Astronomy:Comparison of orbital launch systems

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Soyuz-U, the most prolific orbital launch system in history

This comparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are operational or in development as of 2023; a second list includes all upcoming rockets and a third list includes all retired rockets For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.

Spacecraft propulsion[note 1] is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories:

  • Solid-propellant rockets or solid-fuel rockets have a motor that uses solid propellants, typically a mix of powdered fuel and oxidizer held together by a polymer binder and molded into the shape of a hollow cylinder. The cylinder is ignited from the inside and burns radially outward, with the resulting expanding gases and aerosols escaping out via the nozzle.[note 2]
  • Liquid-propellant rockets have a motor that feeds liquid propellant(s) into a combustion chamber. Most liquid engines use a bipropellant, consisting of two liquid propellants (fuel and oxidizer) which are stored and handled separately before being mixed and burned inside the combustion chamber.
  • Hybrid-propellant rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellant, typically involving a liquid oxidizer being pumped through a hollow cylinder of solid fuel.

All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some[note 3] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.[note 4]

Current rockets

Orbits legend:

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Height Maximum payload mass
(kg) 		Reusable / Expendable Orbital
launches
including
failures[lower-alpha 1] 		Launch site(s) Dates of flight
LEO GTO Other First Latest
Angara A5  Russia Khrunichev 55.4 m 24,500[1] 5,400 with Briz-M[2]
7,500 with KVTK 		N/A Expendable 3[1]
  • Russia Plesetsk
  • Russia Vostochny
 2014 2021
Angara 1.2  Russia Khrunichev 42.7 m 3,500[2] N/A 2,400 to SSO[3] Expendable 2[4]
  • Russia Plesetsk
  • Russia Vostochny
 2022 2022
Atlas V 551  United States ULA 58.3 m 18,850[5] 8,900[5] 13,550 to SSO[6]
3,850 to GEO[5] 		Expendable 14
  • United StatesVAFB
  • United States CCSFS
 2006 2023
Atlas V N22[lower-alpha 2]  United States ULA 52.4 m 13,000[8] N/A N/A Expendable 2[8]
  • United States Cape Canaveral
 2019[9] 2022
Ceres-1 (3)[lower-alpha 3]  China Galactic Energy 20 m 400[11] N/A 300 to SSO[11] Expendable 8[12]
  • China JSLC
 2022 2023
Ceres-1S[lower-alpha 4]  China Galactic Energy 20 m ~ 400[11] N/A ~ 300 to SSO[11] Expendable 1[12]
  • China DeFu 15002 platform
 2023 2023
Chollima-1  North Korea NADA 26.2 m > 300[13] N/A N/A Expendable 3[14]
  • North Korea Sohae
 2023 2023
Delta IV Heavy  United States ULA 72 m 28,370[15] 14,210[15] 23,560 to polar [15]
11,290 to TLI
8,000 to TMI 		Expendable 15[16]
  • United StatesVAFB
  • United States CCSFS
 2004 2023
Electron  United States
 New Zealand 		Rocket Lab 18 m[lower-alpha 5] - 18.7 m[lower-alpha 6] 300[17] N/A 200 to SSO[17] Reusable 42[18]
  • New Zealand Mahia
  • United States MARS
 2017 2024
Epsilon  Japan IHI[19] 24.4 m 1,500[20] N/A 590 to SSO[20] Expendable 6[20]
  • Japan KSC
 2013 2022
Falcon 9 Block 5  United States SpaceX 70 m 17,400[21] 5,500[21] N/A Reusable 57[21]
  • United StatesVandenberg,
  • United States Cape Canaveral
  • United States Kennedy
 2018 2024
22,800[21] 8,300[21] 4,020 to TMI[21] Expendable
Falcon Heavy[22]  United States SpaceX 70 m 30,000[23] 8,000[24] N/A Reusable 3[24]
  • United States Kennedy
 2018 2023
63,800[24] 26,700[24] 16,800 to TMI[24] Expendable
Firefly Alpha  United States Firefly Aerospace 29 m 1,030[25] N/A 630 to SSO[25] Expendable 4[26]
  • United States VAFB
  • United States CCSFS
 2021 2023
Gravity-1  China Orienspace 31.4 m 6,500[27] N/A 4,200 to SSO[27] Expendable 1[27]
  • China DeFu 15002 Launch Platform
 2024 2024
GSLV Mk II  India ISRO 49.1 m 6,000[28] 2,250[28] N/A Expendable 9[29] 2010 2023
H-IIA 202  Japan Mitsubishi 53 m 8,000[30] 4,000[30] 5,100 to SSO[lower-alpha 7] Expendable 33[31]
  • Japan TNSC
 2001 2023
H3-22S  Japan Mitsubishi 57 m N/A[32] 3,500 N/A Expendable 1[33]
  • Japan TNSC
 2023 2023
Hyperbola-1 (2)[lower-alpha 8]  China i-Space 22.5 m 300[35] N/A 300 to SSO[35] Expendable 5[35]
  • China JSLC
 2021 2023
Jielong 1[36]  China CALT 19.5 m N/A N/A 200 to SSO[37] Expendable 1[36]
  • China JSLC
 2019 2019
Jielong 3  China CALT 31.8 m N/A N/A 1,500 (500 km SSO)[38] Expendable 2[38]
  • China Tai Rui Launch Platform
  • China Bo Run Jiu Zhou Launch Platform
 2022 2022
Kinetica 1  China CAS Space 30 m 2,000[39] N/A 1,500[39] (500 km SSO) Expendable 3[39]
  • China JSLC
 2022 2024
Kuaizhou 1A  China ExPace 19.8 m 400[40] N/A 250 to SSO Expendable 28[40]
  • China JSLC,
  • China TSLC,
  • China XSLC
 2013[lower-alpha 9] 2024
Kuaizhou 11  China ExPace 25.3 m 1,500[42] N/A 1,000 to SSO[42] Expendable 2[43]
  • China JSLC
 2020 2022
Long March 2C  China CALT 42 m 3,850
[44] 		1,250 with CTS2[44] 2,000 to SSO with YZ-1S[45] Expendable 75[46]
  • China JSLC,
  • China TSLC,
  • China XSLC
 1982 2023
Long March 2D  China SAST 41.1 m 3,500[47] N/A 1,150 to SSO[48] Expendable 85[46]
  • China JSLC,
  • China TSLC,
  • China XSLC
 1992 2023
Long March 2F  China CALT 62 m 8,400[47] N/A N/A Expendable 22[46]
  • China JSLC
 1999 2023
Long March 3A  China CALT 52.5 m 6,000[49] 2,600[49] 5,000 to SSO
1,420 to TLI[49] 		Expendable 27[49]
  • China XSLC
 1994 2018
Long March 3B/E  China CALT 56.3 m 11,500[49] 5,500[49] 6,900 to SSO
3,500 to TLI[49] 		Expendable 81[49]
  • China XSLC
 2007 2023
Long March 3C  China CALT 54.8 m 9,100[49] 3,800[49] 6,500 to SSO
2,300 to TLI[49] 		Expendable 18[49]
  • China XSLC
 2008 2021
Long March 4B  China SAST 44.1 m 4,200[50] 1,500[50] 2,800 to SSO[50] Expendable 48[50]
  • China JSLC,
  • China TSLC
 1999 2023
Long March 4C  China SAST 45.8 m 4,200[51] 1,500[51] 2,800 to SSO[51] Expendable 53[51]
  • China JSLC,
  • China TSLC,
  • China XSLC
 2006 2023
Long March 5  China CALT 56.9 m 25,000[52] 14,000 [52] 15,000 to SSO[53]
4,500 to GEO[53]
8,200 to TLI[54]
6,000 to TMI[54] 		Expendable 6[53]
  • China WSLS
 2016 2023
Long March 5B  China CALT 56.9 m 25,000[53] N/A N/A Expendable 4[53]
  • China WSLS
 2020[55] 2022
Long March 6  China SAST 29 m 1,500[56] N/A 1,080 to SSO[56] Expendable 11[56]
  • China TSLC
 2015 2023
Long March 6A  China SAST 50 m N/A N/A 4,500 to SSO[57] Expendable 4[58]
  • China TSLC
 2022 2023
Long March 7  China CALT 53.1 m 14,000[59] 7,000 5,500 to SSO[59] Expendable 8[60]
  • China WSLS
 2016[61] 2024
Long March 7A  China CALT 60.13 m 13,500 7,000[55] N/A Expendable 6[60]
  • China WSLS
 2020 2023
Long March 8  China CALT 50.34 m 8,400 2,800[62] 5,000 to SSO[62] Expendable 2[63]
  • China WSLS,
  • China JSLC
 2020 2022
Long March 11  China CALT 20.8 m 700[64] N/A 350 to SSO[64] Expendable 17[64]
  • China JSLC,
  • China XSLC,
  • China Tai Rui Launch Platform
  • China De Bo 3 Launch Platform
  • China DeFu 15002 Launch Platform
  • China Bo Run Jiu Zhou Launch Platform
 2015 2023
LVM 3  India ISRO 43.4 m 8,000[65] 4,000[65] 2,380 to TLI Expendable 6[66] 2017[lower-alpha 10] 2023
Minotaur-C[68]  United States Northrop Grumman 27.9 m 1,458[69] 445[69] 1,054 to SSO[lower-alpha 11][69] Expendable 1[69]
  • United StatesVAFB
 2017 2017
Minotaur I  United States Northrop Grumman 19.2 m 580[70] N/A N/A Expendable 12[71]
  • United States MARS,
  • United States VAFB
 2000 2021
Minotaur IV  United States Northrop Grumman 23.9 m 1,730[70] N/A N/A Expendable 5[72][lower-alpha 12]
  • United States CCSFS,
  • United States MARS,
  • United States VAFB
 2010 2020
Minotaur V  United States Northrop Grumman 24.6 m N/A 678[72] 465 to HCO[72] Expendable 1[72]
  • United States MARS
 2013 2013
Nuri (KSLV-II)  South Korea KARI 47.2 m 3,300[73] N/A 1,900 to SSO[73] Expendable 3[74] 2021 2023
Pegasus XL  United States Northrop Grumman 16.9 m 454[75] N/A N/A Expendable 35[76]
  • United States Edwards,
  • United States KSC,
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States MARS,
  • Spain Gando,
  • Marshall Islands Kwajalein Atoll
 1994 2021
Proton-M  Russia Khrunichev 58.2 m 23,000[77] 6,150  [78] 3,300 to GEO[78] Expendable 115[79][80][78]
  • Kazakhstan Baikonur
 2001 2023
PSLV-CA  India ISRO 44.4 m 2,100[81] N/A 1,100 to SSO[81] Expendable 17[82][81] 2007 2023
PSLV-DL  India ISRO 44.4 m N/A N/A 750 to polar Expendable 4[83] 2019 2024
PSLV-QL  India ISRO 44.4 m N/A N/A N/A Expendable 2[84] 2019 2019
PSLV-XL  India ISRO 44.4 m 3,800[85] 1,300[85] 1,750 to SSO[85]
550 to TMI[86] 		Expendable 25[85] 2008 2023
Qaem 100  Iran IRGC 15.5 m 80[87] N/A N/A Expendable 2[lower-alpha 13]
  • Iran Shahrud
 2023 2024
Qased  Iran IRGC 18.8 m 40[88] N/A N/A Expendable 3[88]
  • Iran Shahrud
 2020 2023
Shavit-2  Israel IAI 22.1 m 400 in Retrograde[89] N/A N/A Expendable 6[90]
  • Israel Palmachim
 2007 2023
Simorgh  Iran Iranian Space Agency 26 m 250[91] N/A N/A Expendable 7[92][91][lower-alpha 14]
  • Iran Semnan
 2017 2024
SK solid fueled TV2 South Korea South Korea MND 19.5 m > 100[93] N/A N/A Expendable 1[93]
  • South Korea Jeju sea launch platform (1)
 2023 2023
Soyuz-2.1a  Russia TsSKB-Progress 46.3 m 7,020 from Baikonur
6,830 from Plesetsk
7,150 from Vostochny[94] 		N/A 4,450 to SSO[95] Expendable 63[96][95][97]
  • Kazakhstan Baikonur,
  • Russia Plesetsk,
  • Russia Vostochny
 2006[lower-alpha 15] 2023
Soyuz-2.1b  Russia TsSKB-Progress 46.3 m 8,200 from Baikonur
7,850 from Plesetsk
8,320 from Vostochny[94] 		3,060[99] 4,900 to SSO[99] Expendable 69[100][99]
  • Kazakhstan Baikonur,
  • Russia Plesetsk,
  • Russia Vostochny
 2006 2023
Soyuz-2.1v  Russia TsSKB-Progress 44 m 2,800[101] N/A 1,400 to SSO 2,630 to polar[101] Expendable 11[101]
  • Russia Plesetsk
 2013 2023
Starship[102]  United States SpaceX 121 m 150,000[103] - 250,000 N/A N/A Reusable 2
  • United States Starbase,
  • United States KSC
 2023 2023
SLS Block 1  United States NASA Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		98 m 95,000[104] N/A 27,000+ to TLI[104] Expendable 1[105]
  • United States KSC
 2022[106] 2022
SSLV  India ISRO 34 m 500[107] N/A 300 to SSO[107] Expendable 2[108] 2022 2023
Tianlong-2  China Space Pioneer 32.8 m 2,000[109] N/A 1,500 to SSO[109] Expendable 1[109]
  • China JSLC
 2023 2023
Vega  EuropeItaly Italy ArianeGroupAvio 31 m 2,300[110] N/A 1,330 to SSO[111]

1,500 to polar[112]

Expendable 21[113] 2012 2023
Vega-C  EuropeItaly Italy ArianeGroupAvio 36.2 m 3,300[114] N/A 2,200 to SSO 2,300 to polar[114] Expendable 2[115] 2022 2022
Vulcan Centaur VC2  United States ULA 61.6 m 19,000[116] 8,400[116] 2,600 to GEO

15,200 to polar 6,300 to TLI[116]

Reusable 1[117]
  • United States CCSFS
 2024 2024
Zhuque-2  China LandSpace 49.5 m 6,000[118] N/A 4,000 to SSO[118] Expendable 3[118]
  • China JSLC
 2022[119] 2023
  1. ↑ Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
  2. ↑ for Starliner[7]
  3. ↑ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[10]
  4. ↑ Sea-launched version of the third unofficial iteration of the Ceres-1 launch vehicle.
  5. ↑ Standard height.
  6. ↑ Height with BlackSky satellites.
  7. ↑ 5,100 kg to a 500-km Sun-synchronous orbit; 3,300 kg to 800 km[30]:64–65
  8. ↑ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[34]
  9. ↑ A suborbital test flight was conducted in March 2012.[41]
  10. ↑ A suborbital test flight was conducted in 2014 (designated LVM-3/CARE) without the cryogenic upper stage (CUS).[67]
  11. ↑ Reference altitude 400 km
  12. ↑ Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011.[72]
  13. ↑ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2022.
  14. ↑ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2016; both orbital flights in 2017 and 2019 failed.[91]
  15. ↑ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[98]


Upcoming rockets

Upcoming launch vehicles

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Height Payload mass to ... (kg) Reusable / Expendable Launch Site (s) Date of first flight
LEO GTO Other
Agnibaan  India AgniKul Cosmos 18 m 150 N/A 90 to SSO Expendable 2024
Angara A5M  Russia Khrunichev 55.4 m 26,800 4,100-5,200 N/A Expendable
  • Russia Plesetsk,
  • Russia Vostochny
 2024
Angara A5P  Russia Khrunichev TBA 18,800 N/A N/A Expendable
  • Russia Vostochny
 2028
Antares 330  United States Northrop Grumman

Firefly Aerospace[lower-alpha 1]

47 m 10,500 N/A N/A Expendable
  • United States MARS
 2025
Ariane 6 A62  Europe ArianeGroup 63 m 10,350[120]:45 5,000[120]:33 6,450 to SSO
3,000 to HEO
3,000 to TLI [120]:40–49 		Expendable 2024[121]
Ariane 6 A64  Europe ArianeGroup 63 m 21,650[120]:46 11,500+ [120]:33 14,900 to SSO
5,000 to GEO
8,400 to HEO
8,500 to TLI [120]:40–49 		Expendable 2024[121]
Aurora Canada Canada Reaction Dynamics 18 m 200 N/A N/A Expendable 2024
Aventura 1 Argentina Argentina TLON Space 10 m 25 N/A N/A Reusable TBA 2024
Blue Whale 1  South Korea Perigee Aerospace 21 m 165[122] N/A 185 to SSO Reusable
  • South Korea Jeju sea launch platform (2)
  • Sweden Esrange
 2024
195[122] 220 to SSO Expendable
Cosmos  Russia SR space 18.5 m 100 N/A N/A Reusable
  • Russia Vostochny,
  • Russia Yasny
 TBA
Cyclone-4M  Ukraine Yuzhnoye
Yuzhmash 		38.7 m 5,000[123] 1,000[124] 3,350 to SSO[123] Expendable 2025[125]
Dauntless  United States Vaya Space 35 m 1,000 N/A N/A Expendable
  • United States CCSFS,
  • United States The Spaceport Company Launch Platform
 2025
Daytona  United States Phantom Space 18.7 m 500 N/A 370 Expendable
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS,
  • Australia ASC
 2024
Epsilon S Japan Japan JAXA 27.2 m 1,400 N/A 600 to SSO Expendable
  • Japan KSC
 2024
Eris Block 1  Australia Gilmour Space Technologies 25 m 305[126] N/A N/A Expendable
  • Australia Bowen
Gravity-2  China Orienspace 60 m 8,600 - 16,000 5,800 10,900 to SSO Reusable
  • China WSLS
 2024
Hanbit-Nano South Korea South Korea Innospace 17 m 150 N/A 90 Expendable
  • Brazil CEA,
  • Norway Andøya,
  • Australia ASC
 2024
Hyperbola-3  China i-Space 69 m 8,500 N/A N/A Reusable
  • China JSLC
 2025[127]
13,400 Expendable
H3-22L  Japan Mitsubishi 63 m N/A[32] N/A N/A Expendable
  • Japan TNSC
 2020s
H3-24L  Japan Mitsubishi 63 m TBA TBA > 6,500 to TLI Expendable
  • Japan TNSC
 2020s
H3-30S  Japan Mitsubishi 57 m N/A[32] N/A 4,000 to SSO Expendable
  • Japan TNSC
 2020s
Jielong 4  China CALT TBA TBA N/A TBA Expendable TBA 2024
Kairos  Japan Space One 18 m 250 N/A 150 to SSO[128] Expendable
  • Japan Space Port Kii
 2024
KSLV-III South Korea South Korea KARI 54m 10,000 3,500 7,000 to SSO

1,800 to TLI

Expendable 2030
Long March 6C  China CALT 43 m 4,500 N/A N/A Expendable
  • China TSLC
 2024
Long March 8A  China CALT 50.3 m TBA 6,800 to SSO N/A Expendable
  • China WSLS
 2024
Long March 9  China CALT 114 m 80,000 - 150,000[129] 66,000 53,000 to TLI[129]
40,000 to TMI[130] 		Reusable
  • China WSLS
 2033
Long March 10  China CALT 89[lower-alpha 2] - 93.2 m[lower-alpha 3] 70,000 N/A 27,000 to TLI Expendable
  • China WSLS
 2027
Long March 10A  China CALT 67 m 14,000 N/A N/A Reusable
  • China WSLS
 >2027
18,000 Expendable
Maia France France MaiaSpace 50 m TBA N/A N/A Reusable 2025
Expendable
Miura 5  Spain PLD Space 35.7 m 840 N/A 540 to SSO Reusable 2026[131]
MLV  United States Firefly Aerospace 55.7 m 16,000 N/A N/A Expendable
  • United States CCSFS,
  • United States MARS,
  • United States VAFB
 2025[132]
Nebula-1  China Deep Blue Aerospace TBA 1,000 N/A N/A Reusable
  • China WSLS
 2024
Neutron  United States
 New Zealand 		Rocket Lab 42.8 m 8,000[lower-alpha 4] - 13,000 N/A N/A Reusable
  • United States MARS
 2024[133]
15,000 Expendable
New Glenn  United States Blue Origin 98 m 45,000[134] 13,000 N/A Reusable
  • United States CCSFS
 2024
NGLV LEO  India ISRO 88 m 7,700[lower-alpha 5] N/A N/A Reusable TBA
9,900 Reusable
16,900 Expendable
NGLV GEO  India ISRO 92 m N/A 5,200 N/A Reusable TBA
25,000 8,900 Expendable
Nova  United States Stoke Space 28.5 m 1,500 N/A N/A Reusable
  • United States CCSFS
 TBA
OB-1 Mk1 France France HyPrSapce 11 m 200 N/A N/A Expendable 2026[135]
Pallas-1 Template:China Galactic Energy 42 m 5,000 N/A 3,000 to SSO Reusable
  • China WSLS / TSLC
 2024[136]
Prime  United Kingdom Orbex 19 m 180 N/A 100 to SSO[lower-alpha 6][137] Expendable
  • United Kingdom Sutherland
 2024
RFA One  Germany RFA 30 m 1,600[138] 450[138] 1,300 to SSO Expendable
  • United Kingdom SaxaVord,
  • Norway Andøya,
  • France CSG,
  • Australia Whalers Way
 2024[139]
Rocket 4  United States Astra 18.9 m 500 N/A 350 to SSO Expendable
  • United States KLC,
  • United States CCSFS
 2024
Rokot-M  Russia Khrunichev TBA 1,950 N/A N/A Expendable
  • Russia Plesetsk
 2024
RS1 B2  United States ABL Space Systems 27 m 1,350[140] 400 975 to SSO
750 to MEO 		Expendable
  • United States KLC,
  • United Kingdom SaxaVord,
  • United States CCSFS
  • United States VAFB
 2024
ŞİMŞEK-1 Turkey Turkey Roketsan TBA 400 N/A N/A Expendable
  • Turkey İğneada
 2027
Siraya Taiwan Taiwan TASA 25 m 200 N/A N/A Expendable TBD TBA
Skyrora XL  United Kingdom Skyrora 22.7 m 315 N/A 315 to SSO[141] Expendable 2024
SK solid fueled LV South Korea South Korea MND 26.8 m 1,500 N/A N/A Expendable
  • South Korea Jeju sea launch platform (1)
 TBA
SLS Block 1B[lower-alpha 7]  United States NASA / Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		111 m 105,000[142] N/A 37,000 to TLI[143] Expendable
  • United States KSC
 2028
SLS Block 2[lower-alpha 8]  United States NASA / Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		111 m 130,000[144] N/A 45,000 to HCO[143] Expendable
  • United States KSC
 2033
SL1  Germany HyImpulse 30 m 500 N/A N/A Expendable 2025
Soyuz-5 (Irtysh)  Russia TsSKB-Progress
RSC Energia 		61.87 m 18,000[145] N/A 2,500 to GEO Expendable
  • Kazakhstan Baikonur
 2025[146]
Soyuz-7 (Amur)  Russia JSC SRC Progress 55 m 10,500[147] 2,600 4,700 to SSO Reusable
  • Russia Vostochny
 2028
13,600[147] Expendable
Spectrum  Germany Isar Aerospace 28 m 1,000[148] N/A 700 to SSO[148] Expendable 2025[149]
Terran R  United States Relativity Space 82 m 23,500 5,500[150] N/A Reusable
  • United States CCSFS
 2026[150]
33,500 Expendable
Tianlong-3 Template:China Space Pioneer 71 m 17,000 N/A 14,000 to SSO Reusable
  • China JSLC
  • China WSLS
 2024
Tronador II-250 Argentina Argentina CONAE 27 m 500 N/A N/A Expendable
  • Argentina BNPB
 2030
Vega-E  Europe ESA ASI 36.2 m 3,000[151] N/A N/A Expendable 2026
Vikram 1[152]  India Skyroot Aerospace[153] 20 m 315 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO N/A 200 to 500 km SSPO Expendable 2024
Vikram 2[152]  India Skyroot Aerospace TBA 520 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO N/A 410 to 500 km SSPO Expendable TBA
Vikram 3[152]  India Skyroot Aerospace TBA 720 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO N/A 580 to 500 km SSPO Expendable TBA
Volans V500 Singapore Singapore Equatorial Space Systems TBA 150 N/A N/A Reusable
  • Singapore Sea launch platform
 2024
Vulcan Centaur VC0  United States ULA 61.6 m 10,800 3,500 2,300 to TLI Reusable
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2020s
Vulcan Centaur VC4  United States ULA 61.6 m 24,600 11,700 4,900 to GEO
9,200 to TLI 		Reusable
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2020s
Vulcan Centaur VC6  United States ULA 61.6 m 27,200[154] 14,400[154] 6,500 to GEO
11,500 to TLI 		Reusable
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2020s
XLV-22 Template:China CALT 59 m 10,000 N/A 5,000 to SSO Expendable
  • China WSLS
 2024
Zephyr France France Latitude 17 m 100 N/A 70 to SSO Expendable
  • United Kingdom SaxaVord
 2025
Zero  Japan Interstellar Technologies 32 m 800 N/A 250 to SSO Expendable 2025
Zhuque-3 Template:China LandSpace TBA 11,000 TBA TBA Reusable TBA 2025
Zuljanah  Iran Iranian Space Agency 25.5 m 220[155] N/A N/A Expendable
  • Iran Semnan
 2020s
  1. ↑ provides the first stage, including engines
  2. ↑ Height for uncrewed version
  3. ↑ Height for crewed version
  4. ↑ When first stage returned to launch site
  5. ↑ When first stage returned to launch site
  6. ↑ Reference altitude 500 km
  7. ↑ with EUS
  8. ↑ with EUS and
    advanced boosters


Retired rockets

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Height Mass to ... (kg) Reuse Launches
(+ suborbital) 		Launch Site (s) Date of flight
LEO GTO Other First Last
Antares 110–130  United States Orbital 40.5-41.9 m 5,100[156] 1,500 to SSO No 5[156]
  • United States MARS
 2013 2014
Antares 230 / 230+  United States Northrop Grumman 42.5 m 8,200[156] 3,000 to SSO[lower-alpha 1] No 13
  • United States MARS
 2016 2023
Ariane 1  Europe Aérospatiale 49.1 m 1,830[157] No 11[157] 1979 1986
Ariane 2  Europe Aérospatiale 49.1 m 2,270[157] No 6[157] 1986 1989
Ariane 3  Europe Aérospatiale 49.1 m 2,650[157] No 11[157] 1984 1989
Ariane 4 40  Europe Aérospatiale 58.7 m 4,600[157] 2,105 2,740 to SSO No 7[157] 1990 1999
Ariane 4 42L  Europe Aérospatiale 58.7 m 7,000[157] 3,480 4,500 to SSO No 13[157] 1993 2002
Ariane 4 42P  Europe Aérospatiale 58.7 m 6,000[157] 2,930 3,400 to SSO No 15[157] 1990 2002
Ariane 4 44L  Europe Aérospatiale 58.7 m 7,000[157] 4,720 6,000 to SSO No 40[157] 1989 2003
Ariane 4 44LP  Europe Aérospatiale 58.7 m 7,000[157] 4,220 5,000 to SSO No 26[157] 1988 2001
Ariane 4 44P  Europe Aérospatiale 58.7 m 6,500[157] 3,465 4,100 to SSO No 15[157] 1991 2001
Ariane 5 G  Europe EADS Astrium 47.5 m 18,000[158] 6,900[158] No 16[158] 1996 2003
Ariane 5 G+  Europe EADS Astrium 48 m 7,100[158] No 3[158] 2004 2004
Ariane 5 GS  Europe EADS Astrium 48 m 16,000[159] 6,600[158] No 6[158] 2005 2009[160]
Ariane 5 ES  Europe EADS Astrium 50.7 m 21,000[161] 8,000[158] No 8[158] 2008 2018
Ariane 5 ECA  Europe EADS Astrium 52.6 m 21,000[161] 11,210[162] No 84 2002 2023
ASLV  India ISRO[163] 23.5 m 150[164] No 4[164] 1987 1994
Athena I LLV-1  United States Lockheed Martin 18.4 m 500 No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1995 1995
Athena I  United States Lockheed Martin 18.9 m 795[165] 515 No 3
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS,
  • United States KLC
 1997 2001
Athena II  United States Lockheed Martin 28.2 m 1,800[166] No 3[167]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1998 1999[168]
Black Arrow  United Kingdom RAE 13 m 73[169] No 2 (+2)
  • Australia WRC
 1969[lower-alpha 2] 1971
Blue Scout II  United States Vought 24 m 30 No 3
  • United States CCSFS
 1961 1961
Ceres-1 (1)[lower-alpha 3]  China Galactic Energy 18.5 m 350 No 1
  • China JSLC
 2020 2020
Ceres-1 (2)[lower-alpha 3]  China Galactic Energy 19.5 m 400 No 1
  • China JSLC
 2021 2021
Commercial Titan III  United States Martin Marietta 47.3 m 13,100[170] No 4
  • United States CCSFS
 1990 1992
Conestoga 1620  United States Space Services 15.2 m 1179 No 1
  • United States MARS
 1995 1995
Diamant A  France SEREB 18.9 m 80 No 4
  • France CIEES
 1965 1967
Diamant B  France SEREB 23.5 m 115 No 5 1970 1973
Diamant BP4  France SEREB 21.6 m 153 No 3 1975 1975
Dnepr  Ukraine Yuzhmash 34.3 m 3,700[171] No 22[171]
  • KazakhstanBaikonur
  • Russia Yasny
 1999 2015[172]
Energia[lower-alpha 4]  Soviet Union NPO Energia 58.8 m 105,000 20,000 to GEO[173]
32,000 to TLI[173] 		No 1 (failed to orbit)[174]
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1987 1987
Energia-Buran  Soviet Union NPO Energia
NPO Molniya 		58.8 m 30,000[173][lower-alpha 5] Yes 1
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1988 1988
Epsilon  Japan IHI[19] 24.4 m 1,200 N/A style="background:#F99;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"|Expendable 1
  • Japan KSC
 2013 2022
Epsilon (enhanced)  Japan IHI[19] 26 m 1,500[20] N/A style="background:#F99;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"|Expendable 6[20]
  • Japan KSC
Europa I  Europe ELDO 31.7 m 1,440 200 No 3
  • Australia WRC
 1968 1970
Europa II  Europe ELDO 31.7 m 360 No 1 1971 1971
Falcon 1  United States SpaceX 21 m 470[175] No 5[175]
  • United States Omelek
 2006 2009
Falcon 9 v1.0  United States SpaceX 47.8 m 9,000 3,400 No 5
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2010 2013
Falcon 9 v1.1  United States SpaceX 68.4 m 13,150[176][lower-alpha 6] 4,850[176] No 15[177]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2013 2016
Falcon 9 Full Thrust  United States SpaceX 70 m 17,400[178] 5,500[178] 9,600 to polar[179] Yes 36
  • United States VAFB
  • United States CCSFS
  • United States KSC
 2015 2018
22,800[178] 8,300[178] No
Feng Bao 1  China Shanghai Bureau No.2 33 m 2,500[180] No 8 (+3)[181]
  • China JSLC
 1972 1981
GSLV Mk.I(a)  India ISRO 49.1 m 5,000[28] 1,540[182] No 1[182] 2001 2001
GSLV Mk.I(b)  India ISRO 49.1 m 5,000[28] 2,150[182] No 4[182] 2003 2007
GSLV Mk.I(c)  India ISRO 49.1 m 5,000[28] No 1[182] 2010 2010
H-I  Japan
 United States 		Mitsubishi 42 m 1,400[183] No 9
  • Japan TNSC
 1986 1992
H-II / IIS  Japan Mitsubishi 49 m 10,060[184] 4,000[185] No 7[185]
  • Japan TNSC
 1994 1999
H-IIA 204  Japan Mitsubishi 53 m 15,000 5,950[30]:48 No 5[31]
  • Japan TNSC
 2006 2021
H-IIA 2022  Japan Mitsubishi 53 m 4,500[31] No 3[31]
  • Japan TNSC
 2005 2007
H-IIA 2024  Japan Mitsubishi 57 m 11,000[186] 5,000[31] No 7[31]
  • Japan TNSC
 2002 2008
H-IIB  Japan Mitsubishi 56.6 m 16,500 (ISS)[187] 8,000 No 8[188]
  • Japan TNSC
 2009 2020
Hyperbola-1 (1)[lower-alpha 7]  China i-Space 20.9 m 260 No 1
  • China JSLC
 2019 2019
Juno I  United States Chrysler 21.2 m 11 No 1
  • United States CCSFS
 1958 1959
Juno II  United States Chrysler 24 m 41 6 to TLI No 10
  • United States CCSFS
 1958 1961
Kaituozhe-1  China CALT 13.6 m 40 No 2
  • China JSLC
 2002 2003
Kaituozhe-2  China CASC 16.8 m 800[189] No 1[189]
  • China JSLC
 2017 2017
Kosmos  Soviet Union NPO Polyot 29.6 m 350 No 38
  • Soviet Union Kapustin Yar
 1961 1967
Kosmos-1  Soviet Union NPO Polyot 26.3 m 1,400 No 8
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1964 1965
Kosmos-2  Soviet Union NPO Polyot 31 m 300 No 127
  • Soviet Union Kapustin Yar
  • Soviet Union Plesetsk
 1965 1977
Kosmos-3  Soviet Union NPO Polyot 32.4 m 1,400 No 6
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1966 1968
Kosmos-3M  Soviet Union
 Russia 		NPO Polyot 32.4 m 1,500[190] No 445
  • Russia Kapustin Yar
  • Russia Plesetsk
 1967 2010
Kosmos-3MRB  Soviet Union NPO Polyot 32.4 m 1,500 No 10
  • Soviet Union Kapustin Yar
 1980 1988
Lambda 4S  Japan Nissan Motors[191] 16.5 m 26[192] No 5
  • Japan KSC
 1966 1970
LauncherOne  United States Virgin Orbit 21.3 m 500 300 to SSO No 6
  • United States Mojave
  • United Kingdom Cornwall
 2020 2023
Long March 1  China CALT 29.9 m 300[193] No 2[194]
  • China JSLC
 1970 1971
Long March 1D  China CALT 28.2 m 740[195] No 0 (+3)[194]
  • China TSLC
 1995[lower-alpha 8] 2002
Long March 2A  China CALT 32 m 2,000[196] No 4[46]
  • China JSLC
 1974 1978
Long March 2E  China CALT 49.7 m 9,200[46] No 7[46]
  • China XSLC
 1990 1995
Long March 3  China CALT 43.3 m 5,000[49] No 13[49]
  • China XSLC
 1984 2000
Long March 3B  China CALT 54.8 m 11,200[197] 5,100 5,700 to SSO No 12[49]
  • China XSLC
 1996 2012
Long March 4A  China CALT 41.9 m 4,000 No 2[50]
  • China TSLC
 1988 1990
M-V  Japan Nissan Motors[191] (1997–2000)
IHI Aerospace[19] (2000–2006) 		30.8 m 1,850[192] No 7
  • Japan KSC
 1997 2006
Molniya  Soviet Union RSC Energia 43.4 m 1,800[198] No 40[199]
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
  • Soviet Union Plesetsk
 1960 1967
Molniya-M  Soviet Union
 Russia 		RSC Energia 43.4 m 2,400[200] No 280[201]
  • Kazakhstan Baikonur
  • Russia Plesetsk
 1965 2010
Mu-4S  Japan Nissan Motors[191] 23.6 m 180[192] No 4
  • Japan KSC
 1971 1972
Mu-3C  Japan Nissan Motors[191] 20.2 m 195[192] No 4
  • Japan KSC
 1974 1979
Mu-3H  Japan Nissan Motors[191] 23.8 m 300[192] No 3
  • Japan KSC
 1977 1978
Mu-3S  Japan Nissan Motors[191] 23.8 m 300[192] No 4
  • Japan KSC
 1980 1984
Mu-3SII  Japan Nissan Motors[191] 27.8 m 770[192] No 8
  • Japan KSC
 1985 1995
N1  Soviet Union NPO Energia 105.3 m 95,000[202][203][204][lower-alpha 9] No 4[205]
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1969 1972
N-I  Japan
 United States 		Mitsubishi 34 m 1,200[206] No 7
  • Japan TNSC
 1975 1982
N-II  Japan
 United States 		Mitsubishi 35 m 2,000[207] No 8
  • Japan TNSC
 1981 1987
Naro-1  South Korea
 Russia 		KARI Khrunichev 33 m 100[208] No 3 2009 2013
OS-M1  China OneSpace 19 m 205[209] 143 to SSO No 1
  • China JSLC
 2019[210][lower-alpha 10] 2019
Paektusan-1  North Korea KCST 25.8 m 20 No 1
  • North Korea Tonghae
 1998 1998
Pegasus  United States Northrop Grumman 15.4 m 455 No 6 1990 1994
Pegasus H  United States Northrop Grumman 15.4 m 544 No 4
  • United States VAFB
  • United States CCSFS
  • Marshall Islands Kwajalein Atoll
 1995 2000
Pilot II  United States United States Navy 4.4 m N/A 1.05 to MEO No 10
  • United States Point Mugu
 1958 1958
Polyot  Soviet Union RSC Energia 30 m 1,400 No 2
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1963 1964
Proton (UR-500)  Soviet Union Khrunichev 39.8 m 12,200 No 4
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1965 1966
Proton-K  Soviet Union
 Russia 		Khrunichev 50 m 19,760[212] 4,930[213] No 311[214]
  • KazakhstanBaikonur
 1965 2012
PSLV-G  India ISRO 44 m 3,200[81] 1,050 1,600 to SSO No 12[81] 1993 2016[215]
Rocket 3.0  United States Astra 11.6 m 100 No 1
  • United States KLC
 2020 2020
Rocket 3.1  United States Astra 11.6 m 100 No 1
  • United States KLC
 2020 2020
Rocket 3.2  United States Astra 11.6 m 100 No 1
  • United States KLC
 2020 2020
Rocket 3.3  United States Astra 13.1 m 150 to SSO No 5
  • United States CCSFS
  • United States KLC
 2021 2022
Rokot-K  Russia Khrunichev 25.5 m No 4
  • Kazakhstan Baikonur
  • Russia Plesetsk
 1990 1999
Rokot-KM  Russia Khrunichev 29.1 m 1,950[216] 1,200 to SSO No 31
  • Russia Plesetsk
 2000 2019
RS1 B1  United States ABL Space Systems 27 m 1,350[140] 400 975 to SSO
750 to MEO 		No 1
  • United States KLC
 2023[217] 2023
Safir-1  Iran Iranian Space Agency 22.6 m 27 No 2
  • Iran Semnan
 2008 2009
Safir-1A  Iran Iranian Space Agency 22.6 m 15 No 1
  • Iran Semnan
 2011 2011
Safir-1B  Iran Iranian Space Agency 22.6 m 50 No 1
  • Iran Semnan
 2012 2012
Safir-1B+  Iran Iranian Space Agency 22.6 m 52 No 5
  • Iran Semnan
 2012 2019
Saturn I  United States Chrysler (S-I)
Douglas (S-IV) 		50-57.4 m 9,000[218] No 10[219]
  • United States CCSFS
 1961 1965[219]
Saturn IB  United States Chrysler (S-IB)
Douglas (S-IVB) 		56.1-68.1 m 18,600[220] No 9[221]
  • United States CCSFS
  • United States KSC
 1966 1975
Saturn V  United States Boeing (S-IC)
North American (S-II)
Douglas (S-IVB) 		110.6 m 47,000 to TLI[222] No 13[223][224][lower-alpha 11]
  • United States KSC
 1967 1973
Scout X-1  United States Vought 21.8 m 59 No 4 1960 1961
Scout X-2  United States Vought 21.8 m 76 No 1 1962 1962
Scout X-2M  United States Vought 21.8 m 76 No 3
  • United States VAFB
 1962 1963
Scout X-2B  United States Vought 21.8 m 76 No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1963 1963
Scout X-3  United States Vought 21.8 m 87 No 5 1962 1964
Scout X-3M  United States Vought 21.8 m 87 No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1963 1963
Scout X-4  United States Vought 22.8 m 103 No 11 1963 1965
Scout A  United States NASA 22.8 m 110 No 11
  • United States VAFB
 1965 1970
Scout A-1  United States NASA 22.8 m 122 No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1973 1973
Scout B  United States NASA 22.8 m 110 No 20 1965 1971
Scout B-1  United States NASA 22.8 m 143 No 5 1971 1976
Scout D-1  United States NASA 22.9 m 182 No 14 1972 1979
Scout E-1  United States NASA 22.8 m 193 No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1974 1974
Scout F-1  United States NASA 22.9 m 192 No 2
  • Italy BSC
  • United States VAFB
 1975 1975
Scout G-1  United States NASA 22.9 m 208 No 18 1979 1994
Shavit Israel Israel IAI 17.7 m 160 No 2
  • Israel Palmachim
 1988 1990
Shavit-1 Israel Israel IAI 19.7 m 225 No 4
  • Israel Palmachim
 1995 2004
Shtil-1  Russia Makeyev 14.8 m 280–420[225] No 2[226]
  • Russia Novomoskovsk
  • Russia Ekaterinburg
 1998 2006
SLV-3  India ISRO 22 m 40[227] No 4[227] 1979 1983[227]
Soyuz  Soviet Union RSC Energia 45.6 m 6,450 No 31[228]
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1966 1976
Soyuz-FG  Russia TsSKB-Progress 49.5 m 6,900[229] No 70[230][231]
  • KazakhstanBaikonur
 2001 2019
Soyuz-L  Soviet Union RSC Energia 50 m 5,500 No 3[232]
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1970 1971
Soyuz-M  Soviet Union RSC Energia 50 m 6,600 No 8[233]
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1971 1976
Soyuz ST-A  Russia
 Europe 		TsSKB-Progress
Arianespace 		46.3 m 7,800 from Kourou[234] 2,810 with Fregat[235] No 9[230] 2011 2021
Soyuz ST-B  Russia
 Europe 		TsSKB-Progress
Arianespace 		46.3 m 9,000 from Kourou[236] 3,250 with Fregat[235] 4,400 to SSO[237] No 18[230] 2011 2022
Soyuz-U  Soviet Union
 Russia 		TsSKB-Progress 51.1 m 6,650 from Baikonour[238]
6,150 from Plesetsk[238] 		No 786[230][239][240]
  • Kazakhstan Baikonur
  • Russia Plesetsk
 1973 2017
Soyuz-U2  Soviet Union
 Russia 		TsSKB-Progress 34.5 m 7,050 No 72[241]
  • KazakhstanBaikonur
 1982 1995
Space Shuttle  United States ATK (SRBs)
Martin Marietta (External tank)
Rockwell (Orbiter) 		56.1 m 24,400[lower-alpha 5]
3,550 to escape with IUS[242] Yes 135[244]
  • United States KSC
 1981 2011
SPARK  United States UHAerojet RocketdyneSandia 17 m 300 No 1 2015 2015
Sparta  United States ABMA/Chrysler 21.8 m 45 No 10
  • Australia WRC
 1966 1967
Sputnik 8K71PS  Soviet Union RSC Energia 30 m 500[245] No 2
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1957 1957
Sputnik 8A91  Soviet Union RSC Energia 31.1 m 1,327 No 2
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1958 1958
SS-520  Japan IHI Aerospace 9.5 m 4[246] No 2[247]
  • Japan KSC
 2017[248][lower-alpha 12] 2018
Start-1  Russia MITT 22.7 m 532 250 to SSO No 5[249]
  • Russia Svobodny
  • Russia Plesetsk
 1993 2006
Start-1.2  Russia MITT 22.7 m 250-300 to SSO No 1
  • Russia Svobodny
 1997 1997
Start  Russia MITT 28.9 m 300 to SSO No 1
  • Russia Plesetsk
 1995 1995
Strela  Russia Khrunichev 24-

27.4 m

1,400[250] No 3[251]
  • KazakhstanBaikonur
 2003 2014
Taurus-1110  United States Orbital

Sciences, Orbital ATK

28.2 m 1180 370 750 to SSO No 3
  • United States VAFB
 1994 2000
Taurus-2110  United States Orbital

Sciences, Orbital ATK

29.1 m 1250 375 900 to SSO No 2
  • United States VAFB
 1999 2001
Taurus-2210  United States Orbital

Sciences, Orbital ATK

30.9 m 1050 700 to SSO No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1998 1998
Taurus-3110  United States Orbital

Sciences, Orbital ATK

30.1 m 1450 445 1,050 to SSO No 2
  • United States VAFB
 2009 2011
Taurus-3210[68]  United States Northrop Grumman 27.9 m 1,458[69] N/A 1,054 to SSO[lower-alpha 13] No 1
  • United StatesVAFB
 2004 2004
Terran 1  United States Relativity Space 35.2 m 1,250[252] 900 to SSO No 1
  • United States CCSFS
 2023 2023
Titan II GLV  United States Martin Marietta 33 m 3,600[253] No 11 (+1)
  • United States CCSFS
 1964 1966
Titan II(23)G  United States Martin Marietta 31.4 m 3,600[254] No 13
  • United States VAFB
 1988 2003
Titan IIIA  United States Martin Marietta 38.5 m 3,500 No 4
  • United States CCSFS
 1964 1965
Titan IIIB  United States Martin Marietta 42 m 3,300 No 22
  • United States VAFB
 1966 1969
Titan III(23)B  United States Martin Marietta 42 m 3,350 No 9
  • United States VAFB
 1969 1971
Titan III(33)B  United States Martin Marietta 42 m N/A 4,500 No 3
  • United States VAFB
 1971 1973
Titan III(24)B  United States Martin Marietta 44 m 4,500 No 23
  • United States VAFB
 1971 1984
Titan III(34)B  United States Martin Marietta 45.3 m N/A No 11
  • United States VAFB
 1975 1987
Titan IIIC  United States Martin Marietta 41 m 11,500 3,000 No 14
  • United States CCSFS
 1965 1970
Titan III(23)C  United States Martin Marietta 42.5 m 13,100[255] 3,000 No 22
  • United States CCSFS
 1970 1982
Titan IIID  United States Martin Marietta 36 m 12,300[256] No 22
  • United States VAFB
 1971 1982
Titan IIIE  United States Martin Marietta 48.8 m 15,400[257] No 7
  • United States CCSFS
 1974 1977
Titan 34D  United States Martin Marietta 44.5 m 14,350 3,600 No 15
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1982 1989
Titan IVA  United States Martin Marietta 51.36 m(standard) 17,110[258] 4,944 with IUS 14,090 to SSO[258]

4,536 to GSO with Centaur

3,550 to escape with IUS

No 22[259]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1989 1998
Titan IVB  United States Lockheed Martin 51.36 m(standard) 21,682[260] 5,761[260]
(9,000 with upper stage) 		No 17[259]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1997 2005
Tysklon-2

(R-36-O)

 Soviet Union Yuzhmash 32 m 3,350 No 18
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1965 1971
Tsyklon-2A  Soviet Union Yuzhmash 39.7 m 3,350[261] No 8[262]
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1967 1969
Tsyklon-2M  Soviet Union
 Ukraine 		Yuzhmash 39.7 m 2,820[263] No 106[264]
  • KazakhstanBaikonur
 1969 2006[264]
Tsyklon-3  Soviet Union
 Ukraine 		Yuzhmash 39.3 m 1,920[265] No 122[266]
  • Russia Plesetsk
 1977 2009[266]
Unha-2  North Korea KCST 29.5 m 80 No 1
  • North Korea Tonghae
 2009 2009
Unha-3  North Korea KCST 30 m 110 No 4[267]
  • North Korea Sohae
 2009[lower-alpha 14] 2016
Vanguard  United States Martin 22.1 m 9[268] No 10 (+1)
  • United States CCSFS
 1957 1959
Vanguard SLV-7  United States Martin 21.6 m 20 No 1
  • United States CCSFS
 1959 1959
VLS-1  Brazil AEB, IAE 19.5 m 380[269] No 2[lower-alpha 15]
  • Brazil CEA
 1997 2003
Volna-O  Russia Makeyev 14.2 m 100[270] No 1 (+5)[226]
  • Russia Borisoglebsk
 1995[lower-alpha 16] 2005[226]
Voskhod  Soviet Union RSC Energia 44.1 m 5,680 No 299
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
  • Soviet Union Plesetsk
 1963 1976
Vostok-L (Luna)  Soviet Union RSC Energia 30.8 m 4,000 400 to TLI No 9
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1958 1960
Vostok (Korabl)  Soviet Union RSC Energia 38.4 m 4,550 390 to TLI[271] No 4
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1960 1960
Vostok-K  Soviet Union RSC Energia 30.8 m 2,460[272] No 16
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1960 1964
Vostok-2  Soviet Union RSC Energia 30.8 m 4,730[272] No 45
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
  • Soviet Union Plesetsk
 1962 1967
Vostok-2M  Soviet Union RSC Energia 38.8 m 1,300[273] No 93
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
  • Soviet Union Plesetsk
 1964 1991
Soyuz/Vostok  Soviet Union RSC Energia 31 m 6,000[274] No 2
  • Soviet Union Baikonur
 1965 1966
Zenit-2  Soviet Union
 Ukraine 		Yuzhnoye 57 m 13,740[275] No 36[276]
  • KazakhstanBaikonur
 1985 2004[277]
Zenit-2FG  Ukraine Yuzhnoye 57 m No 1
  • KazakhstanBaikonur
 2011 2011
Zenit-2M  Ukraine Yuzhnoye 57 m 13,920[275] No 1
  • KazakhstanBaikonur
 2007 2007
Zenit-3F  Ukraine Yuzhnoye 59.6 m 1,740 to GEO[278] No 4[279]
  • KazakhstanBaikonur
 2011 2017
Zenit-3SL  Ukraine Yuzhmash
RSC Energia 		59.6 m 7,000[279] 6,160 No 36[279]
  • Norway Ocean Odyssey
 1999 2014
Zenit-3SLB  Ukraine Yuzhmash
RSC Energia 		59.5 m 3,750[279] No 6[279]
  • KazakhstanBaikonur
 2008 2013
Zhuque-1  China LandSpace 19 m 300[280] 200 to SSO No 1[281]
  • China JSLC
 2018[281] 2018

Retired Atlas rockets

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Height Mass to ... (kg) Reuse Launches
(+ suborbital) 		Launch Site (s) Date of flight
LEO GTO Other First Last
Atlas-Able  United States General Dynamics 28 m ~175 to TLI No 3
  • United States CCSFS
 1959 1960
Atlas-Agena  United States Convair/General Dynamics 36 m 1,000 390 to TLI No 109
  • United StatesVAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1960 1978
Atlas-Centaur  United States Lockheed 36.2-38.8 m 1,134[282] 2,222[283] No 148
  • United States CCSFS
 1962 1983
Atlas B  United States Lockheed Martin 24.9 m ~4,000 No 10
  • United States CCSFS
 1958 1959
Atlas-D OV1  United States Convair/General Dynamics 25.9 m 1,400 No 7
  • United States VAFB
 1965 1967
Atlas E/F-Agena  United States Convair/General Dynamics/Lockheed 34 m 1,000 390 to TLI No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1978 1978
Atlas E/F-Altair-3A  United States Convair/General Dynamics 27.3 m 210 No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1990 1990
Atlas E/F-Burner-2  United States Convair/General Dynamics 28.9 m 950 No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1972 1972
Atlas E/F-MSD  United States Convair/General Dynamics 27.3 m 800 No 4
  • United States VAFB
 1976 1980
Atlas E/F-OIS  United States Convair/General Dynamics 28.7 m 870 No 2
  • United States VAFB
 1979 1985
Atlas E/F-OV1  United States Convair/General Dynamics 26.5 m 363 No 4
  • United States VAFB
 1968 1971
Atlas E/F-PTS  United States Convair/General Dynamics 26.5 m 295 No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1974 1974
Atlas E/F-SGS-1  United States Convair/General Dynamics 29 m 450 No 8
  • United States VAFB
 1977 1981
Atlas E/F-SGS-2  United States Convair/General Dynamics 29 m 770 No 4
  • United States VAFB
 1983 1985
Atlas E/F-Star-17A  United States Convair/General Dynamics 27.4 m N/A 800 to MPEO No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1975 1975
Atlas E/F-Star-37S  United States Convair/General Dynamics 29 m N/A 1,100 to SSO No 19
  • United States VAFB
 1978 1995
Atlas-F Agena-D  United States Convair/General Dynamics 34 m N/A 2,300 to Polar No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1978 1978
Atlas G  United States Lockheed 43.9 m 5,900[284] 2,222 1,179 to HCO[284] No 7[284]
  • United States CCSFS
 1984 1989
Atlas H MSD  United States Lockheed 27 m 3,630[285] No 5
  • United States VAFB
 1983 1987
Atlas LV-3B  United States Convair 28.7 m 1,360 No 9
  • United States CCSFS
 1960 1963
Atlas SLV-3  United States Convair 33.3 m No 63
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1966 1983
Atlas SLV-3 Burner-2  United States Convair 30.3 m ~1,000 No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1968 1968
Atlas I  United States Lockheed Martin 43.9 m 5,900[284] 2,340[284] No 11[284]
  • United States CCSFS
 1990 1997
Atlas II  United States Lockheed Martin 47.5 m 6,780[284] 2,810 2,000 to HCO[284] No 10[284]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1991 1998
Atlas IIA  United States Lockheed Martin 47.5 m 7,316[284] 3,180 2,160 to HCO[284] No 23[284]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1992 2002
Atlas IIAS  United States Lockheed Martin 49 m 8,618[284] 3,833 2,680 to HCO[284] No 30[284]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1993 2004
Atlas IIIA  United States Lockheed Martin 52.5 m 8,686[284] 4,060 2,970 to HCO[284] No 2[284]
  • United States CCSFS
 2000 2004
Atlas IIIB/DEC  United States Lockheed Martin 53.7 m 10,759[284] 4,609[284] No 1[284]
  • United States CCSFS
 2002 2002
Atlas IIIB/SEC  United States Lockheed Martin 54.7 m 10,218[286] 4,193[284] No 3[284]
  • United States CCSFS
 2003 2005
Atlas V 401  United States ULA 57.3 m 9,050[5] 4,950 6,670 to SSO No 41[5]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2002 2022
Atlas V 411  United States ULA 58.2 m 9,050[5] 6,075 8,495 to SSO No 6[5]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2006 2020
Atlas V 421  United States ULA 59.1 m 9,050[5] 7,000 9,050 to SSO No 9[5]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2007 2022
Atlas V 431  United States ULA 59.1 m 9,050[5] 7,800 9,050 to SSO No 3[5]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2005 2016
Atlas V 501  United States ULA 62.5 m 8,250[5] 3,970 5,945 to SSO
1,500 to GEO 		No 8[5]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2010 2023
Atlas V 511  United States ULA 62.5 m 11,000[5] 5,250 7,820 to SSO
1,750 to GEO 		No 1[287]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2022 2022
Atlas V 521  United States ULA 59.7 m 13,300[5] 6,485 9,585 to SSO
2,760 to GEO 		No 2[5]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2003 2004
Atlas V 531  United States ULA 59.7 m 15,300[5] 7,425 11,160 to SSO
3,250 to GEO 		No 5[5]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2010 2022
Atlas V 541  United States ULA 59.7 m 17,100[5] 8,240 12,435 to SSO
3,730 to GEO 		No 9[5]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2011 2022

Retired Delta rockets

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Height Mass to ... (kg) Reuse Launches
(+ suborbital) 		Launch Site (s) Date of flight
LEO GTO Other First Last
Delta 0300  United States McDonnell Douglas 34 m 340[288] 747 to SSO[289] No 3[290]
  • United States VAFB
 1972 1973[291]
Delta 0900  United States McDonnell Douglas 34 m 1,300[292] 818 to SSO[290] No 2[290]
  • United States VAFB
 1972 1972
Delta 1410  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 340[293] No 1[290]
  • United States VAFB
 1975 1975
Delta 1604  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 390[294] No 2[290]
  • United States CCSFS
 1972 1973
Delta 1900  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 1,800[290] No 1[290]
  • United States VAFB
 1973 1973
Delta 1910  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 1,066[295] No 1[290]
  • United States CCSFS
 1975 1975
Delta 1913  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 328[296] No 1[290]
  • United States CCSFS
 1973 1973
Delta 1914  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 680[297] No 2[290]
  • United States CCSFS
 1972 1973
Delta 2310  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 336[298] No 3[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1974 1981
Delta 2313  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 243 to GEO[299] No 3[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1974 1977
Delta 2910  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 1,887[290] No 6[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1975 1978
Delta 2913  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 2,000[300] 700[300] No 6[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1975 1976
Delta 2914  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 724[290] No 30[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1974 1979
Delta 3910  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 2,494[290] 1,154 with PAM-D No 10[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1980 1988
Delta 3913  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 816[301] No 1[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1981 1981
Delta 3914  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 954[290] No 13[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1975 1987
Delta 3920  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 3,452[290] 1,284 with PAM-D No 10[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1982 1989
Delta 3924  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 1,104[290] No 4[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1982 1984
Delta 4925  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 3,400[302] 1,312[290] No 2[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1989 1990
Delta 5920  United States McDonnell Douglas 35.2 m 3,848[303] No 1[290]
  • United States VAFB
 1989 1989
Delta II 6920  United States McDonnell Douglas 38.8 m 3,983[290] No 3[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1990 1992
Delta II 6925  United States McDonnell Douglas 39.4 m 1,447 1,447[290] No 14[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1989 1992
Delta II 7320  United States Boeing IDS / ULA 38.9 m 2,865[290] 1,651 to SSO No 12[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1999 2015
Delta II 7326  United States Boeing IDS 38.4 m 934[290] 636 to TLI
629 to HCO 		No 3[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1998 2001
Delta II 7420  United States ULA 39 m 3,185[290] 1,966 to SSO No 14[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1998 2018
Delta II 7425  United States Boeing IDS 39 m 1,100[290] 804 to HCO No 4[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1998 2002
Delta II 7426  United States Boeing IDS 39 m 1,058[290] 734 to TLI
711 to HCO 		No 1[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1999 1999
Delta II 7920  United States Boeing IDS / ULA 39.4 m 5,030[290] 3,123 to SSO No 29[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1998 2017
Delta II 7925  United States Boeing IDS / ULA 39.4 m 1,819[290] 1,177 to TLI
1,265 to HCO 		No 69[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1990 2009
Delta II-H 7920H  United States Boeing IDS / ULA 39 m 6,097[290] No 3[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2003 2011
Delta II-H 7925H  United States Boeing IDS / ULA 39.8 m 2,171 1,508 to HCO[290] No 3[290]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2003 2007
Delta III 8930  United States Boeing IDS 39 m 8,292[290] 3,810 No 3[290]
  • United States CCSFS
 1998 2000
Delta IV M  United States Boeing IDS 61.3 m 9,440[15] 4,440 7,690 to polar No 3[16]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2003 2006
Delta IV M+(4,2)  United States ULA 61.3 m 13,140[15] 6,390 10,250 to polar No 14[16]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2002 2019
Delta IV M+(5,2)  United States ULA 65.5 m 11,470[15] 5,490 9,600 to polar No 3[16]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2012 2018
Delta IV M+(5,4)  United States ULA 65.5 m 14,140[15] 7,300 11,600 to polar No 8[16]
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 2009 2019

Retired Thor rockets

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Height Mass to ... (kg) Reuse Launches
(+ suborbital) 		Launch Site (s) Date of flight
LEO GTO Other First Last
Thor-Able I  United States Douglas/Aerojet 26.9 m 250 No 3
  • United States CCSFS
 1958 1958
Thor-Able II  United States Douglas/Aerojet 27.3 m 270 No 4
  • United States CCSFS
 1959 1960
Thor-Able III  United States Douglas/Aerojet 27.4 m ~64 to HEO No 1
  • United States CCSFS
 1959 1959
Thor-Able IV  United States Douglas/Aerojet 27.2 m ~43 to Heliocentric No 1
  • United States CCSFS
 1960 1960
Thor Agena-A  United States Douglas/Lockheed 22.7 m 860 No 16
  • United States VAFB
 1959 1960
Thor Agena-B  United States Douglas/Lockheed 26.3 m 1,200 No 21
  • United States VAFB
 1962 1965
Thor Agena-D  United States Douglas/Lockheed 29.3 m 1,150 No 22
  • United States VAFB
 1962 1967
Thorad SLV-2G Agena D  United States Douglas/Lockheed 32.9 m 2,000 No 30
  • United States VAFB
 1966 1971
Thorad SLV-2H Agena D  United States Douglas/Lockheed 34 m 2,000 No 13
  • United States VAFB
 1969 1972
Thor-Burner-1 MG-18  United States Douglas 23 m 770 150-300 to MEO No 2
  • United States VAFB
 1965 1965
Thor-Burner-1 Altair-3  United States Douglas ~24 m >73 No 4
  • United States VAFB
 1965 1966
Thor-Burner-2  United States Douglas 22.4 m 250 to MEO No 12
  • United States VAFB
 1966 1971
Thor-Burner-2A  United States Douglas 23.5 m 300 to MEO No 8
  • United States VAFB
 1971 1976
Thor-Delta  United States Douglas 31 m 226 45 No 12
  • United States CCSFS
 1960 1962
Thor-Delta A  United States Douglas 31 m 250 68 No 2
  • United States CCSFS
 1962 1962
Thor-Delta B  United States Douglas 31 m 370 68 No 9
  • United States CCSFS
 1962 1964
Thor-Delta C  United States Douglas 27.5 m 81 No 11
  • United States CCSFS
 1963 1967
Thor-Delta C1  United States Douglas 27.5 m 81 No 2
  • United States CCSFS
 1966 1969
Thor-Delta D  United States Douglas 32 m 450 104 No 2
  • United States CCSFS
 1964 1965
Thor-Delta E  United States Douglas 31 m 540 150 No 6
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1965 1967
Thor-Delta E1  United States Douglas 28 m 540 205 No 17
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1966 1971
Thor-Delta G  United States Douglas 30 m 650 No 2
  • United States CCSFS
 1966 1967
Thor-Delta J  United States Douglas 31 m 260 263 No 1
  • United States VAFB
 1968 1968
Thor-Delta L  United States Douglas 35 m 356 300 No 2
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1969 1972
Thor-Delta M  United States Douglas 34 m 356 355 No 12
  • United States CCSFS
 1968 1971
Thor-Delta M6  United States Douglas 32.4 m 454 450 No 1
  • United States CCSFS
 1971 1971
Thor-Delta N  United States Douglas 33 m 900 No 6
  • United States VAFB,
  • United States CCSFS
 1968 1972
Thor-Delta N6  United States Douglas 33 m 1,600 No 3
  • United States VAFB
 1970 1971
Thor-DM21 Able-Star  United States Douglas/Aerojet 29 m 150 No 11
  • United States CCSFS
 1960 1962
Thor-DSV2A Able-Star  United States Douglas/Aerojet 29 m 150 No 8
  • United States VAFB
 1963 1965
Thor-ISS  United States Douglas/Thiokol 23 m 500 to MEO No 5
  • United States VAFB
 1976 1980
Thor-SLV2A Agena-B  United States Douglas/Lockheed 31 m 400 No 2
  • United States VAFB
 1963 1966
Thor-SLV2A Agena-D  United States Douglas/Lockheed 29.3 m 1,500 No 60
  • United States VAFB
 1963 1968
  1. ↑ Reference altitude 500 km
  2. ↑ First suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[10]
  4. ↑ Without Buran, and assuming payload providing orbital insertion
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The U.S. Space Shuttle Transportation System and the Soviet Energia-Buran system consist of launch vehicle rockets and returnable spaceplane orbiter. Payload values listed here are for the mass of the payload in cargo bay of the spaceplanes, excluding the mass of the spaceplanes themselves.
  6. ↑ The SpaceX website lists the F9 payload to LEO as 13,150kg. The payload to GTO is listed as 4,850kg. However, SpaceX has stated that these numbers include a 30% margin to accommodate re-usability.
  7. ↑ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[34]
  8. ↑ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted
  9. ↑ The N1 rocket was initially designed for 75 t LEO capacity and launch attempts were made with this version, but there were studies to increase the payload capacity to 90–95 t, if a liquid-hydrogen upper stage engine could be developed.
  10. ↑ A suborbital test flight was conducted in May 2018.[211]
  11. ↑ The Saturn V made 13 launches, 12 of which reached the correct orbits, and the other (Apollo 6) reached a different orbit than the one which had been planned; however, some mission objectives could still be completed; NASA, Saturn V News Reference, Appendix: Saturn V Flight History (1968) . For more information, see the Saturn V article. The Saturn V launch record is usually quoted as having never failed, e.g. "The rocket was masterminded by Wernher Von Braun and did not fail in any of its flights", Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin; Saturn, but the Apollo 6 launch should be considered a partial mission failure. The 13th launch of Saturn V was in special configuration (SA-513) with the Skylab.
  12. ↑ A prior version of the SS-520 flew twice as a suborbital sounding rocket in 1998 and 2000. In 2017, the addition of a small third stage enabled orbital launches of ultra-light nano- or picosatellites.[246]
  13. ↑ Reference altitude 400 km
  14. ↑ A suborbital test flight failed in 2006. The first two orbital missions failed in 2009 and 2012, and the rocket finally reached orbit in late 2012.[267]
  15. ↑ A third rocket exploded before launch.
  16. ↑ First orbital launch attempt in 2005

Launch systems by country

The following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., the Atlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.

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See also


Notes

  1. ↑ There are many different methods. Each mestylethod has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is called a rocket engine.
  2. ↑ The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.
  3. ↑ Such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne.
  4. ↑ Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north-south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Angara Family". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/angara.htm. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Angara Launch Vehicle Family". Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=44&lang=en. 
  3. ↑ "Angara-1 to inaugurate new rocket family". https://www.russianspaceweb.com/angara1.html. 
  4. ↑ Mooney, Justin (2022-10-16). "Angara 1.2 launches satellite for Russian Aerospace Forces" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/10/angara-kosmos-2560/. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 "Atlas V". https://www.ulalaunch.com/rockets/atlas-v. 
  6. ↑ "Atlas-5(551) (Atlas-V(551))" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/atlas-5-551.htm. 
  7. ↑ Egan, Barbara [@barbegan13] (15 October 2016). "@torybruno @ulalaunch @baserunner0723 We are calling the config N22. No payload fairing with the Starliner on board" (in en). https://twitter.com/barbegan13/status/787351995078152192. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Percival, Claire (2022-05-29). "OFT-2 CST-100 Starliner (Uncrewed) | Atlas V N22" (in en-US). https://everydayastronaut.com/oft-2-cst-100-starliner-uncrewed-atlas-v-n22/. 
  9. ↑ Roulette, Joey (22 December 2019). "'Bull's-eye' landing in New Mexico for Boeing's Starliner astronaut capsule". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-exploration-boeing/bulls-eye-landing-in-new-mexico-for-boeings-starliner-astronaut-capsule-idUSKBN1YQ03X. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Ceres-1 (Gushenxing-1, GX-1)". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ceres-1.htm. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Ceres-1". https://www.galactic-energy.cn/index.php/En/List/cid/14. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Ceres-1 (Gushenxing-1, GX-1)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ceres-1.htm. 
  13. ↑ Kim, Jeongmin (1 June 2023). "North Korea rushed satellite launch after seeing ROK rocket success, Seoul says". NK News. https://www.nknews.org/2023/06/north-korea-rushed-satellite-launch-after-seeing-rok-rocket-success-seoul-says/. 
  14. ↑ "Chollima-1" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/chollima-1.htm. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 "Delta IV". https://www.ulalaunch.com/rockets/delta-iv. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Krebs, Gunter. "Delta-4". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/delta-4.htm. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Electron" (in en). https://www.rocketlabusa.com/launch/electron/. 
  18. ↑ "Completed Missions" (in en). https://www.rocketlabusa.com/missions/completed-missions/. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Projects&Products". IHI Aerospace. http://www.ihi.co.jp/ia/en/product/rocket.html. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 Krebs, Gunter. "Epsilon". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/epsilon.htm. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 "SpaceX - Falcon 9" (in en). http://www.spacex.com/. 
  22. ↑ Either 2 or 3 boosters recoverable
  23. ↑ Musk, Elon. Making Life Multiplanetary. SpaceX. Event occurs at 15:35. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 22 March 2018 – via YouTube. BFR in fully reusable configuration, without any orbital refueling, we expect to have a payload capability of 150 tonnes to low Earth orbit and that compares to about 30 for Falcon Heavy
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 "SpaceX - Falcon Heavy" (in en). http://www.spacex.com/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Alpha Launch Vehicle" (in en-US). https://fireflyspace.com/alpha/. 
  26. ↑ "Missions Archive" (in en-US). https://fireflyspace.com/missions/. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Krebs, Gunter. "Yinli-1 (Gravity-1, YL-1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/yinli-1.htm. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 "Indian Space Research Organisation - Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark II". https://www.isro.gov.in/GSLV_CON.html. 
  29. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "GSLV". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/gslv.htm. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 "H-IIA – User's Manual". Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, MHI Launch Services. February 2015. https://www.mhi.com/jp/products/pdf/manual.pdf. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 Krebs, Gunter. "H-2A". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/h-2a.htm. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Only the X00 version of the H3 is intended for LEO launches.[failed verification] The higher capability X02 and X03 variants could presumably launch significantly more payload to LEO, but are not specified for this mission. Space Launch Report: H3 Data Sheet[Usurped!],[|permanent dead link|dead link}}] retrieved 20 Feb. 2019/
  33. ↑ "H-3-22" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/h-3-22.htm. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Shuang Quxian-1 (SQX-1, Hyperbola-1)". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shuang-quxian-1.htm. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "Shuang Quxian-1 (SQX-1, Hyperbola-1)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shuang-quxian-1.htm. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-1 (Smart Dragon-1, SD 1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/jielong-1.htm. 
  37. ↑ "China's Jielong 1 smallsat launcher successful on first flight – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/17/chinas-jielong-1-smallsat-launcher-successful-on-first-flight/. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-3 (Smart Dragon-3, SD 3)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/jielong-3.htm. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "Lijian-1 (Kinetica-1, Zhongke-1, ZK-1)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/lijian-1.htm. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Kuaizhou-1A (KZ-1A)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/kuaizhou-1a.htm. 
  41. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Kuaizhou-1 (KZ-1) / Fei Tian 1". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kuaizhou-1.htm. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Private Chinese rocket reaches orbit 2 years after test-flight failure (video)" (in en). 2022-12-07. https://www.space.com/china-kuaizhou-11-solid-rocket-launch-success. 
  43. ↑ "Kuaizhou-11 (KZ-11)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kuaizhou-11.htm. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "LM-2C --- Launch Vehicle --- CGWIC". http://cgwic.com/Launchservice/LM2C.html. 
  45. ↑ "Two satellites with secretive missions launched by China". Spaceflight Now. 12 October 2018. https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/10/12/two-satellites-with-secretive-missions-launched-by-china/. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2 (Chang Zheng-2)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-2.htm. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "China_Orbital_Launch_Activity_2020.pdf". https://docs.google.com/gview?url=https://brycetech.com/reports/report-documents/China_Orbital_Launch_Activity_2020.pdf. 
  48. ↑ "LM-2D --- Launch Vehicle --- CGWIC". http://www.cgwic.com/LaunchServices/LaunchVehicle/LM2D.html. 
  49. ↑ 49.00 49.01 49.02 49.03 49.04 49.05 49.06 49.07 49.08 49.09 49.10 49.11 49.12 49.13 49.14 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-3 (Chang Zheng-3)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-3.htm. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 "CZ-4B (Chang Zheng-4B)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/cz-4b.htm. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-4C (Chang Zheng-4C)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/cz-4c.htm. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "China Great Wall Industry Corporation(CGWIC)". http://cgwic.com/Launchservice/LM5.html. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-5 (Chang Zheng-5)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-5.htm. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Jones, Andrew (2020-07-17). "Long March 5 rolled out for July 23 launch of China's Tianwen-1 Mars mission" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/long-march-5-rolled-out-for-july-23-launch-of-chinas-tianwen-1-mars-mission/. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "China's Long March 7A rocket successful on second flight – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/03/12/chinas-long-march-7a-rocket-successful-on-second-flight/. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 "CZ-6 (Chang Zheng-6)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/cz-6.htm. 
  57. ↑ "China launches Yaogan 40 spy satellite on Long March 6A rocket (video)" (in en). 2023-09-11. https://www.space.com/china-yaogan-40-spy-satellite-long-march-6a-launch-video. 
  58. ↑ "CZ-6A (Chang Zheng-6A)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/cz-6a.htm. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Volosín, Juan I. Morales (2023-05-08). "Tianzhou-6 | Long March 7" (in en-US). https://everydayastronaut.com/tianzhou-6-long-march-7/. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "CZ-7A (Chang Zheng-7A)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/cz-7a.htm. 
  61. ↑ "长征七号首飞成功 空间实验室任务大幕拉开" (in zh). 2016-06-25. http://www.spacechina.com/n25/n144/n206/n214/c1339839/content.html. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Long March 8 rocket lifts 5 satellites in debut flight". https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6810962/content.html. 
  63. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-8 (Chang Zheng-8)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-8.htm. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-11 (Chang Zheng-11)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-11.htm. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Indian Space Research Organisation - LVM3(Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III)". https://www.isro.gov.in/GSLVmk3_CON.html. 
  66. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "GSLV Mk.3 (LVM-3)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/gslv-mk3.htm. 
  67. ↑ "Crew module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE)". ISRO. 18 December 2014. http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/crew-module-atmospheric-re-entry-experiment-care. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Taurus". Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2012. http://www.orbital.com/spacelaunch/taurus/. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 "Taurus / Minotaur-C" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/taurus.htm. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 "Minotaur Rocket" (in en). https://www.northropgrumman.com/space/minotaur-rocket. 
  71. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-1 (OSP-SLV)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/minotaur-1.htm. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-3/-4/-5/-6 (OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/minotaur-4.htm. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 동아사이언스 (2022-12-04). "누리호 탑재 중량 1.5t→1.9t으로 성능 '업'" (in ko). http://m.dongascience.com/news.php?idx=57409. 
  74. ↑ "Nuri (KSLV-2)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kslv-2.htm. 
  75. ↑ "Pegasus Rocket" (in en). https://www.northropgrumman.com/space/pegasus-rocket. 
  76. ↑ "Pegasus" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pegasus.htm. 
  77. ↑ "Proton Launch System Mission Planner's Guide – Section 2. LV Performance". International Launch Services. July 2009. http://www.ilslaunch.com/sites/default/files/pdf/PMPG%20Section%202.pdf. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Krebs, Gunter. "Proton-K and -M Briz-M". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/proton-m_briz-m.htm. 
  79. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Proton-M Blok-DM-2". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/proton-m_blok-dm-2.htm. 
  80. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Proton-M Blok-DM-03". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/proton-m_blok-dm-03.htm. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 "PSLV-CA (2)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv-ca_2.htm. 
  82. ↑ "PSLV-CA (1)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv-ca.htm. 
  83. ↑ "PSLV-DL" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv-dl.htm. 
  84. ↑ "PSLV-QL" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv-ql.htm. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 "PSLV-XL" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv-xl.htm. 
  86. ↑ Arunan, S.; Satish, R. (25 September 2015). "Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft and its challenges". Current Science 109 (6): 1061–1069. doi:10.18520/v109/i6/1061-1069. 
  87. ↑ "Qaem-100" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/qaem-100.htm. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 "Qased" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/qased.htm. 
  89. ↑ Opall-Rome, Barbara (2011-06-09). "Israel Eyes Overseas Launch of Next Ofeq Spy Satellite" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/israel-eyes-overseas-launch-next-ofeq-spy-satellite/. 
  90. ↑ "Shavit-2" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/shavit-2.htm. 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Krebs, Gunter. "Simorgh (Safir-2)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/simorgh.htm. 
  92. ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-satellite-space-launch-rocket-missiles-b2486138.html
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 "GYUB (South Korean Solid Fueled LV)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/gyub.htm. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 "SOYUZ-2 Launch Vehicle". https://en.samspace.ru/products/launch_vehicles/rn_soyuz_2/. 
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 "Soyuz-2-1a Fregat" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a_fregat.htm. 
  96. ↑ "Soyuz-2-1a (14A14)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a.htm. 
  97. ↑ "Soyuz-2-1a Volga" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a_volga.htm. 
  98. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-2-1a (14A14)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a.htm. 
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 "Soyuz-2-1b Fregat" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1b_fregat.htm. 
  100. ↑ "Soyuz-2-1b" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1b.htm. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz core only". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/soyuz_core_only.htm. 
  102. ↑ "Starship". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/starship. 
  103. ↑ "SpaceX" (in en). http://www.spacex.com/. 
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 "NASA's Space Launch System Reference Guide (Web Version)". https://www3.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/sls_reference_guide_2022_v2_508_0.pdf. 
  105. ↑ "SLS" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sls.htm. 
  106. ↑ Lock, Samantha (16 November 2022). "NASA Artemis 1 launch: Rocket lifts off on moon mission – as it happened". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2022/nov/16/artemis-1-nasa-rocket-launch-moon-mission-space-live-updates. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 "Indian Space Research Organisation". https://www.isro.gov.in/sslv_CON.html. 
  108. ↑ "List of SSLV Launches". https://www.isro.gov.in/SSLV_Launchers.html. 
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 "Tianlong-2" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/tianlong-2.htm. 
  110. ↑ "Vega (P80 based)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vega_p80.htm. 
  111. ↑ "Vega User's Manual". Arianespace. April 2014. pp. 2–10. http://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Vega-Users-Manual_Issue-04_April-2014.pdf. 
  112. ↑ "Vega" (in en-US). https://www.arianespace.com/vehicle/vega/. 
  113. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Vega". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vega_p80.htm. 
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 "Vega C - Arianespace". Arianespace. https://www.arianespace.com/vehicle/vega-c/. 
  115. ↑ "Vega-C" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/vega-c.htm. 
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 116.2 "Vulcan". https://www.ulalaunch.com/rockets/vulcan-centaur. 
  117. ↑ "Vulcan" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vulcan.htm. 
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 "Zhuque-2 (ZQ-2, LandSpace-2, LS-2)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/zhuque-2.htm. 
  119. ↑ Jones, Andrew [@AJ_FI] (14 December 2022). "Looks like Zhuque-2 second stage failed to reach orbital velocity. Satellites lost. Similar to Zhuque-1 launch four years ago. t.co/DuDtHVHyyc" (in en). https://twitter.com/AJ_FI/status/1602975302501662720. 
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 120.3 120.4 120.5 Lagier, Roland (March 2018). "Ariane 6 User's Manual Issue 1 Revision 0". Arianespace. http://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Mua-6_Issue-1_Revision-0_March-2018.pdf. 
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 Berger, Eric (2023-05-12). "The Ariane 6 rocket will now debut no earlier than the spring of 2024" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/05/the-ariane-6-rockets-debut-will-slip-into-2024-the-question-is-how-far/. 
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 "Mission ― Perigee". https://perigee.space/mission/. 
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 Boucher, Marc (14 March 2017). "Exclusive: Maritime Launch Services Selects Nova Scotia Site for Spaceport Over 13 Other Locations". SpaceQ. https://spaceq.ca/maritime-launch-services-selects-nova-scotia-site-for-spaceport-over-13-other-locations/. 
  124. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Tsiklon-4M (Cyclone-4M)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/tsiklon-4m.htm. 
  125. ↑ "Precious Payload allies with Maritime Launch + adds Canada's 1st commercial spaceport to the Launch.ctrl marketplace for smallsat interests – SatNews". https://news.satnews.com/2022/12/09/precious-payload-allies-with-maritime-launch-adds-canadas-1st-commercial-spaceport-to-the-launch-ctrl-marketplace-for-smallsat-interests/. 
  126. ↑ "LAUNCH" (in en). https://www.gspacetech.com/launch. 
  127. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2 November 2023). "China's iSpace launches and lands rocket test stage". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/chinas-ispace-launches-and-lands-rocket-test-stage/. 
  128. ↑ "Launch Vehicle". Space One. https://www.space-one.co.jp/vehicle/index_e.html. 
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 Jones, Andrew (28 June 2021). "China's super heavy rocket to construct space-based solar power station". https://spacenews.com/chinas-super-heavy-rocket-to-construct-space-based-solar-power-station/. 
  130. ↑ Jones, Andrew (5 July 2018). "China reveals details for super-heavy-lift Long March 9 and reusable Long March 8 rockets". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/china-reveals-details-for-super-heavy-lift-long-march-9-and-reusable-long-march-8-rockets/. 
  131. ↑ Pinedo, Emma (20 October 2023). "Spain's PLD Space expects first orbital launch in Q1 2026 from French Guiana". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/spains-pld-space-expects-first-orbital-launch-q1-2026-french-guiana-2023-10-20/. 
  132. ↑ "Medium Launch Vehicle". Firefly Aerospace. https://fireflyspace.com/mlv/. 
  133. ↑ "JP Introducing Neutron". 2021-03-01. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agqxJw5ISdk. 
  134. ↑ Foust, Jeff (8 March 2017). "Eutelsat first customer for Blue Origin's New Glenn". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/eutelsat-first-customer-for-blue-origins-new-glenn/. 
  135. ↑ "Interview. Bordeaux : après des essais dans leur jardin, ils vont lancer leur fusée dans l'espace" (in fr). 2023-05-04. https://actu.fr/societe/bordeaux-apres-des-essais-dans-leur-jardin-ils-vont-lancer-leur-fusee-dans-l-espace_59409862.html. 
  136. ↑ China 'N Asia Spaceflight 🚀🛰️🙏 [@CNSpaceflight] (9 January 2023). "GAPACTIC-ENERGY's another important goal is to develop the reusable kerosene fueled rocket PALLAS-1, which is now targeted in 2024 for first launch t.co/TMrTZ6ZD8D t.co/xPKe0mVIBB" (in en). https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1612449239786786816. 
  137. ↑ Foust, Jeff (18 July 2018). "Orbex stakes claim to European smallsat launch market". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/orbex-stakes-claim-to-european-smallsat-launch-market/. 
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 "LAUNCHER – Rocket Factory Augsburg" (in en-US). https://www.rfa.space/launcher/. 
  139. ↑ "Shetland's SaxaVord spaceport will soon be launching satellites into orbit". Express. 24 June 2023. https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1783992/Shetland-SaxaVord-spaceport-launching-satellites. 
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 "ABL Space Systems". https://www.ablspacesystems.com. 
  141. ↑ "Skyrora XL Rocket | Skyrora". https://www.skyrora.com/skyrora-xl#section-5. 
  142. ↑ "Space Launch System". NASA. 11 October 2017. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/sls_fact_sheet_final_10112017.pdf. 
  143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 Harbaugh, Jennifer (9 July 2018). "The Great Escape: SLS Provides Power for Missions to the Moon". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/to-the-moon.html. 
  144. ↑ Creech, Stephen (April 2014). "NASA's Space Launch System: A Capability for Deep Space Exploration". NASA. p. 2. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Creech_SLS_Deep_Space.pdf. 
  145. ↑ Zak, Anatoly (7 August 2017). "Preliminary design for Soyuz-5 races to completion". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz5-lv-2017.html. 
  146. ↑ "First launch of Soyuz-5 rocket due Dec 24, 2025". TASS. 17 August 2023. https://tass.com/science/1661733. 
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 Berger, Eric (7 October 2020). "Russian space corporation unveils planned "Amur" rocket—and it looks familiar". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/10/russian-space-corporation-unveils-planned-amur-rocket-and-it-looks-familiar/. 
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 "Spectrum" (in en). https://www.isaraerospace.com/spectrum. 
  149. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2023-11-03). "Norway opens Andøya spaceport" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/norway-opens-andoya-spaceport/. 
  150. ↑ 150.0 150.1 "Relativity Space Shares Updated Go-to-Market Approach for Terran R, Taking Aim at Medium to Heavy Payload Category with Next-Generation Rocket". Relativity Space (Press release). 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  151. ↑ "Vega E: M10 motor / Mira". Avio. http://www.avio.com/en/vega/vega-e/vega-e-mira-motor/. 
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 152.2 "Launch Vehicle" (in en-US). 2019-01-10. https://skyroot.in/launch-vehicle/. 
  153. ↑ "Skyroot Aerospace" (in en-US). https://skyroot.in/. 
  154. ↑ 154.0 154.1 "Rocket Rundown – A Fleet Overview". ULA. November 2019. https://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/default-source/rockets/atlas-v-and-delta-iv-technical-summary.pdf. 
  155. ↑ Axe, David. "Iran's New Space Rocket Could Double As A Nuclear Missile" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2021/02/01/irans-new-space-rocket-could-double-as-a-weapon/. 
  156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 156.2 Krebs, Gunter. "Antares (Taurus-2)". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/antares_osc.htm. 
  157. ↑ 157.00 157.01 157.02 157.03 157.04 157.05 157.06 157.07 157.08 157.09 157.10 157.11 157.12 157.13 157.14 157.15 157.16 157.17 Krebs, Gunter. "Ariane-1, -2, -3, -4". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ariane.htm. 
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 158.2 158.3 158.4 158.5 158.6 158.7 158.8 Krebs, Gunter. "Ariane-5". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ariane-5.htm. 
  159. ↑ "Ariane 5". http://andegraf.com/rockets/ariane5.htm. 
  160. ↑ "Final launch of Ariane 5 GS completes busy year / Launchers / Our Activities / ESA". European Space Agency. 2009-12-19. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM5TFAK73G_index_0.html. 
  161. ↑ 161.0 161.1 "Ariane 5 Users Manual". Arianespace. p. 39 (ISS orbit). http://www.arianespace.com/site/documents/Ariane5_users_manual_Issue4.pdf. 
  162. ↑ "Ariane 5 sets new record on latest launch". 24 October 2021. https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Ariane/Ariane_5_sets_new_record_on_latest_launch. 
  163. ↑ "Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles". ISRO. http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/launchvehicles.aspx#ASLV. 
  164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 Krebs, Gunter. "SLV-3 / ASLV". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/slv_aslv.htm. 
  165. ↑ "Athena-1 (LLV-1 / LMLV-1)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/athena-1.htm. 
  166. ↑ "NASA, Athena Mission Planner's Guide 26 August 2012". https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Athena_MPG_01-23-12.pdf. 
  167. ↑ "Athena-2". Astronautix.com. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/athena2.htm. 
  168. ↑ "Athena-2 (LLV-2 / LMLV-2)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/athena-2.htm. 
  169. ↑ Encyclopedia Astronautica, Black Arrow
  170. ↑ astronautix.com, Titan III
  171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Dnepr". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/dnepr-1.htm. 
  172. ↑ Clark, Stephen (30 December 2016). "Iridium satellites closed up for launch on Falcon 9 rocket". http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/12/30/iridium-satellites-closed-up-for-launch-on-falcon-9-rocket/. "Russian officials have said they plan to discontinue Dnepr launches." 
  173. ↑ 173.0 173.1 173.2 "S. P. Korolev RSC Energia – LAUNCHERS". Energia. http://www.energia.ru/english/energia/launchers/vehicle_energia.html. 
  174. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Energia". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/fam/energia.htm. 
  175. ↑ 175.0 175.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Falcon-1". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/falcon-1.htm. 
  176. ↑ 176.0 176.1 "Falcon 9". SpaceX. 2012-11-16. http://www.spacex.com/falcon9. 
  177. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Falcon-9". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/falcon-9.htm. 
  178. ↑ 178.0 178.1 178.2 178.3 "Capabilities & Services". SpaceX. http://www.spacex.com/about/capabilities. 
  179. ↑ de Selding, Peter B. (June 15, 2016). "Iridium's SpaceX launch slowed by Vandenberg bottleneck". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/iridiums-spacex-launch-slowed-by-vandenberg-bottleneck/. 
  180. ↑ Feng Bao 1, part of CZ family
  181. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "FB-1 (Feng Bao-1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/fb-1.htm. 
  182. ↑ 182.0 182.1 182.2 182.3 182.4 Krebs, Gunter. "GSLV". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/gslv.htm. 
  183. ↑ "JERS (Fuyo)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/jers.htm. 
  184. ↑ astronautix.com, H-2
  185. ↑ 185.0 185.1 Krebs, Gunter. "H-2". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/h-2.htm. 
  186. ↑ astronautix.com H-IIA 2024
  187. ↑ "MHI Launch Services: Launch Vehicles". Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, MHI Launch Services. https://www.mhi.com/products/space/launch_srv_lineup.html. 
  188. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "H-2B". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/h-2b.htm. 
  189. ↑ 189.0 189.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Kaituozhe-2 (KT-2)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kaituozhe-2.htm. 
  190. ↑ "Cosmos-1, 3, 3M and 3MU – SL-8 – C-1". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/cosmos3.html. 
  191. ↑ 191.0 191.1 191.2 191.3 191.4 191.5 191.6 "Nissan Heritage Collection online【その他】プリンス自動車工業小史". Nissan Motors. http://nissan-heritage-collection.com/NEWS/publicContents/index.php?procType=CATEGORY&catID=14. 
  192. ↑ 192.0 192.1 192.2 192.3 192.4 192.5 192.6 "Satellite Launch Vehicles". Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/rockets/vehicles/index.shtml. 
  193. ↑ astronautix.com, Long March 1, also called CZ-1
  194. ↑ 194.0 194.1 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-1 (Chang Zheng-1)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-1.htm. 
  195. ↑ astronautix.com, Long March 1D (CZ-1D)
  196. ↑ astronautix.com Long March 2A – CZ-2A
  197. ↑ "LM-3A Series Launch Vehicles User's Manual Issue 2011". 2011. http://www.cgwic.com/LaunchServices/Download/manual/LM-3A%20Series%20Launch%20Vehicles%20User's%20Manual%20Issue%202011.pdf. 
  198. ↑ astronautix.com, Encyclopedia Astronautica, Molniya 8K78M
  199. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Molniya (8K78)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/molniya.htm. 
  200. ↑ "US-K (73D6)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/us-k.htm. 
  201. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Molniya and Soyuz with upper stages". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/molniya.htm. 
  202. ↑ "Complex N1-L3". Energia.ru. http://www.energia.ru/en/history/systems/vehicles/vehicle_n1-l3.html. 
  203. ↑ "L3". Astronautix.com. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/l3.htm. 
  204. ↑ "RSC "Energia" – History". Energia.ru. 2011-04-12. http://www.energia.ru/en/history/systems/vehicles/vehicle_n1-l3_c.html. 
  205. ↑ Wade, Mark. "N1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/n1.htm. 
  206. ↑ astronautix.com, N-I- Delta
  207. ↑ astronautix.com, Encyclopedia Astronautica, N-2
  208. ↑ "STSAT 2C". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/stsat-2c.htm. 
  209. ↑ Goh, Deyana (5 July 2018). "Chinese startup One Space successfully tests first stage engine for orbital rocket". Spacetech Asia. http://www.spacetechasia.com/chinese-startup-one-space-successfully-tests-first-stage-engine-for-orbital-rocket/. 
  210. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "OS-M (Chongqing SQX)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/os-m.htm. 
  211. ↑ Jones, Andrew (17 May 2018). "Chinese company OneSpace sends OS-X rocket to 40 km in maiden flight". GBTimes. https://gbtimes.com/chinese-company-onespace-sends-os-x-rocket-to-40-km-in-maiden-flight. 
  212. ↑ Encyclopedia Astronautica, Proton-K
  213. ↑ "Launch Vehicles". http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/space/lectures/lec17.html. 
  214. ↑ "Proton". Astronautix.com. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/proton.htm. 
  215. ↑ "Outcome Budget 2016–2017". Government of India, Department of Space. 2016. https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7064/outcomebudget2016-2017.pdf. "Currently, two versions of PSLV are operational, namely PSLV-XL (with six extended version of Strap-on motors) and the PSLV Core-alone (without Strap-on motors)." 
  216. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Rokot (Rockot)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/rokot.htm. 
  217. ↑ "ABL Space Systems maiden flight fails after liftoff". 10 February 2023. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/01/abl-rs1-demo-1/. 
  218. ↑ astronautix.com, Saturn I
  219. ↑ 219.0 219.1 "Saturn-1 & Saturn-1B". Space.skyrocket.de. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/saturn-1.htm. 
  220. ↑ Encyclopedia Astronautica, Saturn IB
  221. ↑ Bilstein, Roger E.. "Appendix C: Saturn Family/Mission Data". NASA History Office. https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/app-c.htm. 
  222. ↑ "Rocket and Space Technology". Braeunig.us. http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/saturn.htm. 
  223. ↑ Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin, Saturn, 2005 (paperback, Apogee Books Space Series, 2010), ISBN:1-894959-19-1
  224. ↑ John Duncan, Saturn V Flight History (1999), web page (accessed 20 August 2010)
  225. ↑ "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shtil_volna.htm. 
  226. ↑ 226.0 226.1 226.2 "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shtil_volna.htm. 
  227. ↑ 227.0 227.1 227.2 "SLV-3". http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/India/SLV/Description/Frame.htm. 
  228. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz (11A511)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz.htm. 
  229. ↑ "Soyuz-FG Launch Vehicle". Progress Rocket Space Centre. http://en.samspace.ru/products/launch_vehicles/rn_soyuz_fg/. 
  230. ↑ 230.0 230.1 230.2 230.3 Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz with Fregat upper stage". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/soyuz_fregat.htm. 
  231. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-FG (11A511U-FG)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-fg.htm. 
  232. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-L (11A511L)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-l.htm. 
  233. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-M (11A511M)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-m.htm. 
  234. ↑ "Soyuz-ST". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/soyuzst.htm. Retrieved 17 May 2015. 
  235. ↑ 235.0 235.1 "Soyuz-ST Launch Vehicle". Progress Rocket Space Centre. http://en.samspace.ru/products/launch_vehicles/rn_soyuz_st/. 
  236. ↑ "Soyuz 2 Launch Vehicle". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz2_lv.html. 
  237. ↑ "Soyuz overview". Arianespace. http://www.arianespace.com/vehicle/soyuz/. 
  238. ↑ 238.0 238.1 "Soyuz-U Launch Vehicle". http://en.samspace.ru/products/launch_vehicles/rn_soyuz_u/. 
  239. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz with Ikar and Volga upper stages". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/soyuz_ikar-volga.htm. 
  240. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-U (11A511U)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-u.htm. 
  241. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-u2.htm. 
  242. ↑ 242.0 242.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Shuttle (STS)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sts.htm. 
  243. ↑ "SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PAYLOADS". Kennedy Space Center. 2000. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/carriers.html. 
  244. ↑ "NASA – Space Shuttle". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html. 
  245. ↑ "Sputnik 2 (PS-2 #1)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sputnik-2.htm. 
  246. ↑ 246.0 246.1 Krebs, Gunter. "SS-520". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ss-520.htm. 
  247. ↑ Graham, William (3 February 2018). "Japanese sounding rocket claims record-breaking orbital launch". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/02/japanese-rocket-record-borbital-launch/. 
  248. ↑ "Experimental Launch of World's Smallest Orbital Space Rocket ends in Failure". Spaceflight 101. 14 January 2017. http://spaceflight101.com/ss-520-4-rocket-launches-on-experimental-mission/. 
  249. ↑ "Start-1". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/start-1.htm. 
  250. ↑ "Strela launcher". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/strela.html. 
  251. ↑ "Strela". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/strela.htm. 
  252. ↑ "Terran". https://www.relativityspace.com/rockets. 
  253. ↑ astronautix.com, Titan II GLV
  254. ↑ astronautix.com, Titan 23G
  255. ↑ astronautix.com, Titan IIIC
  256. ↑ astronautix.com, Titan IIID
  257. ↑ astronautix.com, Titan IIIE
  258. ↑ 258.0 258.1 "Titan-4". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/titan-4.htm. 
  259. ↑ 259.0 259.1 "Titan-4". Space.skyrocket.de. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/titan-4.htm. 
  260. ↑ 260.0 260.1 "Fact Sheet – Titan IVB". United States Air Force. https://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/awc/space/factsheets/titan_ivb.htm. 
  261. ↑ astronautix.com, Tsyklon-2A
  262. ↑ "Tsiklon-2A (11K67)". Space.skyrocket.de. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/tsiklon-2a.htm. 
  263. ↑ astronautix.com, Tsyklon-2
  264. ↑ 264.0 264.1 "Tsiklon-2 (11K69)". Space.skyrocket.de. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/tsiklon-2.htm. 
  265. ↑ nasaspaceflight.com, Tsyklon-3
  266. ↑ 266.0 266.1 "Tsiklon-3 (11K68)". Space.skyrocket.de. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/tsiklon-3.htm. 
  267. ↑ 267.0 267.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Unha ("Taepodong-2")". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/unha.htm. 
  268. ↑ astronautix.com, vanguard
  269. ↑ "VLS". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vls.htm. 
  270. ↑ "IRDT 1, 2, 2R". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/irdt-1.htm. 
  271. ↑ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-014A. 
  272. ↑ 272.0 272.1 "Spacecraft – Vostok". http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/vostok.htm. 
  273. ↑ "Meteor-2 (11F632)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/meteor-2.htm. 
  274. ↑ astronautix.com, Soyuz/Vostok
  275. ↑ 275.0 275.1 Kyle, Ed. "Zenit Data Sheet". Spacelaunchreport.com. http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/zenit.html. 
  276. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Zenit-2". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/zenit-2.htm. 
  277. ↑ "Zenit launch vehicle". Russianspaceweb.com. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/zenit.html. 
  278. ↑ "Elektro-L 1, 2, 3". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/elektro-l.htm. 
  279. ↑ 279.0 279.1 279.2 279.3 279.4 Krebs, Gunter. "Zenit-3". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/zenit-3.htm. 
  280. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2 August 2018). "Landspace of China to launch first rocket in Q4 2018". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/landspace-of-china-to-launch-first-rocket-in-q4-2018. 
  281. ↑ 281.0 281.1 Barbosa, Rui C. (27 October 2018). "Chinese commercial provider LandSpace launches Weilai-1 on a Zhuque-1 rockets – fails to make orbit". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/10/chinese-landspace-launches-weilai-1-zhuque-1-rocket/. 
  282. ↑ "Atlas Centaur LV-3C Development". 25 March 2023. http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/aclv3cb.html. 
  283. ↑ "Atlas Centaur". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/atlas_centaur.htm. 
  284. ↑ 284.00 284.01 284.02 284.03 284.04 284.05 284.06 284.07 284.08 284.09 284.10 284.11 284.12 284.13 284.14 284.15 284.16 284.17 284.18 284.19 284.20 284.21 284.22 Krebs, Gunter. "Atlas Centaur". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/atlas_centaur.htm. 
  285. ↑ astronautix.com, Atlas H
  286. ↑ astronautix.com, Atlas IIIB
  287. ↑ "ULA launches two space surveillance satellites for U.S. Space Force" (in en-US). 2022-01-21. https://spacenews.com/ula-launches-two-space-surveillance-satellites-for-u-s-space-force/. 
  288. ↑ "WMO OSCAR – Satellite: NOAA-3". http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/325. 
  289. ↑ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=ITOS-E1. 
  290. ↑ 290.00 290.01 290.02 290.03 290.04 290.05 290.06 290.07 290.08 290.09 290.10 290.11 290.12 290.13 290.14 290.15 290.16 290.17 290.18 290.19 290.20 290.21 290.22 290.23 290.24 290.25 290.26 290.27 290.28 290.29 290.30 290.31 290.32 290.33 290.34 290.35 290.36 290.37 290.38 290.39 290.40 290.41 290.42 290.43 290.44 290.45 290.46 290.47 290.48 290.49 290.50 290.51 290.52 Krebs, Gunter. "Delta". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/delta.htm. 
  291. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0300". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela0300.htm. 
  292. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0900". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela0900.htm. 
  293. ↑ "GEOS 3". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/geos-3.htm. 
  294. ↑ "1972 – 2616 – Flight Archive". https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1972/1972%20-%202616.html. 
  295. ↑ "OSO 8". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/oso-8.htm. 
  296. ↑ "Explorer: RAE B". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_rae-b.htm. 
  297. ↑ "Delta-1914". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/delta-1914.htm. 
  298. ↑ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1976-077A. 
  299. ↑ "Skynet 2A, 2B". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/skynet-2.htm. 
  300. ↑ 300.0 300.1 Wade, Mark. "Delta 2913". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela2913.htm. 
  301. ↑ "Explorer: DE 1, 2". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_de.htm. 
  302. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Delta 4000". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela4000.htm. 
  303. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Delta 5000". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela5000.htm. 



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