Religion:List of Islamic political parties

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Below are lists of political parties espousing Islamic identity or political Islam in various approaches under the system of Islamic democracy. Islamic democracy refers to a political ideology that seeks to apply Islamic principles to public policy within a democratic framework. Lists are categorized by the ideological affiliation and sorted by the country of origin.

Islamic democratic centrist, liberal, moderate, and progressive

This is a list of political parties espousing Islam as its main identity without principal adherence to the particular ideology of political Islam, or taking a theological position of wasat which advocates for politico-religious centrism, Islamic democracy, Third Way, progressivism and liberalism.

Country Logo Name Abbr. Leader Founded Ideology Lower House
 Bangladesh 60x60px Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামী 		BJI Shafiqur Rahman 1979 Islamism
Social conservatism 		Jatiya Sangsad:
68 / 350
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 60x60px Party of Democratic Action
Bosnian: Stranka demokratske akcije 		SDA Bakir Izetbegović 26 May 1990 Bosniak nationalism
Conservatism[1]
Pro-Europeanism[2]
Islamism
Big tent 		House of Representatives:
9 / 42
 India Indian Union Muslim League
इण्डियन यूनियन मुस्लिम लीग 		IUML K. M. Kader Mohideen 10 March 1948 Social conservatism
Centrism 		House of the People
3 / 543
60x60px All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
ऑल इंडिया मजलिस-ए-इत्तेहादुल मुस्लिमीन 		AIMIM Asaduddin Owaisi 12 November 1927 Secularism
Social Justice 		House of the People
1 / 543
60x60px All India United Democratic Front
सर्व भारत संयुक्त गणतांत्रिक मोर्चा 		AIUDF Badruddin Ajmal 2 October 2005 National Inclusiveness
Minority rights 		House of the People
0 / 543
60px Indian Secular Front
भारतीय धर्मनिरपेक्ष मोर्चा 		ISF Abbas Siddiqui 21 January 2021 Minority rights House of the People
0 / 543
 Indonesia National Awakening Party
Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa 		PKB Muhaimin Iskandar 9 July 1998 Pancasila
Pluralism
Nationalism
Islamic democracy
Islamic liberalism 		People's Representative Council:
68 / 580
 Iraq Kurdistan Justice Group
كۆمەڵی دادگەری كوردستان 		KJP Ali Bapir 2001 Islamic democracy
Kurdish nationalism
Social Justice 		Council of Representatives:
2 / 328
 Jordan Islamic Centrist Party
حزب الوسط الاسلامي 		ICS Madalla al-Tarawneh December 2001 Islamic democracy
Arab nationalism
Centrism 		House of Representatives:
5 / 130
 Libya National Forces Alliance
تحالف القوى الوطنية 		NFA Salaheddin El Bishari 2012 Libyan nationalism[3]
Islamic democracy[4]
Big tent[5]
Economic
Liberalism 		General National Congress:
39 / 200
 Malaysia 62x62px United Malays National Organisation[6]
ڤرتوبوهن كبڠساءن ملايو برساتو 		UMNO Ahmad Zahid Hamidi 11 May 1946 Ketuanan Melayu
Malay nationalism
National conservatism 		House of Representatives:
26 / 222
60x60px National Trust Party (Malaysia)
ڤرتي أمانه نڬارا 		AMANAH Mohamad Sabu 16 September 2015 Social justice
Progressivism
Islamic modernism
Islamic democracy 		House of Representatives:
8 / 222
 Maldives 60x60px Maldivian Democratic Party
ދިވެހިރައްޔިތުންގެ ޑިމޮކްރެޓިކް ޕާޓީ 		MDP Abdulla Shahid 10 November 2003 Liberal conservatism
Islamic democracy
Parliamentarism
Environmentalism 		People's Majlis:
12 / 93
Maldives National Party

މޯލްޑިވްސް ނޭޝަނަލް ޕާޓީ

MNP Mohamed Nazim July 2021 Islamic democracy

Nationalism

People's Majlis:
1 / 93
People's National Congress
ޕީޕަލްސް ނެޝަނަލް ކޮންގްރެސް 		PNC Mohamed Muizzu 31 January 2019 Conservatism
Religious nationalism
 People's Majlis:
75 / 93
 Pakistan Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)
جماعتِ اسلامی 		JI Hafiz Naeem ur Rehman 30 November 1967 Pan-Islamism
Islamic democracy
Anti communism 		National Assembly:
0 / 342
 Philippines Lakas–CMD
Lakas–Demokratang Kristiyano at Muslim 		Lakas Martin Romualdez 1991 Christian democracy
Islamic democracy
Liberal conservatism
Filipino nationalism
Federalism
Parliamentarism
Centrism
Conservatism 		House of Representatives:
110 / 317

Senate:
1 / 24
 Rwanda Ideal Democratic Party
Parti Démocratique Idéal 		PDI Mussa Harerimana 1992 Islamic democracy
Centrism 		Chamber of Deputies:
1 / 80
 Sri Lanka 62x62px Sri Lanka Muslim Congress
ශ්‍රී ලංකා මුස්ලිම් කොංග්‍රසය
ஸ்ரீலங்கா முஸ்லீம் காங்கிரஸ் 		SLMC Rauff Hakeem 1981 Muslim minority politics Parliament of Sri Lanka:
5 / 225
All Ceylon Makkal Congress
සමස්ත ලංකා මහජන කොංග්‍රසය
அகில இலங்கை மக்கள் காங்கிரஸ் 		ACMC Rishad Bathiudeen 2005 Muslim minority politics Parliament of Sri Lanka:
3 / 225
 Tunisia Ennahda
حركة النهضة 		Enhada Rached Ghannouchi 1981 Social conservatism
Economic liberalism
Islamic democracy
0 / 161
 Turkey 70x70px Felicity Party
Saadet Partisi 		SAADET Temel Karamollaoğlu 23 November 2018 Milli Görüş
Conservatism
Social conservatism
Islamic fundamentalism 		Grand National Assembly:
20 / 600
Future Party
Gelecek Partisi 		GP Ahmet Davutoğlu 2019 Conservatism
Liberal conservatism
Conservative liberalism
Economic liberalism
Pro-Europeanism 		Grand National Assembly:
0 / 600
Justice and Development Party
Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi 		AK PARTİ Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 14 August 2001 Conservatism[7]
Social conservatism[8]
National conservatism[9]
Right-wing populism
Neo-Ottomanism
Illiberalism
Erdoğanism
Euroscepticism 		Grand National Assembly:
266 / 600

Banned parties

 Afghanistan
  • National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan[10]
 Iran
  • Islamic Iran Participation Front

Non-legislature notable parties

 Algeria
  • Islamic Renaissance Movement (part of Green Algeria Alliance)
  • Movement for Democracy in Algeria
 Bahrain
  • Al-Menbar Islamic Society
 Bangladesh
  • Bangladesh Islami Front
  • Islami Oikya Jote
 Egypt
  • Al-Wasat Party
 India
  • Peace Party of India
 Indonesia
  • Crescent Star Party
  • Gelora Party
 Iran
  • Union of Islamic Iran People Party
  • Moderation and Development Party
 Iraq
  • Islamic Action Organisation
  • Islamic Dawa Party (part of National Iraqi Alliance)
  • Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq
  • Islamic Labour Movement in Iraq
  • Islamic Union of Iraqi Turkoman
 The Netherlands
  • Islam Democrats
 Philippines
  • Bangsamoro Party (Moro National Liberation Front)
  • United Bangsamoro Justice Party (Moro Islamic Liberation Front)

Islamist

Part of a series on:
Islamism
Islamic crescent and star
Fundamentals
Ideologies
Islamic fundamentalism
Concepts
Influences
Movements
Scholastic

Political

Militant

Key texts
Heads of state
Key ideologues
Criticism of Islamism
Related topics


Sunni

This is a list of political parties espousing Sunni Islamism as its main ideology.

Country Logo Name Abbr. Leader Founded Ideology Lower House
 Algeria Movement of Society for Peace
حركة مجتمع السلم 		MSP Abderrazak Makri 6 December 1990 Sunni Islamism
Islamic democracy
Social conservatism
Economic liberalism[11] 		People's National Assembly:
65 / 407
National Construction Movement
حركة البناء الوطني 		NCM Abdelkader Bengrina March 2013 Islamic democracy
Algerian nationalism 		People's National Assembly:
39 / 407
Justice and Development Front
جبهة العدالة والتنمية 		JDF Abdallah Djaballah 2011 Islamic democracy
Algerian nationalism 		People's National Assembly:
2 / 407
 Indonesia 60px Prosperous Justice Party
Partai Keadilan Sejahtera 		PKS Al Muzzammil Yusuf 20 July 1998 Pancasila
Islamism[12]
Social conservatism 		People's Representative Council:
53 / 580
 Iraq Iraqi Islamic Party
الحزب الاسلامي العراقي 		IIP Rashid al-Azzawi 26 April 1960 Islamic democracy
Qutbism 		Council of Representatives of Iraq:
7 / 329
60x60px Kurdistan Islamic Union
Yekgirtuy Islami Kurdistan 		KIU Salaheddine Bahaaeddin 1994 Islamic democracy
Kurdish nationalism 		Council of Representatives of Iraq:
4 / 329
Kurdistan Parliament:
5 / 111
60x60px Uniters for Reform Coalition
الحراك الشعبي في العراق 		Muttahidoon Usama al-Nujayfi December 2012 Regionalism
Islamic democracy
Populism 		Council of Representatives of Iraq:
16 / 329
 Israel 60px United Arab List
(Hebrew: הַרְשִׁימָה הַעֲרָבִית הַמְאוּחֶדֶת, HaReshima HaAravit HaMe'uhedet; Arabic: القائمة العربية الموحدة, al-Qā'ima al-'Arabiyya al-Muwaḥḥada), commonly known by its Hebrew acronym Ra'am (Hebrew: רע"מ, lit. 'Thunder') 		Ra'am Mansour Abbas 1996 Conservatism[13]
Islamism[17]
Social conservatism[21] 		Knesset:
5 / 120
 Jordan Islamic Action Front
جبهة العمل الإسلامي 		IAF Hamza Mansour 1992 Islamism
Islamic democracy 		House of Representatives:
10 / 130
National Congress Party (Zamzam)
حزب المؤتمر الوطني 		Zamzam
زمزم 		Rheil Gharaibeh 2016 Islamism
Islamic democracy 		House of Representatives:
5 / 130
 Lebanon Islamic Group
الجماعة الإسلامية 		JI Azzam Al-Ayyoubi 1964 Sunni Islamism
Pan-Islamism
Social conservatism 		Lebanese Parliament:
1 / 128
 Libya Justice and Construction Party
حزب العدالة والبناء 		JCP Emad al-Banani 3 March 2012 Islamic democracy
Islamism 		General National Congress:
17 / 200
 Malaysia 60x60px Malaysian Islamic Party
Parti Islam Se-Malaysia 		PAS Abdul Hadi Awang 24 November 1951 Islamism
Islamic conservatism
Islamic fundamentalism
Jihadism[22]
Pan-Islamism
Shariaism 		House of Representatives:
43 / 222
 Maldives 60x60px Jumhooree Party
ޖުމްހޫރީ ޕާޓީ 		JP Qasim Ibrahim 26 May 2008 Islamic democracy
Nationalism
Social conservatism 		People's Majlis:
1 / 93
People's National Congress
ޕީޕަލްސް ނެޝެނަލް ކޮންގްރެސް 		PNC Mohamed Muizzu[23] 31 January 2019 Conservatism
Islamism 		People's Majlis:
75 / 93
Maldives Development Alliance
މޯލްޑިވްސް ޑިވެލޮޕްމަންޓް އެލަޔަންސް 		MDA Ahmed Shiyam Mohamed 20 December 2012 Economic liberalism
Political Islam 		People's Majlis:
2 / 93
 Mauritania 60x60px National Rally for Reform and Development
التجمع الوطني للإصلاح و التنمية 		RNRD Hamadi Ould Sid'El Moctar 2007 Sunni Islamism
Islamic democracy
Religious conservatism 		National Assembly:
14 / 146
 Morocco 60x60px Justice and Development Party[24]
Parti de la justice et du développement 		JDP

PJD

Abdelilah Benkirane 1967 Islamic democracy
Social conservatism
Conservatism
Moroccan nationalism 		House of Representatives:
13 / 395
 Pakistan 60x60px Jamiat Ulema-e Islam (F)
جمیعت علماءِ اسلام 		JUI Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman 1945 Islamism
Social conservatism
Religious nationalism
Religious conservatism 		National Assembly:
14 / 342
60x60px Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
جماعتِ اسلامی 		JIP Siraj ul Haq 26 August 1941 Islamism
Islamic revivalism
Social conservatism
Pan-Islamism
Islamic democracy
Anti-capitalism
Anti-communism
Anti-liberalism 		National Assembly:
1 / 342
Sindh Assembly:
1 / 168
 Palestine Islamic Resistance Movement
حركة المقاومة الإسلامية 		Hamas Temporary committee December 10, 1987 Palestinian nationalism
Islamism
Religious nationalism
Anti-Zionism 		Legislative Council:
74 / 132
 Somaliland 60x60px Somaliland National Party
Xisbiga Waddani 		Waddani Hersi Ali Haji Hassan 2012 Nationalism
Populism
Islamic democracy 		House of Representatives:
31 / 82
 Turkey

60x60px

Felicity Party
Saadet Partisi 		SAADET Temel Karamollaoğlu 20 July 2001 Millî Görüş
Islamism
Social conservatism
Religious nationalism 		Grand National Assembly:
20 / 600
Great Unity Party
Büyük Birlik Partisi 		BBP Mustafa Destici 29 January 1993 Turkish Islamonationalism
Sunni Islamism
Turkish nationalism
Turkish ultranationalism
Social conservatism 		Grand National Assembly:
0 / 600
Free Cause Party
Hür Dava Partisi 		HUDAPAR Zekeriya Yapıcıoğlu 17 December 2012 Kurdish-Islamic synthesis
Sunni Islamism
Kurdish Nationalism
Federalism 		Grand National Assembly:
4 / 600
60x60px New Welfare Party
Yeniden Refah Partisi 		YRP Fatih Erbakan 23 November 2018 Millî Görüş
Islamism
Islamic fundamentalism
Anti-feminism
Neo Ottomanism
Anti-LGBT
Ultraconservatism 		Grand National Assembly:
4 / 600

Banned Sunni parties:

 Afghanistan
  • Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
  • Hezb-i Islami Khalis
  • Jamiat-e Islami
  • Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan[10]
 Algeria
  • Islamic Salvation Front
 Indonesia
  • Masyumi Party
 Tajikistan
 Turkey
  • National Order Party
  • Virtue Party
  • Welfare Party
 Uzbekistan
  • Islamic Renaissance Party of Uzbekistan (ru)[25]

Non-legislature notable Sunni parties

 Algeria
  • Movement for National Reform
 Bangladesh
  • Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
  • Islamic Front Bangladesh
  • Bangladesh Khelafat Majlis
  • Bangladesh Islami Front
  • Islami Andolan Bangladesh
 Egypt
  • Freedom and Justice Party[26][27]
  • Building and Development Party
  • Islamic Party
 Indonesia
  • United Development Party
  • Ummah Party
 Kuwait
  • Hadas
 Lebanon
  • Islamic Labor Front
  • Islamic Unification Movement
  • Hizb ut-Tahrir, Najjadeh Party
 Libya
  • Homeland Party
 Maldives
  • Adhaalath Party
  • Progressive Party of Maldives
  • People's National Front
 Pakistan
  • Jamiat Ahle Hadith
 Syria
  • Muslim Brotherhood of Syria

Defunct notable Sunni parties

 China — Template:Country data East Turkestan
  • Committee for National Revolution
 Indonesia
 Turkey
  • National Development Party
  • National Salvation Party

 Maldives

  • Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party
  • Islamic Democratic Party

Shia

This is a list of political parties espousing Shia Islamism as its main ideology.

Country Logo Name Abbr. Leader Founded Ideology Lower House
 Iraq Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
المجلس الأعلى الإسلامي العراقي 		ISCI Humam Hamoudi 1982 Sistanism
Shia Islamism
Islamic democracy
Decentralization
Iraqi nationalism 		Council of Representatives of Iraq:
2 / 329
Islamic Dawa Party
حزب الدعوة الاسلامية 		IDP Hashim Al-Mosawy 1998 Shia Islamism
Clericalism
Islamic fundamentalism 		Council of Representatives of Iraq:
5 / 329
Islamic Virtue Party
ائتلاف الفتح‎ 		IVP Ammar Tu'ma Abd-Abbas 1991 Islamism
Anti-Zionism 		Council of Representatives of Iraq:
9 / 329
112x112px State of Law Coalition
إئتلاف دولة القانون 		SLC Nouri al-Maliki 2009 Populism
Big tent
Anti-secularism
Statism
Anti-corruption 		Council of Representatives of Iraq:
33 / 329
Fatah Alliance
ائتلاف الفتح‎ 		Fatah Hadi Al-Amiri 2018 Shia Islamism
Big tent
Pro-Iran
Anti-secularism
Anti-corruption
Factions:
Anti-Americanism
Anti-Zionism
Vilayat-e Faqih 		Council of Representatives of Iraq:
17 / 329
 Kuwait National Islamic Alliance
التحالف الوطني الإسلامي 		NIA Adnan Zahid Abdulsamad 1988 Islamism National Assembly:
1 / 65
 Lebanon 60x60px Hezbollah
حزب الله 		Hezbollah Nasim Qassem 1985 Islamic nationalism
Pan-Islamism
Anti-Zionism
Anti-imperialism
Shia Jihad
Khomeinism
Anti-West
Antisemitism 		Parliament:
13 / 128

Banned Shia parties

 Afghanistan
  • Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan
  • People's Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan
  • Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
  • National Islamic Unity Party
  • Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
  • National Solidarity Party[10]
 Iran

Non-legislature notable Shia parties

 Bahrain
  • Bahrain Freedom Movement
  • Islamic Action Society
 Belgium
  • ISLAM
 Kuwait
  • Justice and Peace Alliance
 Lebanon
  • Free Shia Movement
  • Union of Muslim Ulama
 Iran
  • Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran
  • Islamic Coalition Party
 Iraq
  • National Iraqi Alliance
  • Al-Muwatin
  • Al-Sadiqoun Bloc
  • Ataa Movement
  • Eradaa Movement
  • Hezbollah Movement in Iraq
  • Islamic Action Organisation
  • Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq
  • Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
  • National Reform Trend
 Pakistan
  • Tehrik-e-Jafaria

Defunct notable Shia parties

 Azerbaijan
  • Islamic Party of Azerbaijan
 Bahrain
  • Al Wefaq
  • Islamic Action Society

Salafist

Template:Salafi This is a list of political parties espousing Salafism as its main ideology.

Country Logo Name Abbr. Leader Founded Ideology Lower House
 Bahrain Al Asalah
جمعية الأصالة الإسلامية 		AIS Ghanim Al-Buaneen 5 June 2002 Salafism
Islamism 		Council of Representatives:
3 / 40
 Egypt Al-Nour Party
حزب النور 		NP Yunis Makhyun[28] 12 May 2011 Salafism
Islamism
Wahhabism
Madkhalism 		House of Representatives:
7 / 596
 Pakistan 60x60px Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal
متحدہ مجلسِ عمل 		MMA Fazl-ur-Rahman 2002 Islamism
Conservatism
Social conservatism 		National Assembly:
15 / 342
 Yemen 60x60px Al-Islah
التجمع اليمني للإصلاح 		YCR Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar 13 September 1990 Sunni Islamism
Salafism
Tribalism 		House of Representatives:
44 / 301
 Sudan 70x70px National Congress Party
حزب المؤتمر الوطني 		NCP Omar al-Bashir 1998 Arab–Islamic nationalism
Salafism
Social conservatism
Authoritarianism
Militarism
Anti-Americanism
Anti-Zionism
Right-wing populism 		National Assembly:
323 / 426

Banned Salafist parties

 Afghanistan
  • Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan[10]

Non-legislature Salafist parties

 Egypt
  • Al Ansar Party, People Party
 Maldives
  • Adhaalath Party
 Tunisia
  • Justice and Development Party

Defunct Salafist parties

Template:Country data East Turkestan
  • Young Kashgar Party

Sufism and Ash'arism

Country Logo Name Abbr. Leader Founded Ideology Lower House
 Bangladesh Bangladesh Tarikat Federation
বাংলাদেশ তরিকত ফেডারেশন 		BTF Syed Nazibul Bashar Maizvandary 2005 Secularism
Islamic democracy
Conservatism
Economic liberalism 		House of the Nation:
1 / 350
 Lebanon The Association of Islamic Charitable Projects (Al-Ahbash)
جمعية المشاريع الخيرية الإسلامية 		AICP Shaykh Hussam Qaraqira 1983 Religious pluralism
Islamic neo-traditionalism
Apolitical
Anti-Salafi 		Parliament:
2 / 128
Part of a series on Islam
Sufism
Ideas
Practices
Sufi orders
List of sufis
Topics in Sufism

Non-legislature parties

 Egypt – Egyptian Liberation Party, Victory Party, Voice of Freedom Party, Egyptian Liberation Party[29]

Islamic socialist

This is a list of political parties espousing Islamic Socialism as its main ideology.

Country Logo Name Abbr. Leader Founded Ideology Lower House
 Pakistan 60x60px Majlis Wahdat-e-Muslimeen
مجلس وحدتِ مسلمین 		MWM Allama Raja Nasir Abbas 2 August 2009 Islamic democracy
Islamic socialism
Shi'a–Sunni unity 		Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly:
1 / 33
60x60px Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf[30]
پاکستان تحريکِ انصاف 		PTI Imran Khan 25 April 1996 Islamic democracy
Islamic socialism
Welfare state
Populism
Environmentalism
Social justice
Civic nationalism 		National Assembly:
0 / 342
60x60px Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
جماعت اسلامی پاکستان 		JIP Hafiz Naeem ur Rehman 26 August 1941 Islamic democracy
Islamic socialism 		Sindh Assembly:
0 / 33

Banned socialist parties

 Libya
  • Libyan Popular National Movement

Non-legislature socialist parties

 Bangladesh
  • Bangladesh Freedom Party
 Egypt
 Pakistan
  • Qaumi Watan Party
 Sudan
  • Islamic Socialist Party

Defunct socialist parties

 Indonesia
  • Indonesian Islamic Party
  • Indonesian Islamic Union Party
 Iran
  • Office for the Cooperation of the People with the President
 Mauritania
  • Mauritanian People's Party
 Russia
  • Muslim Socialist Committee of Kazan
 Somalia
  • Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
 Syria
  • Socialist Cooperation Party

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Stav SDA o novoj metodologiji proširenja Evropske unije" (in bs-BA). 2020-02-07. https://ba.n1info.com/vijesti/a408825-Stav-SDA-o-novoj-metodologiji-prosirenja-Evropske-unije/. 
  2. ↑ "Three party centrist politics" (in bs-ENG). 2018-02-28. https://m.daily-bangladesh.com/english/Three-party-centrist-politics/2531. 
  3. ↑ "Lebanon news - NOW Lebanon -Libya makes us rethink the Islamists' sway". 2012-07-17. http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=417700&MID=0&PID=0. 
  4. ↑ "Party Profile: The National Forces Alliance" (in en-US). July 2012. https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/07/01/party-profile-the-national-forces-alliance/. 
  5. ↑ "Neither liberal nor Islamist: Who are Libya's frontrunners? (+video) - CSMonitor.com". 2012-07-12. https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0709/Neither-liberal-nor-Islamist-Who-are-Libya-s-frontrunners-video. 
  6. ↑ UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Foundation and Goals. From: "UMNO Online - Perlembagaan". http://umno-online.com/?page_id%3D2787. 
  7. ↑ "Erdogan faces serious setbacks in Turkish local elections" (in en-CA). The Toronto Star. 2019-04-01. ISSN 0319-0781. https://www.thestar.com/news/world/middleeast/2019/04/01/erdogan-sees-win-in-local-poll-but-loses-turkish-capital.html. 
  8. ↑ "AKP yet to win over wary business elite". Financial Times. 2007-07-08. https://www.ft.com/content/1c9be0d0-2d77-11dc-939b-0000779fd2ac. 
  9. ↑ Yavuz, M. Hakan (2009). Secularism and Muslim democracy in Turkey. Library Genesis. Cambridge, UK; New York : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88878-3. https://archive.org/details/secularismmuslim00yavu. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Gul, Ayaz (16 August 2023). "Taliban Ban Afghan Political Parties, Citing Sharia Violations". Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-ban-afghan-political-parties-citing-sharia-violations/7228136.html. 
  11. ↑ Boubekeur, Amel (2007). Political Islam in Algeria. ISBN 978-92-9079-721-0. OCLC 836565973. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-40576. 
  12. ↑ Machmudi, Yon (2008). Islamising Indonesia: The Rise of Jemaah Tarbiyah and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS). Islam in Southeast Asia. ANU Press. doi:10.22459/II.11.2008. ISBN 9781921536243. http://press.anu.edu.au/titles/islam-in-southeast-asia/islam_indo_citation/. 
  13. ↑ "Israel Elections: Likud remains largest party, no bloc wins - polls". Jerusalem Post. 6 February 2021. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/israel-elections-likud-remains-largest-party-no-bloc-wins-polls-657998. 
  14. ↑ Carol Migdalovitz (18 May 2015). "Israel: Background and Relations with the United States". Congressional Research Service. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/ib82008.pdf. 
  15. ↑ Rubin, Barry (2012). Israel: An Introduction. Yale University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0300162301. 
  16. ↑ Freedman, Robert O., ed (2008). Contemporary Israel: Domestic Politics, Foreign Policy, and Security Challenges. Westview Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0813343853. 
  17. ↑ [14][15][16]
  18. ↑ Ahlswede, Stefan (2009). Israel's European Policy After the Cold War. Nomos. p. 47. 
  19. ↑ "Jewish homophobe says he is not opposed to Arab homophobes backing coalition". The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/jewish-homophobe-says-he-is-not-opposed-to-arab-homophobes-backing-coalition/. 
  20. ↑ Rothwell, James (3 June 2021). "Israel: Benjamin Netanyahu poised for exit as opposition proclaims new coalition government". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/06/02/israel-yair-lapid-says-has-formed-coalition-government-oust/. "In response, the socially conservative Ra'am party ..." 
  21. ↑ [18][19][20]
  22. ↑ "Malaysian Islamist's death sparks sympathy in country, including from former party PAS" (in en). The Straits Times. 2014-09-15. ISSN 0585-3923. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysian-islamists-death-sparks-sympathy-in-country-including-from-former-party-pas. 
  23. ↑ "Party Leaders". https://pnc.mv/en/members/party-leaders. 
  24. ↑ Hamzawy, Amr (July 2008). "Party for Justice and Development in Morocco: Participation and Its Discontents". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/?fa=view&id=20314. 
  25. ↑ Olcott, Martha Brill (2012). In the Whirlwind of Jihad. Brookings Institution Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-87003-259-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=8gmVCwAAQBAJ&dq=%D0%8E%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%83%D0%B9%D2%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8&pg=PA192. 
  26. ↑ "Egypt's Islamists announce own political party", Dawn, 30 Apr 2011, https://www.dawn.com/news/625028/egypts-islamists-announce-own-political-party, retrieved 2011-06-28 
  27. ↑ "Egypt Islamists form 'non-theocratic' party", The Peninsula, 1 May 2011, http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/middle-east/150700-egypt-islamists-form-non-theocratic-party.html, retrieved 28 June 2011 
  28. ↑ "Egypt's Salafist Nour Party elects new leader - Politics - Egypt". https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/62098/Egypt/Politics-/UPDATED-Egypts-Salafist-Nour-Party-elects-new-lead.aspx. 
  29. ↑ "Muslim Political Parties | Islamopedia Online". 2012-10-03. http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/egypt/muslim-political-parties. 
  30. ↑ Sidrah Moiz Khan "Pakistan's creation pointless if it fails to become Islamic welfare state" "Imran Khan said on Wednesday that Pakistan’s creation had been pointless if the country fails to become an Islamic welfare state" 27 June 2012.

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