Software:Linux kernel version history
This article is missing information about prominent features of versions before 2021.May 2023) ( |
This article documents the version history of the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel is a free and open-source, monolithic, Unix-like operating system kernel. It was conceived and created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.[1]
Linux kernels have different support levels depending on the version. Usually, each stable version continues to backport bug fixes from the mainline until the next stable version is released. However, if a stable version has been designated as a long-term support (LTS) kernel, it will be maintained for an extra few years.[2] After that, versions designated as Super-Long-Term Support (SLTS) will then be maintained by the Civil Infrastructure Platform (CIP) for many more years.[3]
Releases 6.x.y
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Version | Original release date | Last release | Maintainer | EOL | Prominent features | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6.8 | TBA | Linus Torvalds | ||||
6.7 | 8 January 2024[2] | Linus Torvalds |
|
According to Linus Torvalds, "one of the largest kernel releases we've ever had"[4] | ||
6.6 | 30 October 2023[2] | 6.6.15[7] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin | December 2026 | 24th LTS release | |
6.5 | 27 August 2023[2] | 6.5.13[7] | 28 November 2023[8] | |||
6.4 | 25 June 2023[2] | 6.4.16[7] | 13 September 2023[9] |
|
||
6.3 | 23 April 2023[2] | 6.3.13[7] | 11 July 2023[13] |
|
||
6.2 | 19 February 2023[2] | 6.2.16[7] | May 2023[14] |
|
||
6.1 | 6.1.76[7] | December 2026[2]
August 2033[15] |
23rd LTS release Used in Debian 12 "Bookworm"[20] 4th SLTS release (which CIP[21] is planning[15] to support until August 2033) 6.1.28 is named Curry Ramen[22] | |||
6.0 | 2022[23] | 6.0.19[24] | January 2023[24] | Named "Hurr durr I'ma [sic] ninja sloth"[27] | ||
{{{2}}} |
Releases 5.x.y
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Version | Original release date | Last release | Maintainer | EOL | Prominent features | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.19 | Linus Torvalds | October 2022[28] |
|
|||
5.18 | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | August 2022[32] | ||||
5.17 | June 2022[40] | Used in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS on newer hardware[47]
Named Superb Owl[48] | ||||
5.16 | April 2022[49] | |||||
5.15 | 5.15.148[7] | October 2026[2] | 22nd LTS release; used in
Named Trick or Treat[58] | |||
5.14 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | November 2021[59] | Used in RHEL 9.x and derivatives[60] (Redhat ignores LTS-Kernel, own kernel-backports) and SLE 15 SP4/openSUSE Leap 15.4 | |||
5.13 | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin | September 2021[61] | Named Opossums on Parade | |||
5.12 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | July 2021[62] | ||||
5.11 | May 2021[63] | Named "💕 Valentine's Day Edition 💕"[64] | ||||
5.10 | 5.10.209[7] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | December 2026[2][65] January 2031[15] |
21st LTS release; used in Debian 11 "Bullseye"[66]
3rd SLTS release (which CIP[67] is planning[15] to support until January 2031) Named "Dare mighty things"[68] | ||
5.9 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | December 2020[69] | ||||
5.8 | November 2020[70] | |||||
5.7 | August 2020[71] | |||||
5.6 | June 2020[72] | |||||
5.5 | April 2020[73] | |||||
5.4 | 5.4.268[7] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | December 2025[2] | 20th LTS release, used in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS 5.4-rc2 is named Nesting Opossum[74] 5.4-rc5 is named Kleptomaniac Octopus[75] | ||
5.3 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | December 2019[76] | ||||
5.2 | October 2019[77] | 5.2-rc2 is named Golden Lions[78][79] 5.2 is named Bobtail Squid[80] | ||||
5.1 | July 2019[81] |
|
||||
5.0 | June 2019[83] | |||||
{{{2}}} |
Releases 4.x.y
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Version | Original release date | Last release | Maintainer | EOL | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.20 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | March 2019[84] | Named Shy Crocodile[85] | ||
4.19 | 4.19.306[7] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | December 2024[2][86] January 2029[15] |
19th LTS release. Used in Debian 10 "Buster".[87] Second SLTS release (which CIP is planning[15] to support until January 2029), and first with ARM64 support.[88] Named "People's Front"[89] | |
4.18 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | November 2018[90] | RHEL 8.x (Redhat ignores LTS-Kernel, own kernel-backports) | ||
4.17 | August 2018[91] | Named Merciless Moray[92] | |||
4.16 | June 2018[93] | ||||
4.15 | April 2018[94] | Used in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS | |||
4.14 | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | January 2024[95] | 18th LTS release
4.14.1 is named Petit Gorille[96] | ||
4.13 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | November 2017[97] | |||
4.12 | September 2017[98] | ||||
4.11 | July 2017[99] | ||||
4.10 | May 2017[100] | 4.10-rc5 was named Anniversary Edition[101] | |||
4.9 | 4.9.337[7] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | 17th LTS release. Used in Debian 9 "Stretch".[103] Named Roaring Lionus[104][105] | ||
4.8 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | January 2017[106] | |||
4.7 | October 2016[107] | Named Psychotic Stoned Sheep[108] | |||
4.6 | August 2016[109] | Named Charred Weasel[110] | |||
4.5 | June 2016[111] | ||||
4.4
4.4.302-cip80[112] |
Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] (until February 2022[113]) Nobuhiro Iwamatsu & Pavel Machek[15] |
January 2027[15] | 16th LTS release, used in Slackware 14.2.[114] Canonical provided extended support until April 2021.[115] As the first kernel selected for Super Long Term Support (SLTS), the Civil Infrastructure Platform will provide support until at least 2026.[3] Used in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS | ||
4.3 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | February 2016[116] | Named Blurry Fish Butt[117][118] | ||
4.2 | December 2015[119] | Canonical provided extended support until July 2016.[120][121] | |||
4.1 | 4.1.52[122] | May 2018[122] | 15th LTS release. 4.1.1 was named Series 4800[123] | ||
4.0 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | July 2015[124] | Named "Hurr durr I'ma [sic] sheep"[125] (Internet poll) | ||
{{{2}}} |
Releases 3.x.y
The jump from 2.6.x to 3.x wasn't because of a breaking update, but rather the first release of a new versioning scheme introduced as a more convenient system.[126]
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Version | Original release date | Last release | Maintainer | EOL | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.19 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | May 2015[127] | Canonical provided extended support until July 2016.[120][128] | ||
3.18 | 14th LTS release, named Diseased Newt[129] Hartman stated that he will release irregular updates to the 3.18 tree.[130] Starting with 3.18.140, this version will no longer be maintained on kernel.org, but on AOSP | ||||
3.17 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | January 2015[131] | |||
3.16 | 3.16.85[132] | Ben Hutchings[2][133] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | 13th LTS release. Was used in Debian 8 "Jessie".[134] Canonical provided extended support until April 2016.[120][135]
3.16.1 was named Museum of Fishiegoodies[136] | ||
3.15 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | August 2014[137] | |||
3.14 | Greg Kroah-Hartman[2] | August 2016[138] | 12th LTS release, named Shuffling Zombie Juror[139] | ||
3.13 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | April 2014[140] | Canonical provided extended support until April 2016.[120][141] Named One Giant Leap for Frogkind[142] (NASA LADEE launch photo)[143] Used in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS | ||
3.12 | 3.12.74[144] | May 2017[145][144] | 11th LTS release, named Suicidal Squirrel[146] | ||
3.11 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | November 2013[147] | Canonical provided extended support until August 2014.[120] Named Linux for Workgroups after the 20 years of Windows 3.11[148] | ||
3.10 | 3.10.108[149] | Willy Tarreau[2][150] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | November 2017[149] | 10th LTS release, 3.10.6 was named TOSSUG Baby Fish[151][152][153] used in Slackware 14.1[154] RHEL 7.x | |
3.9 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | July 2013[155] | 3.9.6 was named Black Squirrel Wakeup Call[156] | ||
3.8 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | May 2013[157] | Canonical provided extended support until August 2014.[120][158] Named Unicycling Gorilla[159][160] | ||
3.7 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | March 2013[162][163] | Named Terrified Chipmunk[164][165] | ||
3.6 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | December 2012[166] | |||
3.5 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | October 2012[167] | Canonical provided extended support until April 2014.[120][168] | ||
3.4 | 3.4.113[169] | October 2016[170] | 9th LTS release | ||
3.3 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | June 2012[171] | |||
3.2 | 3.2.102[172] | Ben Hutchings[2][173] | May 2018[174] | 8th LTS release, used in Ubuntu 12.04 LTS[175] and optionally in 12.04 ESM,[176] Debian 7 "Wheezy" and Slackware 14.0.[2][173] Canonical promised to (at least) provide long-term support until April 2017;[120] Support has continued for months after. 3.2 to 3.5 was named Saber-toothed Squirrel[177] | |
3.1 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | January 2012[178] | 3.1 provided the base for real-time tree. 3.1-rc2 was named Wet Seal 3.1 was named Divemaster Edition[179] (Linus' diving activities) | ||
3.0 | Greg Kroah-Hartman[180] | October 2013[181][180] | 7th LTS release Named Sneaky Weasel[182][183] | ||
{{{2}}} |
Releases 2.6.x.y
Versions 2.6.16 and 2.6.27 of the Linux kernel were unofficially given long-term support (LTS),[184] before a 2011 working group in the Linux Foundation started a formal long-term support initiative.[185][186]
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</timeline>
Version | Original release date | Last release | Maintainer | EOL | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.6.39 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | August 2011[187] | Last stable release of the 2.6 kernel series | ||
2.6.38 | June 2011[188] | Named Flesh-Eating Bats with Fangs[189] | |||
2.6.37 | March 2011[190] | ||||
2.6.36 | February 2011[191] | ||||
2.6.35 | 2.6.35.14[192] | Andi Kleen[193] | March 2012[193] | 6th LTS release 2.6.35.7 was named Yokohama | |
2.6.34 | 2.6.34.15[194] | Paul Gortmaker[195] | February 2014[194][195] | 5th LTS release It was named Sheep on Meth[196][197] | |
2.6.33 | Greg Kroah-Hartman[198] | November 2011[199] | 4th LTS release. It was the base for real-time-tree, replaced by 3.0.x.[198] | ||
2.6.32 | 2.6.32.71[200] | Willy Tarreau[2][201] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman)[202][203] | March 2016[2] | 3rd LTS release, used in Debian 6 Squeeze.[204] Canonical also provided support until April 2015.[120]
RHEL 6.x | |
2.6.31 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | July 2010[205] | |||
2.6.30 | October 2009[206] | 2.6.30-rc4–2.6.30-rc6 was named
Vindictive Armadillo[207][208] | |||
2.6.29 | July 2009[210] | Named Temporary Tasmanian Devil[211][212] | |||
2.6.28 | May 2009[213] | 2.6.28-rc1–2.6.28-rc6 was named Killer Bat of Doom[214][215] | |||
2.6.27 | 2.6.27.62[217] | March 2012[218] | 2nd LTS release 2.6.27.3 was named Trembling Tortoise[219] | ||
2.6.26 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | November 2008[220] | 2.6.26–2.6.27 was named Rotary Wombat[221] | ||
2.6.25 | November 2008[222] | Named Funky Weasel is Jiggy wit it[223] | |||
2.6.24 | May 2008[224] | 2.6.23-rc4–2.6.23-rc6 was named Pink Farting Weasel[225] 2.6.23-rc7–2.6.23–2.6.24 was named Arr Matey! A Hairy Bilge Rat![226] (TLAPD 2007) | |||
2.6.23 | February 2008[228] | ||||
2.6.22 | February 2008[229] | 2.6.22-rc3–2.6.22-rc4 was named Jeff Thinks I Should Change This, But To What? 2.6.22-rc5–2.6.22 was named Holy Dancing Manatees, Batman![230] | |||
2.6.21 | August 2007[231] | Named Nocturnal Monster Puppy[232] | |||
2.6.20 | 2.6.20.21[233] | October 2007[233] | Named Homicidal Dwarf Hamster[234][235] | ||
2.6.19 | March 2007[236] | Named Avast! A bilge rat! (TLAPD 2006)[237] | |||
2.6.18 | February 2007[238]
2.6.18: RHEL 5.x | ||||
2.6.17 | October 2006[239] | 2.6.17-rc5 was named Lordi Rules[240] (Eurovision 2006 winners)[241] 2.6.17-rc6–2.6.17 was named Crazed Snow-Weasel[242] | |||
2.6.16 | 2.6.16.62[243] | 1st LTS release 2.6.16.28-rc2 was named Stable Penguin | |||
2.6.15 | Greg Kroah-Hartman | May 2006[244] | Named Sliding Snow Leopard[245] | ||
2.6.14 | January 2006[246] | Named Affluent Albatross[247] | |||
2.6.13 | December 2005[248] | Named Woozy Numbat[249][250] | |||
2.6.12 | 2.6.12.6[251][252] | August 2005[251] | |||
2.6.11 | 2.6.11.12[253] | June 2005[253] | |||
2.6 | Linus Torvalds | December 2004[254] | 2.6.2–2.6.4 was named Feisty Dunnart[255] 2.6.5–2.6.9 was named Zonked Quokka[256] 2.6.9: RHEL 4.x | ||
{{{2}}} |
Releases up to 2.6.0
Version | Original release date | Last release | Maintainer | EOL | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.4 | 2.4.37.11[257] | Willy Tarreau (formerly Marcelo Tosatti) | December 2011[257] | Named Greased Turkey[258] last stable release of the 2.4 kernel series. 2.4.9: RHEL 2.1 | |
2.2 | 2.2.26[259] | Marc-Christian Petersen (formerly Alan Cox) | Made unofficially obsolete with the 2.2.27-rc2[260][261][262] | ||
2.0 | 2.0.40[263] | David Weinehall | officially made obsolete with the kernel 2.2.0 release[264] | Larry Ewing created the Tux mascot in 1996 | |
pre2.0 | 1996 | pre2.0.14 | Linus Torvalds | EOL | |
1.3 | 1995 | Greased Weasel[265] | |||
1.2 | 1995 | 1.2.13 | Linux '95[266] | ||
1.1 | 1994 | 1.1.95 | |||
1.0 | 1994 | 1.0.9 | |||
0.99 | 1992 | 0.99.15j[267] | The Linux 0.99 tar.bz2 archive grew from 426 kB to 1009 kB on the way to 1.0. | ||
0.98 | 1992 | 0.98.6[268] | |||
0.97 | 1992 | 0.97.6[269] | |||
0.96 | 1992 | 0.96c.2[270] | |||
0.95 | 1992 | 0.95c+[271] | |||
0.10 | 1991 | 0.12 | |||
0.02 | 1991 | First "usable" release; for wider distribution[272] | |||
0.01 | 1991 | 0.03 | |||
{{{2}}} |
See also
References
- ↑ Richardson, Marjorie (1 November 1999). "Interview: Linus Torvalds". Linux Journal. http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3655.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 "Active kernel releases". Kernel.org. 7 February 2023. https://www.kernel.org/category/releases.html.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Kernel Maintenance". https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/civilinfrastructureplatform/cipkernelmaintenance.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Linux 6.7 Released With Bcachefs, Intel Meteor Lake In Good Shape & Nouveau GSP Support" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.7-Released.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Linux 6.7 Features Include Bcachefs, Stable Meteor Lake Graphics, NVIDIA GSP & More Next-Gen Hardware" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-67-features.
- ↑ "Btrfs Picks Up New Features For Linux 6.7" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Btrfs-Linux-6.7-Features.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 "The Linux Kernel Archives". Kernel.org. https://www.kernel.org/. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ↑ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2023-11-28). "Linux 6.5.13". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/2023112807-usher-penholder-f856@gregkh/.
- ↑ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2023-09-13). "Linux 6.4.16". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/2023091345-prankish-during-e3b4@gregkh/.
- ↑ "Intel Linear Address Masking "LAM" Merged Into Linux 6.4" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Intel-LAM-Merged-Linux-6.4.
- ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 "Linux 6.4 Features: Many Intel & AMD Additions, Better Desktop/Laptop Hardware Drivers" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-64-features.
- ↑ "AMD Guided Autonomous Mode Submitted For Linux 6.4" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/AMD-Guided-Auto-Mode-Linux-6.4.
- ↑ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2023-07-11). "Linux 6.3.13". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/2023071110-clash-nastily-2b70@gregkh/T/.
- ↑ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2023-05-17). "Linux 6.2.16". https://lore.kernel.org/all/2023051744-drainable-footwear-49bd@gregkh/.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 "CIP maintenance". https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/civilinfrastructureplatform/start#kernel_maintainership.
- ↑ Larabel, Michael (2022-10-03). "The Initial Rust Infrastructure Has Been Merged Into Linux 6.1" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Rust-Is-Merged-Linux-6.1.
- ↑ Yu Zhao (Aug 18, 2022). "mm: multi-gen LRU: design doc". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8be976a0937a.
- ↑ Sneddon, Joey. "Linux Kernel 6.1 Released, This is What's New". https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2022/12/linux-kernel-6-1-released-new-features.
- ↑ "Linux kernel 6.1 is out now". https://www.gamingonlinux.com/2022/12/linux-kernel-61-is-out-now/.
- ↑ "Debian 12 -- Release Notes". https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/release-notes/ch-whats-new.en.html.
- ↑ "Civil Infrastructure Platform". https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/civilinfrastructureplatform/start.
- ↑ "kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/commit/?h=v6.1.28.
- ↑ "Linux 6.0". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=wiaGf66EQOq1FwM6p9c3mGOjzm9stGeUTfC5Txx4yoxgg@mail.gmail.com/T/#u.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Linux 6.0.19 - Greg Kroah-Hartman". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1673522302104114@kroah.com/.
- ↑ "Linux Kernel 6.0 Released, This is What's New". https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2022/10/linux-kernel-6-released-new-features.
- ↑ "Linux 6.0 Supporting New Intel/AMD Hardware, Performance Improvements & Much More". https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-60-features.
- ↑ "Makefile - kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Makefile?h=v6.0.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 "Linux_5.19 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_5.19.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 "Linux 5.19 Features: AMD SEV-SNP + Zen 4 Prep, Intel TDX + IFS, LoongArch, Big TCP, Apple M1 NVMe" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-519-features.
- ↑ "A way out for a.out [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/888741/.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "Indirect Branch Tracking - 006 - ID:655258 | 12th Generation Intel® Core™ Processors". https://edc.intel.com/content/www/us/en/design/ipla/software-development-platforms/client/platforms/alder-lake-desktop/12th-generation-intel-core-processors-datasheet-volume-1-of-2/006/indirect-branch-tracking/.
- ↑ "Indirect branch tracking for Intel CPUs [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/889475/.
- ↑ "user_events: User-based Event Tracing — The Linux Kernel documentation". https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/trace/user_events.html.
- ↑ "Fprobe - Function entry/exit probe — The Linux Kernel documentation". https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/trace/fprobe.html.
- ↑ "The fast kernel headers tree [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/880175/.
- ↑ "Strict memcpy() bounds checking for the kernel [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/864521/.
- ↑ "Moving the kernel to modern C [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/885941/.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "BPF CO-RE reference guide". https://nakryiko.com/posts/bpf-core-reference-guide/#the-missing-manual.
- ↑ "A different approach to BPF loops [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/877062/.
- ↑ "Random number generator enhancements for Linux 5.17 and 5.18". https://www.zx2c4.com/projects/linux-rng-5.17-5.18/.
- ↑ Daniel. "And now Linux has a Real-Time Linux Analysis (RTLA) tool! – Daniel's page" (in en-US). https://bristot.me/and-now-linux-has-a-real-time-linux-analysis-rtla-tool/.
- ↑ "Not-so-anonymous virtual memory areas [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/867818/.
- ↑ "Blocking straight-line speculation — eventually [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/877845/.
- ↑ Zemczak, Łukasz (21 April 2022), "Jammy Jellyfish Release Notes" (in en-US), discourse.ubuntu.com, https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/jammy-jellyfish-release-notes/24668, retrieved 22 April 2022
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?h=v5.17&id=f443e374ae131c168a065ea1748feac6b2e76613.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "Short subjects: Realtime, Futexes, and ntfs3 [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/866112/.
- ↑ "Clarifying memory management with page folios [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/849538/.
- ↑ "Advanced Matrix Extension (AMX) - x86 - WikiChip" (in en). https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/x86/amx.
- ↑ "Replacing congestion_wait() [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/873672/.
- ↑ "Top-tier memory management [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/857133/.
- ↑ "Hastening process cleanup with process_mrelease() [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/864184/.
- ↑ "Slackware 15 Release Announcement". http://slackware.com/announce/15.0.php.
- ↑ "Release Notes for Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 7". https://docs.oracle.com/en/operating-systems/uek/7/relnotes7.0/.
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8bb7eca972ad531c9b149c0a51ab43a417385813.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "What's new in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 beta". https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9-beta/html-single/9.0_release_notes/index.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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tag; no text was provided for refs named5.12
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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tag; no text was provided for refs named5.11
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2021-02-14. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=f40ddce88593482919761f74910f42f4b84c004b.
- ↑ Larabel, Michael (2020-10-26). "Linux 5.10 Is The Next LTS Kernel". Phoronix. https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-5.10-LTS-Kernel.
- ↑ "Bullseye kernel will be Linux 5.10 LTS". https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBullseye.
- ↑ "Civil Infrastructure Platform". https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/civilinfrastructureplatform/start.
- ↑ "kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree". 2021-02-26. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/commit/?h=linux-5.10.y&id=7b43ec8a0cc6fefdd63a1443edef0d2693ff99a2.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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tag; no text was provided for refs named5.8
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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tag; no text was provided for refs named5.6
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "Linux 5.4-rc2". 2019-10-06. https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/da0c9ea146cbe92b832f1b0f694840ea8eb33cce#diff-b67911656ef5d18c4ae36cb6741b7965.
- ↑ "Linux 5.4-rc5". 2019-10-27. https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/d6d5df1db6e9d7f8f76d2911707f7d5877251b02#diff-b67911656ef5d18c4ae36cb6741b7965.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2019-05-26. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=cd6c84d8f0cdc911df435bb075ba22ce3c605b07.
- ↑ "Linux 5.2-rc2 Kernel Released As The "Golden Lions"". 2019-05-26. https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-5.2-rc2-Released.
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2019-07-07. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=0ecfebd2b52404ae0c54a878c872bb93363ada36.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "The rapid growth of io_uring [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/810414/.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2018-11-25. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=2e6e902d185027f8e3cb8b7305238f7e35d6a436.
- ↑ Nestor, Marius (5 September 2018). "It's Official: Linux Kernel 4.19 Will Be the Next LTS (Long-Term Support) Series". https://news.softpedia.com/news/it-s-official-linux-kernel-4-19-will-be-the-next-lts-long-term-support-series-522452.shtml.
- ↑ "Buster kernel will be Linux 4.19 LTS". https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBuster.
- ↑ Meanor, Maemalynn (25 February 2019). "Civil Infrastructure Platform Announces New Super Long Term Support Kernel that Advances Automation, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence". The Linux Foundation. https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/2019/02/civil-infrastructure-platform-announces-new-super-long-term-support-kernel-that-advances-automation-machine-learning-and-artificial-intelligence/.
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2018-10-22. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=84df9525b0c27f3ebc2ebb1864fa62a97fdedb7d.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedlatest 4.18
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedlatest 4.17
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2018-05-06. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=75bc37fefc4471e718ba8e651aa74673d4e0a9eb.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedlatest 4.16
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedlatest 4.15
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs named414EOL
- ↑ "kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree". 2017-11-21. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/commit/Makefile?h=linux-4.14.y&id=780a781dd6f1af9dfac15b8eeba1cb678c9fc380.
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<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedlatest 4.13
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedlatest 4.12
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedlatest 4.11
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedlatest 4.10
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2017-01-22. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=7a308bb3016f57e5be11a677d15b821536419d36.
- ↑ "Kernel release status". 2017-02-01. https://lwn.net/Articles/713279/.
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
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- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2016-05-29. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=1a695a905c18548062509178b98bc91e67510864.
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<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedlatest 4.6
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2016-05-01. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=04974df8049fc4240d22759a91e035082ccd18b4.
- ↑ Nestor, Marius (9 June 2016). "Linux Kernel 4.5.7 Is The Last In The Series, Users Urged To Move To Linux 4.6". Softpedia. SoftNews NET SRL. http://news.softpedia.com/news/linux-kernel-4-5-7-is-the-last-in-the-series-users-urged-to-move-to-linux-4-6-505037.shtml.
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- ↑ "Slackware 14.2 announcement". http://slackware.osuosl.org/slackware-14.2/ANNOUNCE.14_2.
- ↑ "Ubuntu kernel lifecycle and enablement stack". https://ubuntu.com/kernel/lifecycle#support-16-04.
- ↑ Nestor, Marius (20 February 2016). "Linux Kernel 4.3.6 Is the Last in the Series, Users Urged to Move to Linux 4.4". Softpedia. SoftNews NET SRL. http://news.softpedia.com/news/linux-kernel-4-3-6-is-the-last-in-the-series-users-urged-to-move-to-linux-4-4-500675.shtml.
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2015-10-11. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/Makefile?id=25cb62b76430a91cc6195f902e61c2cb84ade622.
- ↑ "Linus Torvalds - Google+ - Pictures from the latest dive trip with Linus Torvalds and Miika Turkia". 2015-10-03. https://plus.google.com/+LinusTorvalds/posts/QNVC4hpcioK.
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- ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 120.3 120.4 120.5 120.6 120.7 120.8 "Ubuntu Kernel Team Extended Support". Ubuntu wiki. Canonical Ltd.. https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Dev/ExtendedStable.
- ↑ Mostafa, Kamal (15 December 2015). "Linux 4.2.y.z extended stable support". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ↑ 122.0 122.1 "Linux kernel 4.1.52 released". LKML (Mailing list). 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
- ↑ "Greg KH: Re: Linux 4.1.1". LKML. 2015-06-29. https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/6/29/492.
- ↑ Nestor, Marius (13 July 2015). "Linux Kernel 4.0 to Reach End of Life Soon, Users Urged to Move to Linux Kernel 4.1". Softpedia. SoftNews NET SRL. http://news.softpedia.com/news/linux-kernel-4-0-to-reach-end-of-life-soon-users-urged-to-move-to-linux-kernel-4-1-486698.shtml.
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2015-02-23. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=c517d838eb7d07bbe9507871fab3931deccff539.
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs named3.19.8 release
- ↑ Mostafa, Kamal (13 May 2015). "Linux 3.19.y-ckt extended stable support". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2014-11-02. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=0df1f2487d2f0d04703f142813d53615d62a1da4.
- ↑ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (16 April 2017). "[PATCH 3.18 000/145] 3.18.49-stable review". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 18 April 2017.
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- ↑ Hutchings, Ben (11 June 2020). "Linux 3.16.85". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ↑ Hutchings, Ben (2 May 2016). "Add 3.16 as a longterm release". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ↑ Guerrero Lopez, Ana. "Jessie will ship Linux 3.16". Debian Project (Bits from Debian). https://bits.debian.org/2014/07/kernel-version-for-jessie.html.
- ↑ Henriques, Luis (30 October 2014). "Linux 3.16.y.z extended stable support". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ↑ "kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree". 2014-08-14. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/commit/Makefile?h=linux-3.16.y&id=9a35988df62b6ce3b69d640da44a3ead96f63182.
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tag; no text was provided for refs named3.15.10 release
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedlatest 3.14
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2014-02-03. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=38dbfb59d1175ef458d006556061adeaa8751b72.
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tag; no text was provided for refs named3.13.11 release
- ↑ Mostafa, Kamal (24 April 2014). "[ANNOUNCE] Linux 3.13.y.z extended stable support". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ↑ "Linux 3.12-rc1". kernel.org. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=272b98c6455f00884f0350f775c5342358ebb73f.
- ↑ "Frog Photobombs NASA Moon Probe Launch". space.com. 2013-09-12. http://www.space.com/22772-frog-photobombs-nasa-moon-launch.html.
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- ↑ "Linux 3.12 Codenamed "Suicidal Squirrel"". Phoronix. https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTQ1OTg.
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- ↑ Vaughan, Steven J. (2013-07-16). "Linux 3.11: Linux for Workgroups". ZDNet. http://www.zdnet.com/linux-3-11-linux-for-workgroups-7000018091/.
- ↑ 149.0 149.1 Tarreau, Willy (5 November 2017). "Linux 3.10.108 (EOL)". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 5 November 2017.
- ↑ Tarreau, Willy (14 June 2016). "[PATCH kernel.org] change 3.10 EOL and maintainer". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 14 June 2016.
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- ↑ jake (2013-06-13). "Stable kernels 3.9.6, 3.4.49, and 3.0.82". LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/554241/.
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- ↑ Walker-Morgan, DJ (15 May 2013). "Canonical to maintain Linux 3.8 until August 2014". The H Open. Heinz Heise. http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Canonical-to-maintain-Linux-3-8-until-August-2014-1863580.html.
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- ↑ "Linus Torvalds - Google+ - My meds must be kicking in.. I think I just saw somebody...". Google+. https://plus.google.com/+LinusTorvalds/posts/gpzXwAysjN9.
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- ↑ Stahie, Silviu (1 March 2013). "Linux Kernel 3.7.10 Officially Reaches End of Life, Kernel.org Website Updated". Softpedia. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-Kernel-3-7-10-Officially-Reaches-End-of-Life-Kernel-org-Website-Updated-333675.shtml.
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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tag; no text was provided for refs named3.5.7 release
- ↑ Krzesinski, Herton Ronaldo (9 November 2012). "Linux 3.6.11". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 14 May 2013.
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- ↑ Hutchings, Ben (1 June 2018). "Linux 3.2.102". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 6 June 2018.
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- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". git.kernel.org. 2011-08-22. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=fcb8ce5cfe30ca9ca5c9a79cdfe26d1993e65e0c.
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- ↑ "Linux 3.0 all about 'steady plodding progress'". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/31/linux_kernel_version_3_0/.
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- ↑ Leemhuis, Thorsten (2010-10-21). "What's new in Linux 2.6.36 - The H Open Source: News and Features". http://www.h-online.com/open/features/What-s-new-in-Linux-2-6-36-1103009.html.
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- ↑ Kleen, Andi (1 August 2011). "[ANNOUNCE] The longterm Linux 2.6.35.14 kernel is released". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 17 May 2013.
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- ↑ Tarreau, Willy (12 May 2017). "Linux 2.6.32.71 (EOL)". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 23 June 2017.
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- ↑ Walker-Morgan, Dj (5 March 2012). "Maintenance of Linux kernel 2.6.32 is slowing down". The H Open. Heinz Heise. http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Maintenance-of-Linux-kernel-2-6-32-is-slowing-down-1463957.html.
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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tag; no text was provided for refs named2.6.30.9 release
- ↑ "Kernel development". https://lwn.net/Articles/330908/.
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- ↑ "Kernel Log: Tasmanian devil to be Linux's temporary mascot, new Radeon drivers - The H Open: News and Features". 2009-03-19. http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Kernel-Log-Tasmanian-devil-to-be-Linux-s-temporary-mascot-new-Radeon-drivers-740667.html.
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- ↑ "Killer bat of doom". LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/304616/.
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- ↑ "Commit in mer-meego-kernel in Mer-meego". Gitorious. https://gitorious.org/mer-meego/mer-meego-kernel/commit/c9a753e1243428681e0213dfb72404894b72dcda.
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- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". git.kernel.org. 2008-06-12. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5dd34572ad9a3be430632dd42e4af2ea370b397b.
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- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". git.kernel.org. 2008-02-15. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=101142c37be8e5af9b847860219217e6b958c739.
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- ↑ corbet (2007-08-29). "Kernel release status". LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/247236/.
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs named2.6.22.19 release
- ↑ "Openswan-2.6.39.tar.gz: .../Kernel/2.6.22/Saref.patch | Fossies Archi…". http://fossies.org/linux/misc/openswan-2.6.39.tar.gz:a/openswan-2.6.39/patches/kernel/2.6.22/saref.patch.
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- ↑ "Linux 2.6.22-rc3". git.kernel.org. 2007-05-25. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=c420bc9f09a0926b708c3edb27eacba434a4f4ba.
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- ↑ "Shield Patch". http://people.redhat.com/mingo/exec-shield/exec-shield-nx-2.6.19.patch.
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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tag; no text was provided for refs named2.6.17.14 release
- ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". git.kernel.org. 2006-05-25. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=a8bd60705aa17a998516837d9c1e503ad4cbd7fc&id2=4f3a151a11da3351e2149a401d4ee18426938de7.
- ↑ "Lordi Rules". blog.x-way.org. 2006-05-25. https://blog.x-way.org/Misc/2006/05/25/Lordi-Rules.html.
- ↑ OSDir.com (2006-06-19). "Linux v2.6.17 "Crazed Snow-Weasel"". ospedia.osdir.com. http://ospedia.osdir.com/Article8886.phtml.
- ↑ Bunk, Adrian (21 July 2008). "Linux 2.6.16.62". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "Re: Linux 2.6.16.7". linux.derkeiler.com. 2006-04-17. http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2006-04/msg03059.html.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "Greg KH: Re: Linux 2.6.14.5". LKML. https://lkml.org/lkml/2005/12/26/133.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "'Woozy Numbat' released!". CIOL. 2004-12-30. http://www.ciol.com/ciol/news/35712/woozy-numbat-released.
- ↑ "Linux 2.6.10 Kernel Hits The Street". Informationweek. 2004-12-29. http://www.informationweek.com/linux-2610-kernel-hits-the-street/56700166.
- ↑ 251.0 251.1 Wright, Chris (29 August 2005). "Linux 2.6.12.6". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ↑ "Linux_2_6_12 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_12.
- ↑ 253.0 253.1 Wright, Chris (12 June 2005). "Linux 2.6.11.12". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "kpatchup 0.02 kernel patching script". LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/74029/.
- ↑ "mikas blog » Blog Archive » Zonked Quokka and USB". michael-prokop.at. 2004-09-14. http://michael-prokop.at/blog/2004/09/14/usb/.
- ↑ 257.0 257.1 Tarreau, Willy (18 December 2010). "Linux 2.4.37.11". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ↑ "Linux-Kernel Archive: Re: 2.4.15-greased-turkey ???". lkml.indiana.edu. 2001-11-23. http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0111.2/1610.html.
- ↑ "LATEST-IS-2.2.26". http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.2/LATEST-IS-2.2.26.
- ↑ Petersen, Marc-Christian (13 January 2005). "Linux 2.2.27-rc2". http://kerneltrap.org/node/4533.
- ↑ Petersen, Marc-Christian (25 February 2004). "Linux 2.2.26 aka "2.2 is not dead" released". LKML (Mailing list).
- ↑ McAllister, Neil (24 January 2013). "Kernel hacker Alan Cox quits Linux, Intel". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/01/24/alan_cox_quits_linux_development/.
- ↑ "LATEST-IS-2.0.40". http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.0/LATEST-IS-2.0.40.
- ↑ Weinehall, David (8 February 2004). "[ANNOUNCE] Linux-kernel 2.0.40 aka 'The Moss-covered Tortoise'". http://kerneltrap.org/node/2279.
- ↑ Stephen Shankland (1 November 2000). "Test version of new Linux kernel available". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-247983.html.
- ↑ "Linus Torvalds Releases Linux 1.2.0". http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2682.
- ↑ "Linux Kernel Version History: 0.99 series kernels". http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/history/0.99.html.
- ↑ "Linux Kernel Version History: 0.98 series kernels". http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/history/0.98.html.
- ↑ "Linux Kernel Version History: 0.97 series kernels". http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/history/0.97.html.
- ↑ "Linux Kernel Version History: 0.96 series kernels". http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/history/0.96.html.
- ↑ "Linux Kernel Version History: 0.95 series kernels". http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/history/0.95.html.
- ↑ "Happy 25th once again to Linux, 'the little OS that definitely could'" (in en). 2016-10-05. https://www.pcworld.com/article/3128189/happy-25th-once-again-to-linux-the-little-os-that-definitely-could.html.
External links
- Official Linux kernel website
- Active kernel releases, on the official Linux kernel website
- Linux versions changelog, in Linux Kernel Newbies
- Linux Kernel Version History: Consolidated list
Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux kernel version history.
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