Medicine:List of physicians

From HandWiki

This is a list of famous physicians in history.

Chronological list of physicians

Ancient world

  • 460-370 BC Hippocrates considered the most outstanding figure in the history of medicine.
  • 129 AD – c. 200/c. 216), Galen the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity,
  • d.260 Gargilius Martialis short Latin handbook on Medicines from Vegetables and Fruits[1]
  • 325-400 Oribasius 70 volume encyclopedia[2]
  • 369 Basil of Caesarea founded at Caesarea in Cappadocia an institution (hospital) called Basilias, with several buildings for patients, nurses, physicians, workshops, and schools[3]
  • 375 Ephrem the Syrian opened a hospital at Edessa[3] They spread out and specialized nosocomia for the sick, brephotrophia for foundlings, orphanotrophia for orphans, ptochia for the poor, xenodochia for poor or infirm pilgrims, and gerontochia for the old.[3]
  • 400 first hospital in Latin Christendom was founded by Fabiola at Rome[3]
  • 420 Caelius Aurelianus doctor from Sicca Veneria (El-Kef, Tunisia) handbook On Acute and Chronic Diseases in Latin.[1]

Middle Ages 5th-16th century

  • 480 -547 Benedict of Nursia founder of "monastic medicine"[4]
  • 525-605 Alexander of Tralles[5] Alexander Trallianus
  • 500-550 Aetius of Amida Encyclopedia 4 books each divided into 4 sections[5][2][2]
  • 550-630 Stephanus of Athens[1][6]
  • 560 – 636 Isidore of Seville
  • c. 630 Paul of Aegina Encyclopedia in 7 books very detailed surgery used by Albucasis[5][1]
  • 790-869 Leo Itrosophist also Mathematician or Philosopher wrote "Epitome of Medicine"

Islamic Middle Ages 9th-12th

  • c. 800-873 Al-Kindi (Alkindus) De Gradibus
  • 820 Benedictine hospital founded, School of Salerno would grow around it[2]
  • 857d Mesue the elder (Yūḥannā ibn Māsawayh) Syriac Christian[7]
  • c. 830-870 Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius) Syriac-speaking Christian also knew Greek and Arabic. Translator and author of several medical tracts.[7]
  • c. 838-870 Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, writes an encyclopedia of medicine in Arabic.[8]
  • c.910d Ishaq ibn Hunayn
  • 9th century Yahya ibn Sarafyun Syriac physician Johannes Serapion,[7] Serapion the Elder
  • c. 865-925 Rhazes pediatrics,[2] and makes the first clear distinction between smallpox and measles in his al-Hawi.
  • d.955 Isaac Judaeus Isḥāq ibn Sulaymān al-Isrāʾīlī Egyptian born Jewish physician [7]
  • 913-982 Shabbethai Donnolo alleged founding father of School of Salerno wrote in Hebrew[9]
  • d. 990 Al-Tamimi, the physician
  • d. 982-994 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi Haly Abbas[2]
  • 1000 Albucasis (936-1018) surgery Kitab al-Tasrif, surgical instruments.[7]
  • d.1075 Ibn Butlan Christian physician of Baghdad Tacuinum sanitatis the Arabic original and most of the Latin copies, are in tabular format [7]
  • 1018-1087 Michael Psellos or Psellus a Byzantine monk, writer, philosopher, politician and historian. several books on medicine[5]
  • 1021 Alhazen
  • c. 1030 Avicenna The Canon of Medicine The Canon remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European universities until the 18th century.
  • c.1071-1078 Simeon Seth or Symeon Seth an 11th-century Jewish Byzantine translated Arabic works into Greek[5]
  • 1084 First documented hospital in England Canterbury[3]
  • 1087d Constantine the African[7]
  • 1083-1153 Anna Komnene Latinized as Comnena
  • 1095 Congregation of the Antonines, was founded to treat victims of "St. Anthony's fire" a skin disease.[3]
  • late 11th early 12th century Trotula[10]
  • 1123 St Bartholomew's Hospital founded by the court jester Rahere Augustine nuns originally cared for the patients. Mental patients were accepted along with others[11]
  • 1127 Stephen of Antioch translated the work of Haly Abbas
  • 1100-1161 Avenzoar, teacher of Averroes[12]
  • 1126-1198 Averroes[2]

Scholastic Medicine 13th-16th century

  • c.1161d Matthaeus Platearius
  • 1204 Innocent III organized the hospital of Santo Spirito at Rome inspiring others all over Europe
  • 1242 Ibn an-Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the heart are separate and discovers the pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation[7]
  • c. 1248 Ibn al-Baitar wrote on botany and pharmacy,[7] studied animal anatomy and medicine veterinary medicine.
  • 1249 Roger Bacon writes about convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness
  • 1257-1316 Pietro d'Abano also known as Petrus De Apono or Aponensis[13]
  • 1260 Louis IX established, Les Quinze-vingt; originally a retreat for the blind, it became a hospital for eye diseases, and is now one of the most important medical centers in Paris[3]
  • 1284 Mansur hospital of Cairo[2]
  • c. 1275-c. 1328 Joannes Zacharias Actuarius a Byzantine physician wrote the last great compendium of Byzantine medicine[5]
  • 1300 concave lens spectacles to treat myopia developed in Italy.[14]
  • 1292-1350 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziya[2]
  • William of Saliceto also known as Guilielmus de Saliceto (c.1210-1277)
  • Henri de Mondeville (c. 1260-1316)
  • Mondino de Luzzi (1275-1326) "Mundinus" carried out the first systematic human dissections since Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos 1500 years earlier.[15][16]
  • Guy de Chauliac d.1368[15][17]
  • John of Arderne (1306-1390)[15][18][19]
  • Heinrich von Pfolspeundt f.1460[15][16][20][21][22]
  • Antonio Benivieni (1443-1502)[15][23] Pathological anatomy[24]

Renaissance to Early Modern Period 16th-18th century

19th century: Rise of modern medicine

  • Baron Guillaume Dupuytren 1777-1835[15] Head surgeon at Hôtel-Dieu de Paris,[64] The age Dupuytren[65][66]
  • James Marion Sims 1813-1883 Vesico-vaganial surgery[15][67][68] Father of surgical genocology[21] Biography[69]
  • Joseph Lister 1827-1912 Anti-septic surgery[15][35][70] Father of modern surgery[71]

Physicians famous for their role in advancement of medicine

  • William Osler Abbott (1902-1943) — co-developed the Miller-Abbott tube
  • William Stewart Agras — feeding behavior
  • Virginia Apgar (1909-1974) — anesthesiologist who devised the Apgar score used after childbirth
  • Jean Astruc (1684-1766) — wrote one of the first treatises on syphilis
  • Averroes (1126-1198) — Andalusian polymath
  • Avicenna (980-1037) — Persian physician
  • Gerbrand Bakker (1771-1828) — Dutch physician, with works in Dutch and Latin on midwifery, practical surgery, animal magnetism, worms, the human eye, comparative anatomy, and the anatomy of the brain
  • Frederick Banting (1891-1941) — isolated insulin
  • Christiaan Barnard (1922-2001) — performed first heart transplant
  • Charles Best (1899-1978) — assisted in the discovery of insulin
  • Norman Bethune (1890-1939) — developer of battlefield surgical techniques
  • Theodor Billroth (1829-1894) — father of modern abdominal surgery
  • Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) — first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States; first openly identified woman to receive a medical degree; pioneered the advancement of women in medicine
  • Alfred Blalock (1899-1964) — noted for his research on the medical condition of shock and the development of the Blalock-Taussig Shunt, surgical relief of the cyanosis from Tetralogy of Fallot, known commonly as the blue baby syndrome, with his assistant Vivien Thomas and pediatric cardiologist Helen Taussig
  • James Carson
  • Charaka — India n physician
  • Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) — pioneering neurologist
  • Guy de Chauliac (1290-1368) — one of the first physicians to have an experimental approach towards medicine; also recorded the Black Death
  • Loren Cordain (born 1950) — United States nutritionist and exercise physiologist, Paleolithic diet
  • Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) — United States neurosurgeon; father of modern-day brain surgery
  • Garcia de Orta (1501-1568) — revealed herbal medicines of India , described cholera
  • Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964) — pathologist and bacteriologist; credited with the discovery of Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730), the first commercially available antibiotic; won 1939 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
  • Charles R. Drew (1904-1950) — blood transfusion pioneer
  • Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902-1959) — important early figure in U.S. psychosomatic medicine
  • Galen (129-c. 210) — Roman physician and anatomist
  • Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) — German scientist; won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; developed Ehrlich's reagent
  • Christiaan Eijkman (1858-1930) — pathologist, studied beriberi
  • Pierre Fauchard — father of dentistry
  • René Gerónimo Favaloro (1923-2000) — Argentine cardiac surgeon who created the coronary bypass grafting procedure
  • Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) — Scottish scientist, inventor of penicillin
  • Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553) — wrote on syphilis, forerunner of germ theory
  • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) — founder of psychoanalysis
  • Daniel Carleton Gajdusek (1923-2008) — studied Kuru, Nobel prize winner
  • George E. Goodfellow (1855-1910) — recognized as first U.S. civilian trauma surgeon, expert in gunshot wound treatment
  • Henry Gray (1827-1861) — England anatomist and surgeon, creator of Gray's Anatomy
  • Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) — physician and anatomist
  • William Harvey (1578-1657) — England physician, described the circulatory system
  • Henry Heimlich (born 1920) — inventor of the Heimlich maneuver and the Vietnam War-era chest drain valve
  • Orvan Hess (1906-2002) — fetal heart monitor and first successful use of penicillin
  • Hippocrates (c. 460-370 BCE) — Ancient Greece father of medicine
  • John Hunter (1728-1793) — father of modern surgery, famous for his study of anatomy
  • Kurt Julius Isselbacher (born 1928) — Former editor of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, prominent Gastroenterologist, founder of the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Association of American Physicians Kober Medal winner
  • Edward Jenner (1749-1823) — England physician popularized vaccination
  • Elliott P. Joslin (1869-1962) — pioneer in the treatment of diabetes
  • Carl Jung (1875-1961) — Swiss psychiatrist
  • Leo Kanner (1894-1981) — Austrian-United States psychiatrist known for work on autism
  • Seymour Kety (1915-2000) — American neuroscientist
  • Robert Koch (1843-1910) — formulated Koch's postulates
  • Theodor Kocher — thyroid surgery; first surgeon to win the Nobel Prize
  • Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec (1781-1826) — inventor of the stethoscope
  • Janet Lane-Claypon (1877-1967) — pioneer of epidemiology
  • Thomas Linacre (1460-1524) — founder of Royal College of Physicians
  • Joseph Lister (1827-1912) — pioneer of antiseptic surgery
  • Richard Lower (1631-1691) — studied the lungs and heart, and performed the first blood transfusion
  • Paul Loye (1861-1890) — studied the nervous system and decapitation
  • Wilhelm Frederick von Ludwig (1790-1865) — a German physician known for his 1836 publication on the condition now known as Ludwig's angina
  • Amato Lusitano (1511-1568) — discovered venous valves, studied blood circulation
  • Madhav (8th century A.D.) — medical text author and systematizer
  • Maimonides (1135-1204)
  • Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) — Italian anatomist, pioneer in histology
  • Barry Marshall
  • Charles Horace Mayo (1865-1939) — co-founder, Mayo Clinic
  • William James Mayo (1861-1939) — co-founder, Mayo Clinic
  • William Worrall Mayo (1819-1911) — co-founder, Mayo Clinic
  • Salvador Mazza (1886-1946) — Argentine epidemiologist who helped in controlling American trypanosomiasis
  • William McBride — discovered teratogenicity of thalidomide
  • Otto Fritz Meyerhof (1884-1951) — studied muscle metabolism; Nobel prize
  • George Richards Minot (1885-1950) — Nobel prize for his study of anemia
  • Frederic E. Mohs (1910-2002) — responsible for the method of surgery now called Mohs surgery
  • Egas Moniz (1874-1955) — developed lobotomy and brain artery angiography
  • Richard Morton (1637-1698) — identified tubercles in consumption (phthisis) of lungs; basis for modern name tuberculosis
  • Herbert Needleman — scientifically established link between lead poisoning and neurological damage; key figure in successful efforts to limit lead exposure
  • Charles Jean Henri Nicolle (1866-1936) — microbiologist who won Nobel prize for work on typhus
  • Ian Olver (born 1953)
  • Gary Onik — inventor and pioneer of ultrasound guided cryosurgery for both the prostate and the liver
  • William Osler (1849-1919) — "father of modern medicine"
  • Ralph Paffenbarger — conducted classic studies demonstrating conclusively that active people reduce their risk of heart disease and live longer
  • George Papanicolaou (1883-1962) — Greek pioneer in cytopathology and early cancer detection; inventor of the Pap smear
  • Paracelsus (1493-1541) — founder of toxicology
  • Ambroise Paré (1510-1590) — advanced surgical wound treatment
  • Wilder Penfield (1891-1976) — pioneer in neurology
  • Marcus Raichle (born 1937) — father of functional neuroimaging
  • Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) — father of modern neuroscience for his development of the neuron theory
  • Joseph Ransohoff (1915-2001) — neurosurgeon who invented the modern technique for removing brain tumors
  • Sir William Refshauge (1913-2009) — Australia n public health administrator
  • Rhazes (c. 854-925) (Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi)
  • Juan Rosai (born 1940) — advanced surgical pathology; discovered the desmoplastic small round cell tumor and Rosai–Dorfman disease
  • Jonas Salk (1914-1995) — developed a vaccine for polio
  • Lall Sawh (born 1951) — Trinidadian surgeon/urologist and pioneer of kidney transplantation in the Caribbean
  • Martin Schurig (1656-1733) — first physician to occupy himself with the anatomy of the sexual organs.[72]
  • Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865) — a pioneer of avoiding cross-infection — introduced hand washing and instrument cleaning
  • Victor Skumin (born 1948) — first to describe a previously unknown disease, now called Skumin syndrome[73] (a disorder of the central nervous system of some patients after receiving a prosthetic heart valve)[74]
  • John Snow (1813-1858) — anaesthetist and pioneer epidemiologist who studied cholera
  • Thomas Starzl (1926-2017) — performed the first liver transplant
  • Andrew Taylor Still (1828-1917) — father of osteopathic medicine
  • Susruta (c. 500 BCE) — India n physician and pioneering surgeon
  • Thomas Sydenham (1642-1689) — clinician
  • James Mourilyan Tanner (born 1920) — developed Tanner stages and advanced auxology
  • Helen B. Taussig (1898-1986) — founded field of pediatric cardiology, worked to prevent thalidomide marketing in the US
  • Carlo Urbani (1956-2003) — discovered and died from SARS
  • Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) — Belgian anatomist, often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy
  • Vidus Vidius (1508-1569) — first professor of medicine at the College Royal and author of medical texts
  • Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) — German pathologist, founder of fields of comparative pathology and cellular pathology
  • Carl Warburg (1805-1892) — German/British physician and clinical pharmacologist, inventor of Warburg's Tincture, a famed antipyretic and antimalarial medicine of the Victorian era
  • Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883-1970) — German physiologist, medical doctor; Nobel prize 1931
  • Allen Oldfather Whipple (1881-1963) — devised the Whipple procedure in 1935 for treatment of pancreatic cancer
  • Priscilla White — developed classification of diabetes mellitus and pregnancy to assess and reduce the risk of miscarriage, birth defect, stillbirth, and maternal death
  • Carl Wood — developed and commercialized in-vitro fertilization
  • Alfred Worcester (1855-1951) — pioneer in geriatrics, palliative care, appendectomy, cesarean section, student health, nursing education
  • Ole Wormius (1588-1654) — pioneer in embryology
  • Sir Magdi Yacoub (born 1935) — one of the leading developers of the techniques of heart and heart-lung transplantation
  • Boris Yegorov (1937-1994) — first physician in space (1964)
  • Zhang Xichun (1860-1933) — first physician to integrate Chinese and Western medicine

Physicians famous chiefly as eponyms

Among the better known eponyms:

Physicians famous as criminals

  • John Bodkin Adams - British general practitioner; suspected serial killer, thought to have killed over 160 patients; acquitted of one murder in 1957 but convicted of prescription fraud, not keeping a dangerous drug register, obstructing a police search and lying on cremation forms
  • Karl Brandt (1904–1948) - Nazi human experimentation
  • Edme Castaing - murderer
  • George Chapman - Polish poisoner and Jack the Ripper suspect
  • Robert George Clements - murderer
  • Nigel Cox - only British doctor to be convicted of attempted euthanasia
  • Thomas Neill Cream - murderer
  • Hawley Harvey Crippen - executed for his wife's murder
  • Baruch Goldstein (1956–1994) - assassin
  • Linda Hazzard - convicted of murdering one patient but suspected of 12 in total
  • H.H. Holmes - American serial killer
  • Shirō Ishii - headed Japan's Unit 731 during World War II which conducted human experimentation for weapons and medical research
  • Radovan Karadžić (born 1945) - accused of ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia
  • Jack Kevorkian (1923–2011) - convicted of second-degree murder, Michigan, April 13, 1999
  • Jeffrey R. MacDonald - murdered a pregnant wife and two daughters in 1979
  • Josef Mengele (1911–1979) - known as the Angel of Death; Nazi human experimentation
  • Samuel Mudd (1833–1883) - condemned to prison for setting the leg of Abraham Lincoln's assassin
  • Herman Webster Mudgett (1860–1896) - American serial killer
  • Conrad Murray - convicted of involuntary manslaughter in death of pop star Michael Jackson
  • Arnfinn Nesset - Norwegian serial killer
  • William Palmer - British poisoner
  • Marcel Petiot - French serial killer
  • Herta Oberheuser (1911–1978) - Nazi human experimentation
  • Richard J. Schmidt - American physician who contaminated his girlfriend with AIDS-tainted blood
  • Harold Shipman (1946–2004) - British serial killer
  • Michael Swango (born 1953) - American serial killer
  • An A-Z list of Wikipedia articles of Nazi doctors

Physicians famous as writers

Among the better known writers:

  • Mikhail Bulgakov (1891–1940) - Russian novelist and playwright
  • Louis-Ferdinand Celine (1894–1961) - French novelist, author of Journey to the End of the Night
  • Graham Chapman (1941–1989) - writer and actor, founding member of Monty Python
  • Anton Chekhov (1860–1904) - Russian playwright
  • Robin Cook - American author of bestselling novels, wrote Coma
  • Michael Crichton (1942–2008) - American author of Jurassic Park
  • A. J. Cronin (1896–1981) - Scottish novelist and essayist, author of The Citadel
  • Anthony Daniels (born 1949) - as 'Theodore Dalrymple' and under his own name, a British author, critic and social and cultural commentator
  • Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) - British author of Sherlock Holmes fame
  • Khaled Hosseini (born 1965) - American author, originally from Afghanistan, of bestselling novels The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns
  • John Keats (1795–1821) - English poet
  • Morio Kita - Japanese novelist and essayist; son of Mokichi Saitō
  • Jean Baptiste Lefebvre de Villebrune (1732–1809) - French physician who translated several works from Latin, English, Spanish, Italian, and German into French
  • Luke the Evangelist - one of the four Gospel writers of the Bible
  • John S. Marr - proposed natural explanations for the ten plagues of Egypt
  • W. Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) - British novelist and short story writer, wrote Of Human Bondage
  • Alfred de Musset (1810–1857) - French playwright, discovered sign of syphilitic aortitis
  • Taslima Nasrin
  • Mori Ōgai - Japanese novelist, poet, and literary critic
  • Walker Percy (1916–1990) - American philosopher and writer
  • François Rabelais (1483–1553) - French author of Gargantua and Pantagruel
  • Mokichi Saitō - Japanese poet
  • Friedrich von Schiller (1759–1805), German writer, poet, essayist and dramatist
  • William Carlos Williams (1883–1963) - American poet and essayist

And others:

  • Patrick Abercromby (1656–c. 1716) - historian
  • Chris Adrian
  • Jacob Appel - short story writer
  • John Arbuthnot
  • Janet Asimov (born 1926) (née Janet O. Jeppson) - American psychiatrist, wife of Isaac Asimov
  • Arnie Baker - cycling coach
  • Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682) - British writer
  • Georg Büchner - German dramatist
  • Ludwig Büchner - German philosopher
  • Thomas Campion - poet, composer
  • Ethan Canin - novelist, short story writer
  • Deepak Chopra - Indian/American writer of self-help and health books
  • Alex Comfort (1920–2000) - British writer and poet, author of The Joy of Sex
  • Ctesias (5th century B.C.) - Greek historian
  • Steven Clark Cunningham (born 1972), children's poem writer
  • Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) - British poet, grandfather of Charles Darwin
  • Georges Duhamel (1884–1966) - French writer, dramatist, poet and humanist
  • Havelock Ellis (1859–1940) - British writer and poet, author of The Psychology of Sex
  • Viktor Frankl (1905–1997) - Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist, author of Man's Search for Meaning
  • Samuel Garth (1661–1719) - British author and translator of classics
  • Atul Gawande - surgeon and New Yorker medical writer
  • William Gilbert - British author; father of W. S. Gilbert
  • Oliver Goldsmith - British author
  • Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. (1809–1894) - American essayist
  • Richard Hooker - author of M*A*S*H
  • Arthur Johnston (1587–1641) - poet
  • Charles Krauthammer (1950–2018) - American psychiatrist, syndicated political columnist
  • R. D. Laing - Scottish writer and poet, leader of the anti-psychiatry movement
  • Stanisław Lem (1929–2006) - Polish author of science-fiction (Solaris)
  • Carlo Levi (1902–1975) - Italian novelist and writer
  • David Livingstone (1813–1873) - Scottish medical missionary, explorer of Africa, travel writer
  • Adeline Yen Mah - Chinese-American author
  • Paolo Mantegazza (1831–1910) - Italian writer, author of science fiction book L'Anno 3000
  • Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793) - French writer, a leader of French Revolution ; assassinated in bathtub
  • Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914) - American writer
  • Mungo Park- Scottish physician and explorer
  • Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman - Indian author and translator of classical manuscripts
  • José Rizal (1861–1896) - Filipino novelist, scientist, linguist, and national hero
  • João Guimarães Rosa - Brazilian writer
  • Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932) - British writer and poet, discovered the malarial parasite
  • Theodore Isaac Rubin (born 1923) - American author of David and Lisa
  • Oliver Sacks (born 1933) - British essayist (The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat)
  • Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965) - German charitative worker, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1952), theologian, philosopher, organist, musicologist
  • Frank Slaughter (1908–2001) - American bestseller author, wrote (Doctor's Wives)
  • Tobias Smollett (1721–1771) - author
  • Benjamin Spock (1903–1988) - American pediatrician, wrote Baby and Child Care
  • Patrick Taylor - Canadian best-selling novelist
  • Osamu Tezuka - Japanese cartoonist and animator; the "father of anime"
  • Lewis Thomas (1913–1993) - American essayist and poet
  • Sir Henry Thompson — British surgeon and polymath
  • Vladislav Vančura (1891–1942) - Czech writer, screenwriter and film director
  • Francis Brett Young (1884–1954) - English novelist and poet

Physicians famous as politicians

  • Ayad Allawi - interim Prime Minister of Iraq
  • Salvador Allende (1908–1973) - Chilean president
  • Emilio Álvarez Montalván - Foreign Minister of Nicaragua
  • Arnulfo Arias - Panaman President
  • Bashar Al-Assad - Syrian national leader
  • Michelle Bachelet (born 1951) - Chilean president
  • Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1898–1997) - Prime Minister, President and later dictator of Malawi
  • Gro Harlem Brundtland (born 1939) - first Norway female prime minister; Director-General of the World Health Organization
  • Margaret Chan - Director General of the WHO; former Director of Health of Hong Kong
  • Chen Chi-mai - former mayor of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
  • York Chow - Secretary for Health, Welfare and Food of Hong Kong
  • Denzil Douglas - Prime Ministers of Saint Kitts and Nevis, 1995-2015
  • François Duvalier (1907–1971) - also known as Papa Doc; President and later dictator of Haiti
  • Antônio Palocci Filho - Brazilian politician, Finance Minister
  • Christian Friedrich, Baron von Stockmar - Anglo-Belgian statesman
  • Che Guevara - Latin American revolutionary leader
  • George Habash - founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
  • Ibrahim al-Jaafari - Prime minister of Iraq
  • Radovan Karadžić (born 1945) - first President of Republika Srpska, now facing charges for genocide and crimes against humanity
  • Mohammad-Reza Khatami - Iranian politician
  • Ewa Kopacz - Polish Prime Minister who succeeded Donald Tusk, 2014-2015
  • Juscelino Kubitscheck - Brazil ian president
  • Mahathir bin Mohamad - Malaysian prime minister
  • Agostinho Neto (1922–1979) - MPLA leader and president of Angola
  • Navin Ramgoolam - Prime minister of Mauritius
  • Lloyd Richardson - President of the Parliament of Sint Maarten, 2014-2015
  • José Rizal (1861–1896) - Filipino revolutionary and national hero
  • Bidhan Chandra Roy - Indian politician
  • Hélio de Oliveira Santos - Brazilian politician, mayor of Campinas
  • Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) - founder of the Republic of China
  • Tabaré Vázquez - former Uruguayan President
  • Ali Akbar Velayati (born 1945) - Iranian Foreign Minister, 1981-1997
  • William Walker (1824–1860) - ruler of Nicaragua
  • Ram Baran Yadav (born 1948) - first elected president of the republic of Nepal
  • Yeoh Eng-kiong - former Secretary for Health and Welfare of Hong Kong

Argentina

  • Luis Agote (1868-1954)
  • Nicolas Bazan (born 1942)
  • Hermes Binner
  • Eduardo Braun-Menéndez (1903-1959)
  • Ramón Carrillo (1906-1956)
  • Bernardo Houssay (1887-1971)
  • René Favaloro (1923-2000)
  • Arturo Umberto Illia - 35th President of Argentina (1963-1966)
  • Luis Federico Leloir (1906-1987)
  • Julia Polak (1939-2014)
  • Alberto Carlos Taquini (1905-1998)

Azerbaijan

  • Karim bey Mehmandarov

Australia

  • Bob Brown - parliamentary leader of the Australian Greens
  • Andrew Laming - Australia n politician
  • Peter Macdonald
  • Brendan Nelson - Australia n politician
  • Sir Earle Page - Prime Minister of Australia
  • Andrew Refshauge - Australia n politician
  • Mal Washer
  • Michael Wooldridge

Canada

  • Thomas "Tommy" Douglas
  • Carolyn Bennett
  • Stanley K. Bernstein
  • Frederick William Borden - Canadian MP and minister of the Militia
  • Bernard-Augustin Conroy
  • John Waterhouse Daniel
  • Hedy Fry (born 1941) - Canadian politician, member of parliament
  • Dennis Furlong
  • Charles Godfrey
  • Grant Hill - former Canadian MP
  • Wilbert Keon - Canadian senator
  • Keith Martin - Portuguese Canadian MP
  • William McGuigan - mayor of Vancouver , British Columbia
  • Théodore Robitaille - Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, Quebec MNA and Senator
  • Bette Stephenson - Ontario MPP and former Minister of Labour, Minister of Education and Minister of Colleges and Universities
  • Donald Matheson Sutherland - MP and former minister of National Defence
  • David Swann
  • Sir Charles Tupper (1821-1915) - Prime Minister of Canada (1896) and Premier of Nova Scotia (1864–1867); High Commissioner in Great Britain (1884–1887)

France

  • Louis Auguste Blanqui - French revolutionary socialist
  • Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929) - French statesman
  • Jean-Paul Marat - French revolution leader

Italy

  • Guido Baccelli (1830-1916), seven times Minister of education

Japan

  • Tomoko Abe - Representative of Japan
  • Ichirō Kamoshita - Representative of Japan, former Environment Minister
  • Taro Nakayama - former Representative of Japan, former Foreign Minister
  • Chikara Sakaguchi - Representative of Japan, former Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare
  • Koichiro Shimizu - former Representative of Japan, one of Koizumi Children
  • Tsutomu Tomioka - former Representative of Japan, one of Koizumi Children

The Netherlands

  • Frederik van Eeden
  • J. Slauerhoff
  • Simon Vestdijk
  • Leo Vroman

United Kingdom

  • Liam Fox - British Secretary of State for Defence
  • John Pope Hennessy - former Governor of Hong Kong
  • David Owen - British politician

United States

  • Stewart Barlow - member of the Utah House of Representatives
  • Larry Bucshon (born 1962) - U.S. Congressman from Indiana
  • Michael C. Burgess (born 1950) - U.S. Congressman from Texas
  • Ben Carson (born September 18, 1951)- United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
  • Tom Coburn (born 1948) - U.S. Senator
  • Howard Dean (born 1948) - former Governor of Vermont
  • Scott Ecklund - member of the South Dakota House of Representatives
  • Joe Ellington (born 1959) - member of the West Virginia House of Delegates
  • Bill Frist (born 1952) - United States Senate Majority Leader
  • Joe Heck (born 1961) - U.S. Congressman
  • Steve Henry (born 1953) - Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky
  • Jim McDermott - U.S. Congressman
  • Larry McDonald - U.S. Congressman
  • Ralph Northam (born 1959) - Lieutenant Governor of Virginia
  • Christopher Ottiano (born 1969) - member of the Rhode Island Senate
  • Rand Paul (born 1963) - U.S. Senator
  • Ron Paul (born 1935) - U.S. Congressman
  • Tom Price (American politician) (born October 8, 1954) - U.S. Congressman from Georgia and former Secretary of Health and Human Services
  • David Watkins- member of the Kentucky House of Representatives
  • Dave Weldon - US congressman and autism activist
  • Ray Lyman Wilbur (1875-1949) - United States Secretary of the Interior, president of Stanford University
  • Milton R. Wolf
  • Thomas Wynne (1627-1691) - physician to William Penn, speaker of the first two Provincial Assemblies in Philadelphia (1687 & 1688)

Physicians famous as sportspeople

  • Tenley Albright — Olympic figure skating champion
  • Lisa Aukland — American professional bodybuilder and powerlifter
  • Sir Roger Bannister (1929-2018) — first man to break the four-minute mile; English neurologist
  • Tim Brabants — sprint kayaker, Olympic gold medalist
  • Felipe Contepomi — Argentine rugby union footballer
  • Gail Hopkins — American professional baseball player
  • David Gerrard — New Zealand swimmer
  • Randy Gregg — ice hockey player
  • Jack Lovelock (1910-1949) — Olympic athlete
  • Stephen Rerych — American swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder
  • Dot Richardson &mdash American softball player, Olympics; orthopedic physician
  • Sócrates (Sócrates Brasileiro Sampaio de Souza Vieira de Oliveira) — Brazilian soccer player, played for the national team 1979-1986

Physicians famous for their role in television and the media

Australia

  • Jeremy Cumpston
  • Jonathan LaPaglia
  • Peter Larkins
  • Renee Lim
  • Andrew Rochford
  • Rob Sitch

Brazil

  • Lúcia Petterle

Finland

  • Emilia Vuorisalmi

Germany

  • Maria Furtwängler

Ireland

  • Ronan Tynan

Malta

  • Gianluca Bezzina

Norway

  • Anders Danielsen Lie

South Africa

  • Phil du Plessis

Spain

  • El Gran Wyoming

Sweden

  • Staffan Hallerstam
  • Jesper Salén
  • Rebecka Liljeberg

United Kingdom

  • Harry Hill
  • Christian Jessen
  • Sunshine Martyn
  • Pixie McKenna
  • Sir Jonathan Wolfe Miller
  • Darwin Shaw
  • Hank Wangford

United States

  • Jennifer Ashton
  • Andrew Baldwin
  • Jennifer Berman
  • Jessica Carlson
  • Deepak Chopra
  • Lyn Christie
  • Terry Dubrow
  • Garth Fisher
  • Leo Galland
  • Anthony C. Griffin
  • Sanjay Gupta
  • Randal Haworth
  • Jason Todd Ipson
  • Matt Iseman
  • Sean Kenniff
  • Will Kirby
  • C. Everett Koop
  • John S. Marr
  • Lucky Meisenheimer
  • Paul Nassif
  • Andrew P. Ordon
  • Mehmet Oz
  • Nicholas Perricone
  • Drew Pinsky
  • Bernard Punsly
  • Brent Ridge
  • Nancy Snyderman
  • Benjamin Spock
  • Travis Stork

Physicians famous as beauty queens

  • Deidre Downs, Miss America 2005
  • Anna Malova, Miss Russia 1998
  • Lúcia Petterle, Miss World 1971
  • Limor Schreibman-Sharir, Miss Israel 1973

Physicians famous for other activities

  • Anderson Ruffin Abbott
  • Jane Addams — social activist
  • David Alter — inventor
  • Rosalind Ambrose (born 1953) introduced CAT scan, fluoroscopy, mammography, teleradiology and ultrasound technologies to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  • Oswald Avery (1877–1955) — molecular biologist who discovered DNA carried genetic information
  • Ali Bacher — cricketer
  • Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi — traveller
  • Roger Bannister — runner, first sub-four-minute miler
  • Josiah Bartlett — American statesman and chief justice of New Hampshire
  • T. Romeyn Beck (1791–1855) — American forensic medicine pioneer
  • Ramon Betances — surgeon, PR nationalist
  • Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867–1939) — nutritionist
  • Oscar Biscet — human rights advocate
  • Herman Boerhaave — humanist
  • Alexander Borodin — composer, chemist
  • Thomas Bowdler — censor
  • Lafayette Bunnell — explorer of Yosemite Valley
  • John Caius (1510–1573) — physician and educator
  • Roberto Canessa — survivor of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 , which crashed in the Andes Mountains in 1972
  • Gerolamo Cardano — mathematician
  • Alexis Carrell — transplant surgeon, eugenicist, Vichy sympathizer
  • Ben Carson — African-American neurosurgeon
  • Laurel B. Clark (1961–2003) — American astronaut, killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
  • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) — mathematician and astronomer
  • Merv Cross
  • Ted Eisenberg, the Guinness World Record holder for most breast augmentation surgeries performed.
  • Steven Eisenberg, known as "The Singing Cancer Doctor."
  • Sextus Empiricus (2nd–3rd century C.E.) — philosopher
  • Ken Evoy
  • Giovanni Fontana — Venetian physician, engineer, and encyclopedist
  • Galileo Galilei — astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician
  • Luigi Galvani — physicist
  • Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655) — philosopher
  • William Gilbert (1544–1603) — physicist
  • Carl Goresky — physician and scientist
  • W. G. Grace — cricketer
  • John Franklin Gray (1804–1881) — American educator, first practitioner of homeopathy in the US
  • Nehemiah Grew — botanist
  • Samuel Hahnemann — founder of homeopathy
  • Armand Hammer — entrepreneur
  • Daniel Harris
  • Karin M. Hehenberger — diabetes expert
  • Hermann von Helmholtz — physicist
  • Jan Baptist van Helmont (1577–1655) — physiologist
  • Harry Hill — British comedian
  • Samuel Gridley Howe — abolitionist
  • Ebenezer Kingsbury Hunt (1810–1889) — President of the Connecticut State Medical Society; director of the Retreat for the Insane
  • Mae Jemison (born 1956) — astronaut
  • David Johnson — American swimmer
  • Stuart Kauffman (born 1939) — biologist
  • John Keats — poet and author
  • John Harvey Kellogg — cereal manufacturer
  • Charles Krauthammer (born 1950) — columnist and political commentator
  • Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) — based his system of criminology on physiognomy
  • John McAndrew (born 1927) — All-Ireland Gaelic Footballer
  • June McCarroll — inventor of lane markings
  • Pat McGeer — Canadian basketball player
  • James McHenry (1753–1816) — signer of the United States Constitution
  • Archibald Menzies — naturalist
  • Franz Mesmer (1734–1815) — proponent of mesmerism and the idea of animal magnetism
  • Jonathan Miller — television presenter and stage director
  • Paul Möhring (1710–1792) — zoologist, botanist
  • Maria Montessori — educator
  • Boris V. Morukov — cosmonaut
  • Lee "Final Table" Nelson — professional poker player
  • Haing S. Ngor — Oscar-winning film actor
  • Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers (1758–1840) — astronomer
  • Dinesh Palipana — physician with disability and advocate
  • Roza Papo — army general
  • James Parkinson — physician, geologist, political activist
  • Claude Perrault — architect
  • Christian Hendrik Persoon — South African botanist
  • Pope John XXI — pope
  • Scott Powell — co-founder of the nostalgia group Sha Na Na
  • Weston A. Price — traveler, educator
  • Syed Ziaur Rahman — physician and medical scientist
  • John Ray — plant taxonomer
  • Prathap C. Reddy
  • Bradbury Robinson — threw the first legal forward pass in American football history while a medical student at St. Louis University
  • Peter Mark Roget — English lexicographer
  • Jacques Rogge — sports official
  • Mowaffak al-Rubaie — human rights advocate, member of the Interim Iraqi Governing Council
  • Benjamin Rush — signer of the United States Constitution
  • Daniel Rutherford (1749–1819) — chemist
  • Bendapudi Venkata Satyanarayana
  • Félix Savart — physicist
  • Albert Schweitzer — humanist
  • Michael Servetus (1511–1553) — burnt at the stake by Calvinists for heresy
  • Paul Sinha — British comedian
  • Rob Sitch — Australian comedian
  • Sócrates (born 1954, Sócrates Brasileiro Sampaio de Souza Vieira de Oliveira) — Brazilian football (soccer) player
  • James Hudson Taylor (1832–1905) — British missionary to China and founder of the China Inland Mission
  • Norman Earl Thagard — astronaut
  • Debi Thomas (born 1967) — Olympic figure skater
  • William E. Thornton — astronaut
  • John Tidwell — American basketball player
  • Nasiruddin al-Tusi — astronomer
  • Andrew Wakefield — conducted studies on disputed link between vaccines and neurodevelopmental disorders, which had many serious consequences
  • William Walker — Latin American adventurer
  • Moshe Wallach (1866–1957) — founder and director of Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem, for 45 years
  • John Clarence Webster — Canadian historian
  • Wilhelm Weinberg — with G.H. Hardy, developed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model of population genetics
  • JPR Williams — rugby union player
  • Hugh Williamson — American patriot, statesman, Surgeon General of SC
  • Thomas Young — scientist

See also

  • List of fictional physicians
  • List of psychiatrists
  • List of neurologists and neurosurgeons
  • Famous figures in psychiatry
  • List of Presidents of the Royal College of Physicians
  • List of Iraqi physicians
  • List of Russian physicians and psychologists
  • List of Slovenian physicians
  • List of Turkish physicians

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nutton, Dr Vivia (2005-07-19). Ancient Medicine. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 9780415368483. https://books.google.com/books?id=PREr9_rojrQC. Retrieved 19 August 2012. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Colón, A. R.; Colón, P. A. (January 1999). Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics. Greenwood Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780313310805. https://books.google.com/books?id=i8NsAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 19 October 2012. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Durant, Will (March 1993). The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization-Christian, Islamic, and Judaic-From Constantine to Dante : A.D. 325-1300. Fine Communications. ISBN 9781567310153. https://books.google.com/books?id=mk8BAAAACAAJ. Retrieved 19 October 2012. 
  4. ↑ Prioreschi, Plinio (1996). A History of Medicine: Medieval Medicine. Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 9781888456059. https://books.google.com/books?id=wb_UMcH5C7EC&pg=PA383. Retrieved 28 December 2012. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Prioreschi, Plinio (2001). A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine. Horatius Press. ISBN 9781888456042. https://books.google.com/books?id=q0IIpnov0BsC. Retrieved 10 September 2012. 
  6. ↑ Athens.), Stephanus (of; Dickson, Keith M. (1998). Stephanus the Philosopher and Physician: Commentary on Galen's Therapeutics to Glaucon. BRILL. ISBN 9789004109353. https://books.google.com/books?id=E2rL22CjOTgC&pg=PP15. Retrieved 9 December 2012. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Loudon, Irvine (2002-03-07). Western Medicine: An Illustrated History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199248131. https://books.google.com/books?id=dJEWZq0bq8kC. Retrieved 29 August 2012. 
  8. ↑ Selin, Helaine, ed (1997). Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology and medicine in non-western cultures. Kluwer. p. 930. ISBN 0-7923-4066-3. 
  9. ↑ Graetz, Heinrich; Bloch, Philipp (1894). History of the Jews. Jewish Publication Society of America. https://books.google.com/books?id=joMrAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 30 October 2012. 
  10. ↑ Schulman, Jana K. (2002). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313308178. https://books.google.com/books?id=f_jLbHTM_zgC&pg=PR2. Retrieved 19 October 2012. 
  11. ↑ Howells, John G.; Osborn, M. Livia (1984). A Reference Companion to the History of Abnormal Psychology. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313221835. https://books.google.com/books?id=cGmRpwAACAAJ. Retrieved 30 October 2012. 
  12. ↑ O'Leary, De Lacy (1939). Arabic Thought and Its Place in History. Forgotten Books. ISBN 9781605066943. https://books.google.com/books?id=zoRGZANMdPcC. Retrieved 5 September 2012. 
  13. ↑ French, Roger (2003-02-20). Medicine before Science: The Business of Medicine from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521809771. https://books.google.com/books?id=MglvQgAACAAJ. Retrieved 19 November 2012.  also at Questia [1]
  14. ↑ Vincent Ilardi, Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, 2007), page 5.
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 15.25 15.26 Zimmerman, Leo M.; Veith, Ilza (1993-08-01). Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. Norman Publishing. ISBN 9780930405533. https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbCI7z4UwMC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Crombie, Alistair Cameron (1959). The History of Science From Augustine to Galileo. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486288505. https://books.google.com/books?id=bGDScHy1clsC&pg=PA4. Retrieved 19 December 2012. 
  17. ↑ Chauliac), Guy (de; McVaugh, M. R. (Michael Rogers) (1997). Inventarium sive chirugia magna. BRILL. ISBN 9789004107847. https://books.google.com/books?id=6R5UM6rsYcsC&pg=PP12. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  18. ↑ Arderne, John; Millar, Eric (1922). De arte phisicali et de cirurgia of Master John Arderne, sugreon of Newark, dated 1412. W. Wood. https://books.google.com/books?id=NC1rAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  19. ↑ Arderne, John (1999-01-01). Treatises of Fistula in Ano, Hemorrhoids, and Clysters. Elibron.com. ISBN 9781402196805. https://books.google.com/books?id=JwD4d6LjuZQC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  20. ↑ Grant, Edward (1974). Source Book in Medieval Science. Harvard University Press. pp. 807–. ISBN 9780674823600. https://books.google.com/books?id=fAPN_3w4hAUC&pg=PA807. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 McCallum, Jack E. (2008-02-01). Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851096930. https://books.google.com/books?id=5BXB9QtUfFQC&pg=PA202. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Buck, Albert Henry; Fund, Williams Memorial Publication (1917). The growth of medicine from the earliest times to about 1800. Yale university press. p. 490. https://books.google.com/books?id=UQkwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA497. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  23. ↑ Benivieni, Antonio; Polybus; Guinterius, Joannes (1529). De abditis nonnullis ac mirandis morborum & sanationum causis. apud Andream Cratandrum. https://books.google.com/books?id=ieNEAAAAcAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  24. ↑ Thorndike, Lynn (1958). A History of Magic and Experimental Science: Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231087971. https://books.google.com/books?id=IbvlQFj4YfUC&pg=PA586. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Crone, Hugh D. (2004-05-01). Paracelsus: The Man who Defied Medicine : His Real Contribution to Medicine and Science. Albarello Press. ISBN 9780646433271. https://books.google.com/books?id=yPYfCb9vClsC&pg=PR5. Retrieved 25 January 2013. 
  26. ↑ Pagel, Walter (1958). Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance. Karger Publishers. pp. 15–. ISBN 9783805535182. https://books.google.com/books?id=wO244WXEBKcC&pg=PA15. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  27. ↑ Paget, Stephen (1897). Ambroise Paré and his times, 1510-1590. G.P. Putnam's sons. https://books.google.com/books?id=1dm3XIRPbdYC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  28. ↑ Paré, Ambroise; Spiegel, Adriaan van den (1649). The Workes of that Famous Chirurgion Ambrose Parey. R. Cotes and Willi Du-gard, and are to be sold by John Clarke. https://books.google.com/books?id=TzVbqmHLfGMC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  29. ↑ Tallett, Frank (1997). War and Society in Early-Modern Europe: 1495-1715. Routledge. ISBN 9780415160735. https://books.google.com/books?id=OhpKQ_QwQzgC. Retrieved 15 January 2013. 
  30. ↑ Barsky, Arthur Joseph (1964). Pierre Franco, father of cleft lip surgery: his life and times. https://books.google.com/books?id=z-dpAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  31. ↑ Franco, Pierre; Rosenman, Leonard D. (2006-03-01). The surgery of Pierre Franco: of Turriers in Provence : written in 1561. XLibris Corp.. ISBN 9781599263885. https://books.google.com/books?id=HXtsAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  32. ↑ Schumpelick, Volker (2000). Hernien. Georg Thieme Verlag. ISBN 9783131173645. https://books.google.com/books?id=ttVuAV2bJeQC&pg=PA88. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  33. ↑ M.D., FREDERIC S. DENNIS, (1895). SYSTEM OF SURGERY. pp. 56–57. https://books.google.com/books?id=k6sRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Norton, Jeffrey A. (2008-01-01). Surgery: Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. Springer. ISBN 9780387681139. https://books.google.com/books?id=cs6O3QIwrKcC&pg=PA8. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 35.8 35.9 Ellis, Harold (2001). A History Of Surgery. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 9781841101811. https://books.google.com/books?id=OsZWFyUYtDQC&pg=PA47. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  36. ↑ Finlayson, James (1889). Account of the life and works of Maister Peter Lowe: the founder of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. J. Maclehose. https://books.google.com/books?id=9s4UAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  37. ↑ Longmore, Sir Thomas (1891). Richard Wiseman, surgeon and sergeant-surgeon to Charles II.: A biographical study. Longmans, Green and co.. https://books.google.com/books?id=kFdUAAAAQAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  38. ↑ Wiseman, Richard (1734). Eight chirurgical treatises, on these following heads: viz. I. Of tumours. II. Of ulcers. III. Of diseases of the anus. IV. Of the king's evil. V. Of wounds. VI. Of gun-shot wounds. VII. Of fractures and luxations. VIII. Of the lues venerea. J. Walthoe. https://books.google.com/books?id=ddNEAAAAcAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  39. ↑ Houstoun, Robert; Cheselden, William; Arbuthnot, John (1723). Lithotomus castratus; or Mr. Cheselden's Treatise on the high operation for the stone: thoroughly examin'd and plainly found to be Lithotomia Douglassiana, under another title: in a letter to Dr. John Arbuthnot. With an appendix, wherein both authors are fairly compar'd. T. Payne. https://books.google.com/books?id=yGDZrXCuu0MC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  40. ↑ Cheselden, William (2010-06-10). Anatomical Tables of the Human Body. by William Cheselden, Surgeon to His Majesty's Royal Hospital at Chelsea, Fellow of the Royal Society, and Member. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 9781170888018. https://books.google.com/books?id=oe22cQAACAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  41. ↑ Dran, Henri-François Le (1768). The operations in surgery. printed for Hawes Clarke and Collins, J. Dodsley, W. Johnston, B. Law and T. Becket. https://books.google.com/books?id=SztSGFYY3oMC&pg=PP5. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  42. ↑ Heister, Lorenz (1763). A General System of Surgery: In Three Parts .... J. Clarke, [ect.]. https://books.google.com/books?id=zSpmtwAACAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  43. ↑ Pott, Percivall; (Sir.), James Earles (1808). The chirurgical works of Percival Pott ...: to which are added a short account of the life of the author, a method of curing the hydrocele by injection and occasional notes and observations by Sir James Earle. J. Johnson. https://books.google.com/books?id=cvS_o4-jIzwC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  44. ↑ Pott, Percivall; Earle, Sir James (1819). The chirurgical works of Percivall Pott: with his last corrections. Published by James Webster; William Brown, printer. https://books.google.com/books?id=HlcSAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  45. ↑ Mostof, Seyed Behrooz (2005-01-01). Who's Who in Orthopedics. Springer. p. 278. ISBN 9781846280702. https://books.google.com/books?id=5v12IKsI-M4C&pg=PA278. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  46. ↑ International Journal of Surgery: Devoted to the Theory and Practice of Modern Surgery and Gynecology. The International Journal of Surgery Co.. 1919. p. 392. https://books.google.com/books?id=WyXlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA392. 
  47. ↑ Paget, Stephen (1897). John Hunter, man of science and surgeon (1728-1793). T. Fisher Unwin. https://books.google.com/books?id=D9HOC2WVlzgC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  48. ↑ Moore, Wendy (2005-09-13). The Knife Man: The Extraordinary Life and Times of John Hunter, Father of Modern Surgery. Random House Digital, Inc.. ISBN 9780767916523. https://books.google.com/books?id=bsWsKGUmr9YC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  49. ↑ London, Hunterian Museum,; curator.), Elizabeth Allen (George Qvist; England, Royal College of Surgeons of (1993). A guide to the Hunterian Museum: John Hunter, 1728-1793. Royal College of Surgeons of England. https://books.google.com/books?id=6FxPAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  50. ↑ Desault, Pierre-Joseph (1794). Parisian Chirurgical Journal. Printed for the translator. https://books.google.com/books?id=H1xzWURePCMC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  51. ↑ Porter, Roy (2001-07-30). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine. Cambridge University Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780521002523. https://books.google.com/books?id=VsyYXczSmhgC&pg=PA221. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  52. ↑ M.D., Ann M. Berger,; Shuster, John L.; M.D., Jamie H. Von Roenn, (2007). Principles and Practice of Palliative Care and Supportive Oncology, 3e. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 322. ISBN 9780781795951. https://books.google.com/books?id=LngD6RFXY_AC&pg=PA322. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  53. ↑ Larrey, baron Dominique Jean (1814). Memoirs of Military Surgery, and Campaigns of the French Armies, on the Rhine, in Corsica, Catalonia, Egypt, and Syria; at Boulogne, Ulm, and Austerlitz; in Saxony, Prussia, Poland, Spain, and Austria. Joseph Cushing, 6, North Howard street. https://books.google.com/books?id=1-wRAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  54. ↑ (baron), Dominique Jean Larrey; Waller, John Augustine (1815). Memoirs of military surgery: Containing the practice of the French military surgeons during the principal campaigns of the late war. Abridged and translated from the French by John Waller. In two parts. Cox. https://books.google.com/books?id=Nfbp9fZb_gEC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  55. ↑ (baron), Dominique Jean Larrey (1861). Memoir of Baron Larrey, surgeon-in-chief of the Grande Armée, from the French. H. Renshaw. https://books.google.com/books?id=8HEvAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Kingsnorth, Andrew N.; Majid, Aljafri A. (2006). Fundamentals of Surgical Practice. Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 9780521677066. https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ__osz_Un0C&pg=PA265. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  57. ↑ Scarpa, Antonio (1808). A treatise on the anatomy, pathology and surgical treatment of aneurism, with engravings. Printed for Mundell, Doig, & Stevenson. https://books.google.com/books?id=ES0AAAAAQAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  58. ↑ bart.), Astley Paston Cooper (sir, 1st (1824). The lectures of sir Astley Cooper, bart ... on the principles and practice of surgery, with additional notes and cases, by F. Tyrrell. https://books.google.com/books?id=-LUMwT6-bUgC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  59. ↑ Cooper, Sir Astley; Green, Joseph Henry (1832). A manual of surgery: founded upon the principles and practice lately taught by Sir Astley Cooper ... and Joseph Henry Green .... Printed for E. Cox. https://books.google.com/books?id=ts8YAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  60. ↑ Bell, Benjamin (May 2010). A System of Surgery. by Benjamin Bell, ... Illustrated with Copperplates. ... the Fifth Edition. Volume 6 of 6. BiblioLife. ISBN 9781140774365. https://books.google.com/books?id=HTQzSgAACAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Garrison, Fielding Hudson (1921). An Introduction to the history of medicine. W.B. Saunders Company. pp. 508–. https://books.google.com/books?id=JvoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA508. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  62. ↑ Bell, John; Bell, Sir Charles; Godman, John Davidson (1827). The anatomy and physiology of the human body. Collins & co.. https://books.google.com/books?id=U8ZLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR2. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  63. ↑ Bell, John (1808). The principles of surgery. Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. https://books.google.com/books?id=3ywVAAAAQAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  64. ↑ Eaton, Charles; Seegenschmiedt, M. Heinrich; Bayat, Ardeshir; Giulio Gabbiani; Paul Werker; Wolfgang Wach (2012-03-20). Dupuytren’s Disease and Related Hyperproliferative Disorders: Principles, Research, and Clinical Perspectives. Springer. pp. 200–. ISBN 9783642226960. https://books.google.com/books?id=0eKjm_rsRQ8C&pg=PA200. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  65. ↑ Wylock, Paul (2010-09-01). The Life and Times of Guillaume Dupuytren, 1777-1835. Asp / Vubpress / Upa. ISBN 9789054875727. https://books.google.com/books?id=OWrznUOS1agC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  66. ↑ Dupuytren, Guillaume (1847). On the injuries and diseases of bones. Sydenham Society. https://books.google.com/books?id=9y4JAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  67. ↑ Rutkow, Ira M. (1992). History of Surgery in the United States 1775-1900: Periodical and Pamphlet Literature. Norman Publishing. pp. 98–. ISBN 9780930405489. https://books.google.com/books?id=pGQ0YB7yLy4C&pg=PA98. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  68. ↑ Sims, James Marion (1886). Clinical notes on uterine surgery c. 3. William Wood. https://books.google.com/books?id=Nug0QDklPTgC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  69. ↑ Sims, James Marion (1888). The story of my life. D. Appleton and Company. https://books.google.com/books?id=oya_9k2196UC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  70. ↑ Pasteur, Louis; Lister, Joseph (2008-08-05). Collected Writings. Kaplan Publishing. ISBN 9781427798008. https://books.google.com/books?id=PNIp6ETMB_kC. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  71. ↑ Truax, Rhoda (September 2010). Joseph Lister: Father of Modern Surgery. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781164499572. https://books.google.com/books?id=TtAtYgEACAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  72. ↑ Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
  73. ↑ Andrea Ruzza. Nonpsychotic mental disorder after open heart surgery. Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals October 16, 2013
  74. ↑ "Ukrainian doctors which changed the world". Ukraine-in.ua. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. https://www.webcitation.org/6ezj3d6PC?url=http://ukraine.ui.ua/en/science/velikie-ukainskie-mediki. Retrieved 20 June 2017. 




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