Engineering:Comparison of crewed space vehicles

From HandWiki

A number of different spacecraft have been used to carry people to and from outer space.

Table code key

Spacecraft under development
Spacecraft is operational
Retired spacecraft
Payload To / From the ISS
§ Crewed (Uncrewed)
[Includes failures]

Orbital and interplanetary space vehicles

Spacecraft Origin Manufacturer Range Launch system Crew size Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power system Payload (kg) double-dagger First spaceflight § Last spaceflight Flights §
Mercury  USA McDonnell Aircraft
North American Aviation 		LEO
attained 		Redstone MRLV
Atlas LV-3B 		1 3.34 1.89 1,400 Batteries 1961 (1960) 1963 6
(12)[note 1]
Gemini  USA McDonnell Aircraft
Martin 		LEO Titan II GLV
Titan IIIC[note 2] 		2 5.56 3.05 3,790 Fuel cells 1965 (1964) 1966 10
(2)[note 3]
Apollo  USA North American Aviation
Grumman and Douglas 		Lunar Saturn IB
Saturn V 		3 8.5 3.91 5,500 CM + 14,700 LM +
24,500 Service Module 		Fuel cells 1967 (1966) 1975 15
(4)[note 3]
Space Shuttle orbiter  USA Rockwell International LEO Space Shuttle 8[note 4] 37.24 4.8[note 5] 109,000 Fuel cells 12,500/16,000 1981 2011 135[note 6]
Soyuz 7K-T  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz
Soyuz-U 		2 7.48 2.72 Batteries 1973 1981 26 (4)[note 7]
Voskhod  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Voskhod 3[note 8] 5 2.4 5,682 Batteries 1964 (1964) 1965 2 (3)
Vostok  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO
first 		Vostok-K 1 4.4 2.43 4,725 Batteries 1961 (1960) 1963 6 (7)[note 9]
Soyuz 7K-OK  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 3 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1967 (1966) 1970 8 (8)[note 10]
Soyuz 7KT-OK  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 3 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1971 1971 2[note 11]
Soyuz 7K-T-AF  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 2 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1973 1973 1
Soyuz 7K-TM  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U 2 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1974 1975 2 (2)
Soyuz 7K-MF6  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U 2 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1976 1976 1
Soyuz-T  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U
Soyuz-U2 		3 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1978 1986 15 (6)[note 12]
Soyuz-TM  Soviet Union
 Russia 		RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-U2
Soyuz-U 		3 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 1986 2002 33 (1)
Buran  Soviet Union RKK Energia LEO Energia 10 36.37 Fuel cells N/A (1988) (1988) 0 (1)
Soyuz-TMA
11F732 		 Russia RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG 3 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 2002 2012 22
Soyuz TMA-M
11F747 		 Russia RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG 3 7.48 2.72 7,150 Solar panels 2010 2016 19
Shenzhou  China China Academy of Space Technology LEO Chang Zheng 2F 3 9.25 2.80 7,840 Solar panels 2003 (1999) Active 12 (5)
Soyuz MS
  Russia RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-2.1a 3 7.48 2.72 Solar panels 2016 Active 22 (2)
Crew Dragon  USA SpaceX LEO Falcon 9 4[1] 8.1[2] 3.7[3] 12,055[4] Solar Panels 3,307/2,507 2020 (2019) Active 11 (1)
CST-100 Starliner  USA Boeing LEO Atlas V 7 [note 13][5] 5.03 [6] 4.56 [6] Solar panels 2024 (2019) Testing 0 (2)
Orion  USA Lockheed Martin
Astrium 		Lunar, Mars Space Launch System 6 3.3 5 8,900 capsule +
12,300 service module 		Solar panels 2025 (2014) Testing 0 (2)[note 14]
Next-gen crewed spacecraft  China China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation LEO, Lunar Long March 10 7 8.8 4.5 21,600 Solar panels 2026 (2020) Testing 0
(1)
Gaganyaan  India Indian Space Research Organization LEO GSLV Mk III 3 7 3.5 7,800 Solar Panels (Planned: 2024) Planned 0
Starship  USA SpaceX Solar System[7][note 15] Super Heavy 100 [note 16] 55 [7] 9 [7][note 17] 1,335,000 [7] Solar Panels (Planned: 2023) [7] Testing 0
Orel
  Russia RKK Energia LEO,Lunar Irtysh (rocket)
Angara A5 		4 Solar panels (Planned: 2028) Planned 0
Dream Chaser  USA Sierra Nevada Corporation LEO Vulcan Centaur 7 [8][9] 9 [10] 11,300 [11] TBA Planned 0
Biconic Space Vehicle  USA Blue Origin LEO New Glenn TBA Planned 0
Nyx  Germany  France The Exploration Company LEO,Lunar TBA Planned 0


Suborbital space vehicles

Spacecraft Origin Manufacturer Altitude Launch system Crew size Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power system Generated power (W) First spaceflight § Last spaceflight Flights §
SpaceShipOne  USA Scaled Composites 112 km
X Prize 		White Knight
Hybrid Motor 		1 8.53 8.05 3,600 2004 2004 3[note 18]
X-15  USA North American Aviation 108 km
altitude 		B-52
Ammonia-LOX 		1 15.45 6.8 15,420 1963[note 19] 1963 2[note 20]
SpaceShipTwo  USA Virgin Galactic 90 km White Knight Two
RocketMotorTwo 		8[note 21] 18.3 8.3 9,740 December 13, 2018 2[note 22]
New Shepard  USA Blue Origin 119 km New Shepard
BE-3 		6 2021
(2015) 		6 (17)
Spica Rocket  Denmark Copenhagen Suborbitals 105 km BPM100 1 13 1 4,100 Batteries 2025 Early Development 0
SpaceShipThree  USA Virgin Galactic Approximately 90 km White Knight Two 8[note 23] 18.3 8.3 9,740 Unknown Undergoing initial ground testing 0[note 24]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Including 2 suborbital flights, not including boilerplate tests
  2. ↑ One uncrewed launch on Titan IIIC ahead of proposed use in MOL programme
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Not including boilerplate tests
  4. ↑ No missions carried more than eight astronauts, although higher crew sizes were theoretically possible, for example recovering the crew of a stranded orbiter.
  5. ↑ Wingspan 23.79m
  6. ↑ Includes two fatal accidents; STS-51-L disintegrated during ascent, STS-107 damaged during ascent, disintegrated during reentry.
  7. ↑ Crewed flights include one launch failure - abort during third stage flight, recovered after suborbital flight
  8. ↑ Able to carry three cosmonauts without spacesuits, or two with spacesuits; both combinations flown
  9. ↑ Uncrewed flight count includes two launch failures
  10. ↑ Crewed flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 1 lost due to parachute failure upon landing.
  11. ↑ Crewed flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 11 depressurised during reentry.
  12. ↑ Crewed flights include one launch failure (SAS (launch escape system) used ~70 seconds before planned liftoff due to fire on launch pad - crew survived)
  13. ↑ Each mission in the Commercial Crew Program will send up to four astronauts to the ISS
  14. ↑ Including uncrewed test in 2014
  15. ↑ Designed to land almost everywhere in the solar system
  16. ↑ Number of seats will be lower on early missions
  17. ↑ Plus delta wings
  18. ↑ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
  19. ↑ Does not include only-U.S.-recognized spaceflights
  20. ↑ Does not include atmospheric flights, or missions considered spaceflights by the US definition but not the FAI's definition
  21. ↑ 2 crew + 6 passengers
  22. ↑ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
  23. ↑ 2 crew + 6 passengers
  24. ↑ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights

See also

References

  1. ↑ Clark, Stephen (7 December 2019). "After redesigns, the finish line is in sight for SpaceX's Crew Dragon spaceship". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/07/after-redesigns-the-finish-line-is-in-sight-for-spacexs-crew-dragon/. "'With [the addition of parachutes] and the angle of the seats, we could not get seven anymore', Shotwell said. "So now we only have four seats. That was kind of a big change for us"." 
  2. ↑ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/falcon9. 
  3. ↑ "SpaceX Brochure – 2008". https://www.spacex.com/SpaceX_Brochure_V7_All.pdf. 
  4. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "SpaceX's Crew Dragon ready for first test flight – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/02/28/spacexs-crew-dragon-rolls-out-for-test-flight/. 
  5. ↑ Reichhardt, Tony (August 2018). "Astronauts, Your Ride's Here!". https://www.airspacemag.com/space/space-series-starliner-and-spacex-dragon-180969499/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). "Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System". Boeing. http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/CCDev2%20Boeing%20CST-100%20Overview.pdf. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Making Life Multiplanetary". SpaceX. 2017-10-18. http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/making_life_multiplanetary-2017.pdf. 
  8. ↑ "Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden" (Press release). Dryden Flight Research Center: NASA. 2010-12-17. Archived from the original on 2012-06-12. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  9. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times: p. D1. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/science/space/01private.html?_r=4&ref=science&pagewanted=all. 
  10. ↑ Wade, Mark (2014). "Dream Chaser". Encyclopedia Astronautix. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/drehaser.htm. 
  11. ↑ Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation". Spacevidcast. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7sWtEAddkM.  Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace. https://www.americaspace.com/2014/08/23/flight-plans-and-crews-for-commercial-dream-chasers-first-flights-one-on-one-interview-with-snc-vp-mark-sirangelo-part-3/. 



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