Engineering:Soyuz-TM

From HandWiki
Soyuz-TM
Soyuz acoplada MIR.jpg
Soyuz-TM spacecraft.
ManufacturerKorolev
Country of originSoviet Union and Russia
OperatorSoviet space program/Russian Federal Space Agency
ApplicationsCarry three cosmonauts to Mir and ISS and back
Specifications
Design lifeUp to six months docked to station
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Production
StatusOut of service
Launched34
Maiden launchSoyuz TM-1, 1986
Last launchSoyuz TM-34, 2002
Related spacecraft
Derived fromSoyuz-T
DerivativesSoyuz-TMA

The Soyuz-TM were fourth generation (1986–2002) Soyuz spacecraft used for ferry flights to the Mir and ISS space stations. The Soyuz spacecraft consisted of three parts, the Orbital Module, the Descent Module and the Service Module.[1]

The first launch of the spacecraft was the uncrewed Soyuz TM-1 on May 21, 1986, where it docked with the Mir space station.[2] The final flight was Soyuz TM-34, which docked with the International Space Station and landed November 10, 2002.[3]

Background

After the Apollo-Soyuz Test project in 1976, the Soyuz for crewed flights had the singular mission of supporting crewed space stations.[4] The original Soyuz had a limited endurance when docked with a station, only about 60 to 90 days.[4] There were two avenues for extending the duration of missions past this. The first avenue was to make upgrades to increase the Soyuz spacecraft's endurance. The Soyuz-T could last 120 days and the Soyuz-TM could last 180 days.[4] The other was to use a Visiting Expedition to fly a new Soyuz up to the station and depart with the spacecraft nearing the end of its rated endurance.[4]

The preliminary design was released in April 1981 and the main set of working documentation was released in early 1982.[5]

Upgrades from Soyuz-T

The Soyuz-TM was an upgraded version of the Soyuz-T. The TM stood for transport modified (or транспортный модифицированный in Russian).[2]

Orbital Module

With the growth of orbital complexes, the Soyuz-T used the Igla system that required continuous orientation with the station and had high fuel costs. The Soyuz-TM was upgraded with the Kurs system that did not require the same orientation from the station and allowed measurements from a range of 200 km instead of the 30 km of the Igla.[6]

Descent Module

It also increased the payload to 51.6° orbit by 200–250 kg and was able to return 70–90 kg more back to earth. Energia accomplished this by increasing the capabilities of the launch vehicle and decreasing the mass of the ship.[6] The parachute system mass was decreased by 120 kg (40%) by using synthetic material for the slings and lightweight material for the parachute domes.[6]

Propulsion/Service Module

It also featured a new KTDU-80 propulsion module that permitted the Soyuz-TM to maneuver independently of the station, without the station making "mirror image" maneuvers to match unwanted translations introduced by earlier models' aft-mounted attitude control. It also used the baffles inside the tanks became structural, allowing further reduction in mass.

Typical Flight for Soyuz-TM

Training

Soyuz TM control panel simulator

Classroom training is completed on Soyuz systems and required crew operations. Cosmonauts must pass an oral test on the material for certification. Training was also completed on Soyuz mockups and simulators. Two weeks before launch, after passing all the tests, the crew is flown to Baikonur to participate in a test at the launch site to go through all the steps associated with the launch.[7]

For Flight Readiness

The final decision to launch is made by the assembly company (General Designer).[8] There is a Space Committee formed of approximately 20 people headed by a 3-star General for Air and Space with the following representation:

  • RSA
  • NPO-Energia
  • General Designer
  • Central Institute of Machine Building
  • Ministry of Defense
  • Physicians
  • Baikonur

When different companies/countries are involved, they are represented as well at on the Space Committee. For Soyuz launches, the Ministry of Defense representative states that everything has been checked because all preparations at Baikonur are performed by the military. Independent assessment is made by the Central Institute of Machine Building for every flight.[8] Cosmonauts had to get clearance from the Russian Medical Commission, the Institute of Biomedical Problems and the GCTC at the flight readiness Review.[8]

Launch

Space Station

Landing

Table of Flights

Mission Launch Launch Crew Landed Landed Crew Duration Summary
Soyuz TM-1 21 May 1986 30 May 1986 9 days Uncrewed test flight
Soyuz TM-2 5 February 1987 Mir EO-2:
Soviet Union Yuri Romanenko
Soviet Union Aleksandr Laveykin
30 July 1987 Mir EP-1:
Soviet Union Aleksandr Viktorenko
Syria Muhammed Faris
Mir EO-2:
Soviet Union Aleksandr Laveykin
174 days
Soyuz TM-3 22 July 1987 Mir EP-1:
Soviet Union Aleksandr Viktorenko
Syria Muhammed Faris
Mir EO-2:
Soviet Union Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov
29 December 1987 Mir EO-2:
Soviet Union Yuri Romanenko
Soviet Union Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov
Mir LII-1:
Soviet Union Anatoli Levchenko
160 days
Soyuz TM-4 21 December 1987 Mir EO-3:
Soviet Union Vladimir Titov
Soviet Union Musa Manarov
Mir LII-1:
Soviet Union Anatoli Levchenko
17 June 1988 Mir EP-2:
Soviet Union Anatoly Solovyev
Soviet Union Viktor Savinykh
Bulgaria Aleksandr Aleksandrov
178 days
Soyuz TM-5 7 June 1988 Mir EP-2:
Soviet Union Anatoly Solovyev
Soviet Union Viktor Savinykh
Bulgaria Aleksandr Aleksandrov
7 September 1988 Mir EP-3:
Soviet Union Vladimir Lyakhov
Afghanistan Abdul Ahad Mohmand
91 days
Soyuz TM-6 29 August 1988 Mir EP-3:
Soviet Union Vladimir Lyakhov
Afghanistan Abdul Mohmand
Soviet Union Valeri Polyakov
21 December 1988 Mir EO-3:
Soviet Union Vladimir Titov
Soviet Union Musa Manarov
Mir Aragatz:
France Jean-Loup Chrétien
114 days
Soyuz TM-7 26 November 1988 Mir EO-4:
Soviet Union Alexander Volkov
Soviet Union Sergei Krikalev
Mir Aragatz:
France Jean-Loup Chrétien
27 April 1989 Mir EO-4:
Soviet Union Alexander Volkov
Soviet Union Sergei Krikalev
Soviet Union Valeri Polyakov
151 days
Soyuz TM-8 5 September 1989 Mir EO-5:
Soviet Union Aleksandr Viktorenko
Soviet Union Aleksandr Serebrov
19 February 1990 Mir EO-5:
Soviet Union Aleksandr Viktorenko
Soviet Union Aleksandr Serebrov
166 days
Soyuz TM-9 11 February 1990 Mir EO-6:
Soviet Union Anatoly Solovyev
Soviet Union Aleksandr Balandin
9 August 1990 Mir EO-6:
Soviet Union Anatoly Solovyev
Soviet Union Aleksandr Balandin
179 days
Soyuz TM-10 1 August 1990 Mir EO-7:
Soviet Union Gennady Manakov
Soviet Union Gennady Strekalov
10 December 1990 Mir EO-7:
Soviet Union Gennady Manakov
Soviet Union Gennady Strekalov
Reporter:
Japan Toyohiro Akiyama
130 days
Soyuz TM-11 2 December 1990 Mir EO-8:
Soviet Union Viktor Afanasyev
Soviet Union Musa Manarov
Reporter:
Japan Toyohiro Akiyama
26 May 1991 Mir EO-8:
Soviet Union Viktor Afanasyev
Soviet Union Musa Manarov
Project Juno:
United Kingdom Helen Sharman
175 days
Soyuz TM-12 18 May 1991 Mir EO-9:
Soviet Union Anatoly Artsebarsky
Soviet Union Sergei Krikalev
Project Juno:
United Kingdom Helen Sharman
10 October 1991 Mir EO-9:
Soviet Union Anatoly Artsebarsky
Others:
Template:Country data Kazakh SSR Toktar Aubakirov
Austria Franz Viehböck
144 days
Soyuz TM-13 2 October 1991 Mir EO-10:
Soviet Union Alexander Volkov
Others:
Template:Country data Kazakh SSR Toktar Aubakirov
Austria Franz Viehböck
25 March 1992 Mir EO-10:
Russia Alexander Volkov
Russia Sergei Krikalev
Other:
Germany Klaus-Dietrich Flade
175 days In orbit during the Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Soyuz TM-14 17 March 1992 Mir EO-11:
Russia Aleksandr Viktorenko
Russia Aleksandr Kaleri
Other:
Germany Klaus-Dietrich Flade
10 August 1992 Mir EO-11:
Russia Aleksandr Viktorenko
Russia Aleksandr Kaleri
Other:
France Michel Tognini
145 days
Soyuz TM-15 27 July 1992 Mir EO-12:
Russia Anatoly Solovyev
Russia Sergei Avdeyev
Other:
France Michel Tognini
1 February 1993 Mir EO-12:
Russia Anatoly Solovyev
Russia Sergei Avdeyev
188 days
Soyuz TM-16 24 January 1993 Mir EO-13:
Russia Gennadi Manakov
Russia Alexander Poleshchuk
22 July 1993 Mir EO-13:
Russia Gennadi Manakov
Russia Alexander Poleshchuk
Other:
France Jean-Pierre Haigneré
179 days
Soyuz TM-17 1 July 1993 Mir EO-14:
Russia Vasili Tsibliyev
Russia Aleksandr Serebrov
Other:
France Jean-Pierre Haigneré
14 January 1994 Mir EO-14:
Russia Vasili Tsibliyev
Russia Aleksandr Serebrov
196 days
Soyuz TM-18 8 January 1994 Mir EO-15:
Russia Viktor Afanasyev
Russia Yury Usachov
Russia Valeri Polyakov
9 July 1994 Mir EO-15:
Russia Viktor Afanasyev
Russia Yury Usachov
182 days
Soyuz TM-19 1 July 1994 Mir EO-16:
Russia Yuri Malenchenko
Kazakhstan Talgat Musabayev
4 November 1994 Mir EO-16:
Russia Yuri Malenchenko
Kazakhstan Talgat Musabayev
Euromir 94:
Germany Ulf Merbold
125 days
Soyuz TM-20 3 October 1994 Mir EO-17:
Russia Aleksandr Viktorenko
Russia Yelena Kondakova
Euromir 94:
Germany Ulf Merbold
22 March 1995 Mir EO-17:
Russia Aleksandr Viktorenko
Russia Yelena Kondakova
Russia Valeri Polyakov
169 days
Soyuz TM-21 14 March 1995 Mir EO-18:
Russia Vladimir Dezhurov
Russia Gennady Strekalov
United States Norman Thagard
11 September 1995 Mir EO-19:
Russia Anatoly Solovyev
Russia Nikolai Budarin
181 days
Soyuz TM-22 3 September 1995 Mir EO-20:
Russia Yuri Gidzenko
Russia Sergei Avdeyev
Euromir 95:
Germany Thomas Reiter
29 February 1996 Mir EO-20:
Russia Yuri Gidzenko
Russia Sergei Avdeyev
Euromir 95:
Germany Thomas Reiter
179 days
Soyuz TM-23 21 February 1996 Mir EO-21:
Russia Yuri Onufrienko
Russia Yury Usachov
2 September 1996 Mir EO-21:
Russia Yuri Onufrienko
Russia Yury Usachov
Other:
France Claudie André-Deshays
193 days
Soyuz TM-24 17 August 1996 Mir EO-22:
Russia Valery Korzun
Russia Aleksandr Kaleri
Other:
France Claudie André-Deshays
2 March 1997 Mir EO-22:
Russia Valery Korzun
Russia Aleksandr Kaleri
Other:
Germany Reinhold Ewald
196 days
Soyuz TM-25 10 February 1997 Mir EO-23:
Russia Vasili Tsibliyev
Russia Aleksandr Lazutkin
Other:
Germany Reinhold Ewald
14 August 1997 Mir EO-23:
Russia Vasili Tsibliyev
Russia Aleksandr Lazutkin
184 days
Soyuz TM-26 5 August 1997 Mir EO-24:
Russia Anatoly Solovyev
Russia Pavel Vinogradov
19 February 1998 Mir EO-24:
Russia Anatoly Solovyev
Russia Pavel Vinogradov
Other:
France Léopold Eyharts
197 days
Soyuz TM-27 29 January 1998 Mir EO-25:
Russia Talgat Musabayev
Russia Nikolai Budarin
Other:
France Léopold Eyharts
25 August 1998 Mir EO-25:
Russia Talgat Musabayev
Russia Nikolai Budarin
Other:
Russia Yuri Baturin
207 days
Soyuz TM-28 13 August 1998 Mir EO-26:
Russia Gennady I. Padalka
Russia Sergei Avdeyev
Other:
Russia Yuri Baturin
28 February 1999 Mir EO-26:
Russia Gennady I. Padalka
Other:
Slovakia Ivan Bella
198 days
Soyuz TM-29 20 February 1999 Mir EO-27:
Russia Viktor Afanasyev
France Jean-Pierre Haigneré
Other:
Slovakia Ivan Bella
28 August 1999 Mir EO-27:
Russia Viktor Afanasyev
France Jean-Pierre Haigneré
Other:
Russia Sergei Avdeyev
188 days
Soyuz TM-30 4 April 2000 Mir EO-28:
Russia Sergei Zalyotin
Russia Aleksandr Kaleri
16 June 2000 Mir EO-28:
Russia Sergei Zalyotin
Russia Aleksandr Kaleri
72 days Last mission to Mir
Soyuz TM-31 31 October 2000 Expedition 1:
Russia Yuri Gidzenko
Russia Sergei Krikalev
United States William Shepherd
6 May 2001 ISS EP-1:
Russia Talgat Musabayev
Russia Yuri Baturin
United States Dennis Tito
186 days First Soyuz to the International Space Station
Soyuz TM-32 28 April 2001 ISS EP-1:
Russia Talgat Musabayev
Russia Yuri Baturin
United States Dennis Tito
31 October 2001 ISS EP-2:
Russia Viktor M. Afanasyev
France Claudie Haigneré
Russia Konstantin Kozeyev
185 days
Soyuz TM-33 21 October 2001 ISS EP-2:
Russia Viktor M. Afanasyev
France Claudie Haigneré
Russia Konstantin Kozeyev
5 May 2002 Russia Yuri Gidzenko
Italy Roberto Vittori
South Africa Mark Shuttleworth
195 days
Soyuz TM-34 25 April 2002 Russia Yuri Gidzenko
Italy Roberto Vittori
South Africa Mark Shuttleworth
10 November 2002 Russia Sergei Zalyotin
Belgium Frank De Winne
Russia Yury Lonchakov
198 days

Gallery

External links

References