Physics:Comparison of commercial battery types

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This is a list of commercially-available battery types summarizing some of their characteristics for ready comparison.

Common characteristics

Cell chemistry Also known as Electrode Re­charge­able Com­mercial­ized Voltage Energy density Specific power Cost† Discharge efficiency Self-discharge rate Shelf life
Anode Electrolyte Cathode Cutoff Nominal 100% SOC by mass by volume
year V V V MJ/kg
(Wh/kg) 		MJ/L
(Wh/L) 		W/kg Wh/$
($/kWh) 		% %/month years
Lead–acid SLA
VRLA
PbAc 		Lead H2SO4 Lead dioxide Yes 1881[1] 1.75[2] 2.1[2] 2.23–2.32[2] 0.11–0.14
(30–40)[2] 		0.22–0.27
(60–75)[2] 		180[2] Template:WhCost[2] 50–92[2] 3–20[2]
Zinc–carbon Carbon–zinc Zinc NH4Cl Manganese (IV) oxide No 1898[3] 0.75–0.9[3] 1.5[3] 0.13
(36)[3] 		0.33
(92)[3] 		10–27[3] Template:WhCost[3] 50–60[3] 0.32[3] 3–5[4]
Zinc–air PR KOH Oxygen No 1932[5] 0.9[5] 1.45–1.65[5] 1.59
(442)[5] 		6.02
(1,673)[5] 		100[5] Template:WhCost[5] 60–70[5] 0.17[5] 3[5]
Mercury oxide–zinc Mercuric oxide
Mercury cell 		NaOH/KOH Mercuric oxide No 1942–[6] 1996[7] 0.9[8] 1.35[8] 0.36–0.44
(99–123)[8] 		1.1–1.8
(300–500)[8] 		2[6]
Alkaline Zn/MnO2
LR 		KOH Manganese (IV) oxide No 1949[9] 0.9[10] 1.5[11] 1.6[10] 0.31–0.68
(85–190)[12] 		0.90–1.56
(250–434)[12] 		50[12] Template:WhCost[12] 45–85[12] 0.17[12] 5–10[4]
Rechargeable alkaline RAM H2SO4 Yes 1992[13] 0.9[14] 1.57[14] 1.6[14] <1[13]
Silver-oxide SR NaOH/KOH Silver oxide No 1960[15] 1.2[16] 1.55[16] 1.6[17] 0.47
(130)[17] 		1.8
(500)[17]
Nickel–zinc NiZn KOH Nickel oxide hydroxide Yes 2009[13] 0.9[13] 1.65[13] 1.85[13] 13[13]
Nickel–iron NiFe Iron KOH Yes 1901[18] 0.75[19] 1.2[19] 1.65[19] 0.07–0.09
(19–25)[20] 		0.45
(125)[21] 		100 Template:WhCost[1] 20–30 30–[22] 50[23][24]
Nickel–cadmium NiCd
NiCad 		Cadmium KOH Yes c. 1960[25] 0.9–1.05[26] 1.2[27] 1.3[26] 0.11
(30)[27] 		0.36
(100)[27] 		150–200[28] 10[13]
Nickel–hydrogen NiH2
Ni-H2 		Hydrogen KOH Yes 1975[29] 1.0[30] 1.55[28] 0.16–0.23
(45–65)[28] 		0.22
(60)[31] 		150–200[28] 5[31]
Nickel–metal hydride NiMH
Ni-MH 		Metal hydride KOH| Yes 1990[1] 0.9–1.05[26] 1.2[11] 1.3[26] 0.36
(100)[11] 		1.44
(401)[32] 		250–1,000 Template:WhCost[1] 30[33]
Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride LSD NiMH Yes 2005[34] 0.9–1.05[26] 1.2 1.3[26] 0.34
(95)[35] 		1.27
(353)[36] 		250–1,000 0.42[33]
Lithium–manganese dioxide Lithium
Li-MnO2
CR
Li-Mn 		Lithium Manganese dioxide No 1976[37] 2[38] 3[11] 0.54–1.19
(150–330)[39] 		1.1–2.6
(300–710)[39] 		250–400[39] 1 5–10[39]
Lithium–carbon monofluoride Li-(CF)x
BR 		Carbon monofluoride No 1976[37] 2[40] 3[40] 0.94–2.81
(260–780)[39] 		1.58–5.32
(440–1,478)[39] 		50–80[39] 0.2–0.3[41] 15[39]
Lithium–iron disulfide Li-FeS2
FR 		Iron disulfide No 1989[42] 0.9[42] 1.5[42] 1.8[42] 1.07
(297)[42] 		2.1
(580)[43] 		10-20[43]
Lithium–titanate Li4Ti5O12
LTO
 Lithium manganese oxide or Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide Yes 2008[44] 1.6–1.8[45] 2.3–2.4[45] 2.8[45] 0.22–0.40
(60–110) 		0.64
(177) 		3,000–5,100[46] Template:WhCost[46] 85[46] 2–5[46] 10–20[46]
Lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO2
ICR
LCO
Li‑cobalt[47] 		Graphite‡ LiPF6/LiBF4/ LiClO4 Lithium cobalt oxide Yes 1991[48] 2.5[49] 3.7[50] 4.2[49] 0.70
(195)[50] 		2.0
(560)[50] 		Template:WhCost[1]
Lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4
IFR
LFP
Li‑phosphate[47] 		Lithium iron phosphate Yes 1996[51] 2[49] 3.2[50] 3.65[49] 0.32–0.58
(90–160)[50][52][53] 		1.20
(333)[50][52] 		200[54]–1,200[55] 4.5 20 years[56]
Lithium manganese oxide LiMn2O4
IMR
LMO
Li‑manganese[47] 		Lithium manganese oxide Yes 1999[1] 2.5[57] 3.9[50] 4.2[57] 0.54
(150)[50] 		1.5
(420)[50] 		Template:WhCost[1]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides LiNiCoAlO2
NCA
NCR
Li‑aluminium[47] 		Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide Yes 1999 3.0[58] 3.6[50] 4.3[58] 0.79
(220)[50] 		2.2
(600)[50]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2
INR
NMC[47]
NCM[50] 		Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide Yes 2008[59] 2.5[49] 3.6[50] 4.2[49] 0.74
(205)[50] 		2.1
(580)[50]

^† Cost in USD, adjusted for inflation.

^‡ Typical. See Lithium-ion battery § Negative electrode for alternative electrode materials.

Rechargeable characteristics

Cell chemistry Charge efficiency Cycle durability
% # 100% depth of discharge (DoD) cycles
Lead–acid 50–92[2] 50–100[60] (500@40%DoD[2][60])
Rechargeable alkaline 5–100[13]
Nickel–zinc 100 to 50% capacity[13]
Nickel–iron 65–80 5,000
Nickel–cadmium 70–90 500[25]
Nickel–hydrogen 85 20,000[31]
Nickel–metal hydride 66 300–800[13]
Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery 500–1,500[13]
Lithium cobalt oxide 90 500–1,000
Lithium–titanate 85–90 6,000–10,000 to 90% capacity[46]
Lithium iron phosphate 90 2,500[54]–12,000 to 80% capacity[61]
Lithium manganese oxide 90 300–700

Thermal runaway

Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design and charge, only the worst-case values are reflected here.[62]

Cell chemistry Overcharge Overheat
Onset Onset Runaway Peak
SOC% °C °C °C/min
Lithium cobalt oxide 150[62] 165[62] 190[62] 440[62]
Lithium iron phosphate 100[62] 220[62] 240[62] 21[62]
Lithium manganese oxide 110[62] 210[62] 240[62] 100+[62]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide 125[62] 140[62] 195[62] 260[62]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide 170[62] 160[62] 230[62] 100+[62]

NiCd vs. NiMH vs. Li-ion vs. Li–polymer vs. LTO

Types Cell Voltage Self-discharge Memory Cycles Times Temperature Weight
NiCd 1.2V 20%/month Yes Up to 800 -20 °C to 60 °C Heavy
NiMH 1.2V 30%/month Mild Up to 500 -20 °C to 70 °C Middle
Low Self Discharge NiMH 1.2V 3%/year–1%/month No 500–2,000 -20 °C to 70 °C Middle
Li-ion (LCO) 3.6V 5–10%/month No 500–1,000 -20 °C to 60 °C Light
LiFePO4 (LFP) 3.2V 2–5%/month No 2,500–12,000[61] -20 °C to 60 °C Light
LiPo (LCO) 3.7V 5–10%/month No 500–1,000 -20 °C to 60 °C Lightest
Li–Ti (LTO) 2.4V 2–5%/month[46] No 6,000–20,000 -40 °C to 75 °C Light

[63]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 "All About Batteries, Part 3: Lead-Acid Batteries". http://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1320644. Retrieved 2016-02-26. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 "All About Batteries, Part 5: Carbon Zinc Batteries". http://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1321416. Retrieved 2016-02-26. 
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  21. ↑ Jha, A.R. (2012-06-05). Next-Generation Batteries and Fuel Cells for Commercial, Military, and Space Applications. p. 28. ISBN 978-1439850664. https://books.google.com/books?id=mSS0DYlTLQsC&q=Next-Generation%20Batteries%20and%20Fuel%20Cells%20for%20Commercial%2C%20Military%2C%20and%20Space%20Applications.&pg=PA28. 
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  29. ↑ "Nickel-Hydrogen Battery Technology—Development and Status". http://pdf.aiaa.org/jaPreview/JE/1982/PVJAPRE62569.pdf. Retrieved 2012-08-29. 
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  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 "All About Batteries, Part 12: Lithium Titanate (LTO)". https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1325358. Retrieved 2018-12-16. 
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  50. ↑ 50.00 50.01 50.02 50.03 50.04 50.05 50.06 50.07 50.08 50.09 50.10 50.11 50.12 50.13 50.14 50.15 "Lithium Battery Technologies". http://www.epectec.com/batteries/lithium-battery-technologies.html. Retrieved 2016-02-26. 
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  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 electricrider.com: Lithium Batteries Citat: Citat: "...The cycle life of sealed lead-acid is directly related to the depth of discharge. The typical number of discharge/charge cycles at 25 °C (77 °F) with respect to the depth of discharge is: * 50–100 cycles with 100% depth of discharge (full discharge) * 150–250 cycles with 70% depth of discharge (deep discharge) * 300–500 cycles with 50% depth of discharge (partial discharge) * 800 and more cycles with 30% depth of discharge (shallow discharge)..."
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  62. ↑ 62.00 62.01 62.02 62.03 62.04 62.05 62.06 62.07 62.08 62.09 62.10 62.11 62.12 62.13 62.14 62.15 62.16 62.17 62.18 62.19 62.20 Doughty, Dan; Roth, E. Peter (2012). "A General Discussion of Li Ion Battery Safety". The Electrochemical Society Interface 21 (Summer 2012): 37. doi:10.1149/2.F03122if. Bibcode: 2012ECSIn..21b..37D. http://www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/sum/sum12/sum12_p037_044.pdf. Retrieved 2016-02-27. 
  63. ↑ Resende, Caio (3 November 2017). "Best Power Tool Battery Types: NiCd VS NiMH VS li-ion VS li-polymer". https://www.powertoollab.com/power-tool-battery-types/. 



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