nammourensis | Adult and multiple hatchling remains known, suggesting a nesting site was nearby.[22] | [22] |  |
Invertebrates
| Invertebrates reported from the Sannine Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
| Allocrioceras | A. cf. annulatum | [18][23] | ||
| Boreopeltis | B. smithi | Hâkel | [24] | |
| Chresmoda | C. libanica | [6] | ||
| Dorateuthis | D. syriaca | Sâhel Aalma | [24] | |
| Keuppia | K. levante, K. hyperbolaris, K. sp. | Hâdjoula | 2 or 3 species known from the same locality[25] |  |
| Libanocordulia | L. debiei | Hjoula | A dragonfly[5] | |
| Libanoliupanshania | L. mimi | Hjoula | A dragonfly[5] | |
| Mantelliceras | M. mantelli | Haqel | "the occurrence of Mantelliceras mantelli is regarded doubtful, as this species has been used for various taxa within the family Acanthoceratidae de Grossouvre, 1894, and specimens have never been figured"[18][23] | |
| Mieroblattina | M. pacis | Nammoura | [7] | |
| Styletoctopus | S. annae | Hâqel | [25] | |
Plants
| Plants reported from the Sannine Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
| Aryskumia | cf. A. zelkovifolia | Poorly reserved leaf with ovate blade | [26] | |
| Nammouria | N. gracilis | Nammoura | [26] | |
| Nammourophyllum | N. altingioides | Nammoura | [26] | |
| Nupharanthus | N. cretacea | Nammoura | [26] | |
| Parvileguminophyllum | P. sp. | Complete leaflet known from Nammoura | [26] | |
| 'Phragmites' | P. sp. | [26] | ||
| Platycaryeae gen. et sp. indet. | Infructescence of bracteate fruits resembling Platycarya americana | [26] | ||
| Pseudolarix | P. sp. | [26] | ||
| Pseudotorellia | P. sp. | [26] | ||
| Pteris | P. sp. | Nammoura | [26] | |
| Sapindopsis | S. anhouryi | Nammoura | [26] | |
| S. libanensis | Nammoura | [26] | ||
See also
- List of pterosaur-bearing stratigraphic units
- Paleontology in Lebanon
References
- ↑ Walley, Christopher D. (1997). The Lithostratigraphy of Lebanon: A Review. pp. 1–20. http://svt-aaoi.com/IMG/pdf/lithostrat_of_Lebanon_cle4975d6.pdf.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Holgado, Borja; Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla; Nohra, Roy; Sayão, Juliana M.; Currie, Philip J. (2019-11-29). "First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity" (in en). Scientific Reports 9 (1): 17875. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 31784545. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...917875K.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Elgin, Ross A.; Frey, Eberhard (December 2011). "A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) of Lebanon" (in en). Swiss Journal of Geosciences 104 (S1): 21–33. doi:10.1007/s00015-011-0081-1. ISSN 1661-8726.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Campbell Mekarski, Michelle; Pierce, Stephanie E.; Caldwell, Michael W. (2019-09-24). "Spatiotemporal Distributions of Non-ophidian Ophidiomorphs, With Implications for Their Origin, Radiation, and Extinction". Frontiers in Earth Science 7: 245. doi:10.3389/feart.2019.00245. ISSN 2296-6463. Bibcode: 2019FrEaS...7..245M.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Azar, Dany; Maksoud, Sibelle; Huang, Diying; Nel, André (January 2019). "First Lebanese dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata, Aeshnoptera, Cavilabiata) from the Arabo-African mid-Cretaceous paleocontinent" (in en). Cretaceous Research 93: 78–89. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.08.025. https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01974283/file/azar_et_al_2019.pdf.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Nel, Andre; Azar, Dany; Martinez-Delclos, Xavier; Makhoul, Edouard (2004-03-25). "A new Upper Cretaceous species of Chresmoda from Lebanon - a latest representative of Chresmodidae (Insecta: Polyneoptera inc. sed.): first record of homeotic mutations in the fossil record of insects". European Journal of Entomology 101 (1): 145–151. doi:10.14411/eje.2004.019.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 P. Vršanský and E. Makhoul. 2013. Mieroblattina pacis gen. et sp. n. - Upper Cretaceous cockroach (Blattida: Mesoblattinidae) from Nammoura limestone of Lebanon. Insect Evolution in an Ambiferous and Stone Alphabet 167-172
- ↑ D. L. Dilcher and P. W. Basson. 1990. Mid-Cretaceous angiosperm leaves from a new fossil locality in Lebanon. Botanical Gazette 151(4):538-547
- ↑ Forey, Peter L.; Yi, Lu; Patterson, Colin; Davies, Cliff E. (January 2003). "Fossil fishes from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Namoura, Lebanon" (in en). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1 (4): 227–330. doi:10.1017/S147720190300107X. ISSN 1477-2019.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 El Hossny, Tamara; Maksoud, Sibelle; Azar, Dany; Saad, Pierre Abi; Cavin, Lionel (August 2020). "Spathiurus dorsalis Davis, 1887, from the Upper Cretaceous of Haqel, Lebanon, and the evolutionary history of Ionoscopiformes" (in en). Cretaceous Research 116: 104619. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104619. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667120303050.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cawley, John Joseph; Kriwet, Jürgen (2019-03-04). "A new genus and species of pycnodontid fish Flagellipinna rhomboides , gen. et sp. nov. (Neopterygii, Pycnodontiformes), from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon, with notes on juvenile form and ecology" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (2): e1614012. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1614012. ISSN 0272-4634. PMID 31709027.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:17 - ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:12 - ↑ 14.0 14.1 "A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii) (project)". 2019-04-29. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328602609.
- ↑ Egerton, Philip Grey (1845). "Description of a Fossil Ray from Mount Lebanon (Cyclobatis oligodactylus)". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 1 (1): 225–229. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.60. S2CID 128842555.
- ↑ Marramà, Giuseppe; Villier, Boris; Dalla Vecchia, Fabio M.; Carnevale, Giorgio (2016-06). "A new species of Gladiopycnodus (Coccodontoidea, Pycnodontomorpha) from the Cretaceous of Lebanon provides new insights about the morphological diversification of pycnodont fishes through time". Cretaceous Research. 61: 34–43. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.022. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Kriwet, Jürgen (2004-09-10). "A new pycnodont fish genus (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes) from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Mount Lebanon". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (3): 525–532. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0525:anpfgn2.0.co;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232686325.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Jambura; Stumpf; Kriwet, Patrick L.; Sebastian; Jürgen (September 2021). "Skeletal remains of the oldest known pseudocoracid shark Pseudocorax kindlimanni sp. nov. (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon". Cretaceous Research 125: 104842. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104842. PMID 34642522.
- ↑ Miyashita, Tetsuto; Coates, Michael I.; Farrar, Robert; Larson, Peter; Manning, Phillip L.; Wogelius, Roy A.; Edwards, Nicholas P.; Anné, Jennifer et al. (2019-02-05). "Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea and a reconciliation of the morphological–molecular conflict in early vertebrate phylogeny" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (6): 2146–2151. doi:10.1073/pnas.1814794116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 30670644.
- ↑ El Hossny, Tamara; Cavin, Lionel (July 2023). "A New Enigmatic Teleost Fish from the Mid-Cretaceous of Lebanon" (in en). Diversity 15 (7): 839. doi:10.3390/d15070839. ISSN 1424-2818.
- ↑ Cau, A.; Arduini, P. (2008). "Enantiophoenix electrophyla gen. et sp. nov. (Aves, Enantiornithes) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon and its phylogenetic relationships". Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Ivico di Storia Naturale in Milano 149 (2): 293–324.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Rhinochelys (Chelonioidea: Protostegidae) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Nammoura, Lebanon
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Wippich, Max G. E.; Lehmann, Jens (September 2004). "Allocrioceras from the Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous) of the Lebanon and its bearing on the palaeobiological interpretation of heteromorphic ammonites". Palaeontology 47 (5): 1093–1107. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00408.x. ISSN 0031-0239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00408.x.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Fuchs; Larson, Dirk; Neal L (March 2011). "Diversity, Morphology, and Phylogeny of Coleoid Cephalopods from the Upper Cretaceous Plattenkalks of Lebanon–Part I: Prototeuthidina". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (2): 234–249.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Fuchs; Bracchi; Weis, Dirk; Giacomo; Robert (31 December 2008). "NEW OCTOPODS (CEPHALOPODA: COLEOIDEA) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS (UPPER CENOMANIAN) OF HÂKEL AND HÂDJOULA, LEBANON". Palaeontology 52 (1): 65–81. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00828.x.
- ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 Krassilov, Valentin; Bacchia, Flavio (2000-12). "Cenomanian florule of Nammoura, Lebanon". Cretaceous Research. 21 (6): 785–799. doi:10.1006/cres.2000.0229. ISSN 0195-6671.
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