Software:OpenJDK

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Short description: Free and open-source implementation of Java SE
OpenJDK
OpenJDK logo.svg
Developer(s)Oracle, OpenJDK and Java Community, Red Hat, Azul Systems, IBM, Microsoft, Amazon, Apple, SAP
Initial releaseMay 8, 2007; 17 years ago (2007-05-08)
Written inC++ and Java
Operating systemLinux, FreeBSD, macOS, Microsoft Windows, OpenIndiana, OpenVMS; several other ports in progress
TypeJava platform
LicenseGPL-2.0-only with linking exception
Websiteopenjdk.org

OpenJDK (Open Java Development Kit) is a free and open-source implementation of the Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE).[1] It is the result of an effort Sun Microsystems began in 2006. The implementation is licensed under the GPL-2.0-only with a linking exception. Were it not for the GPL linking exception, components that linked to the Java Class Library would be subject to the terms of the GPL license. OpenJDK is the official reference implementation of Java SE since version 7.[2][3][4]

Components

The OpenJDK project produces a number of components: most importantly the virtual machine (HotSpot), the Java Class Library and the Java compiler (javac).

The web-browser plugin and Web Start, which form part of Oracle Java, are not included in OpenJDK. Sun previously indicated that they would try to open-source these components, but neither Sun nor Oracle have done so.[5] The only currently available free plugin and Web Start implementations (As of 2016 ) are those provided by IcedTea.[citation needed]

OpenJDK 9+ supports AOT compilation (jaotc) using GraalVM (JEP 295).[6] The experimental -XX:+EnableJVMCIProduct flag enables the use of Graal JIT (JEP 317).[7]

OpenJDK versions

OpenJDK was initially based only on the JDK 7 version of the Java platform.[8]

Since JDK 10, the effort to produce an open-source reference implementation of the Java SE Platform was moved over to the JDK Project.[9] Unlike past JDK Release Projects, which produced just one feature release and then terminated, this long-running project will produce all future JDK feature releases and will ship a feature release every six months according to a strict, time-based model.[10]

OpenJDK builds

Due to Oracle no longer releasing updates for long-term support (LTS) releases under a permissive license, others have begun offering builds.[11][12][13] Linux distributions have always offered their own builds, and Windows also offers one now, which can be installed with the Windows Package Manager. For example, to install OpenJDK 17:

winget install Microsoft.OpenJDK.17


Build Organization LTS Permissive
license 		TCK
tested 		Built
unmodified 		Commercial
support
AdoptOpenJDK[14]
(moved to Eclipse Temurin at Adoptium in 2021)[15] 		Yes Yes Yes Optional Optional (IBM)
Alibaba Dragonwell[16] Alibaba Yes Yes No No No
Amazon Corretto[17] Amazon Yes Yes Yes Yes Optional (on AWS)
Azul Zulu[18] Azul Systems Yes Yes Yes No Optional
BellSoft Liberica JDK[19] BellSoft Yes Yes Yes No Optional
Eclipse Temurin[20] Adoptium Yes Yes Yes No Optional (Azul, IBM, Red Hat)
IBM Java SDK[21]
(moved to IBM Semeru Runtime Certified Edition at version 11) 		IBM Yes No Yes No Yes
IBM Semeru Runtime Certified Edition[22] IBM Yes No[23] Yes No Optional (IBM)
IBM Semeru Runtime Open Edition[24] IBM Yes Yes[23] No No Optional (IBM)
JetBrains Runtime[25] JetBrains Yes Yes No No No
Microsoft Build of OpenJDK[26] Microsoft Yes Yes Yes No Optional (on Azure)
ojdkbuild[27]
(Discontinued) 		Yes Yes No Yes No
OpenLogic OpenJDK[28] OpenLogic Yes Yes No[citation needed] No Optional
GraalVM Community Edition[29] GraalVM No[citation needed] Yes Yes No No
Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition[30] Oracle Yes No Yes No Yes
Oracle Java SE[31] Oracle Yes No Yes No Yes
Oracle OpenJDK[32] Oracle No[33] Yes[34] Yes No[35][36] No
Red Hat build of OpenJDK[37] Red Hat Yes Yes Yes No Yes
SAP SapMachine[38] SAP Yes Yes Yes No Optional (for SAP products)
Tencent KonaJDK Tencent Yes Yes Yes No Optional

IcedTea and inclusion in software distributions

Main page: Software:IcedTea

In order to bundle OpenJDK in Fedora and other free Linux distributions, OpenJDK needed to be buildable using only free software components. Due to the encumbered components in the class library and implicit assumptions within the build system that the JDK being used to build OpenJDK was a Sun JDK, this was not possible. To achieve openness, Red Hat started the IcedTea project in June 2007.[39] It began life as an OpenJDK/GNU Classpath hybrid that could be used to bootstrap OpenJDK, replacing the encumbrances with code from GNU Classpath.[40][41]

On November 5, 2007, Red Hat signed both the Sun Contributor Agreement and the OpenJDK Community TCK License.[42] One of the first benefits of this agreement is tighter alignment with the IcedTea project, which brings together Fedora, the Linux distribution, and JBoss, the application server, technologies in a Linux environment. IcedTea provided free software alternatives for the few remaining proprietary sections in the OpenJDK project.

In May 2008, the Fedora 9[43][44] and Ubuntu 8.04[45] distributions included IcedTea 6, based completely on free and open source code.[46] Fedora 9 was the first version to be shipped with IcedTea6, based on the OpenJDK6 sources from Sun rather than OpenJDK7. It was also the first to use OpenJDK for the package name (via the OpenJDK trademark agreement) instead of IcedTea.[43] Ubuntu also first packaged IcedTea7[47] before later moving to IcedTea6. Packages for IcedTea6 were also created for Debian and included in Lenny. On July 12, 2008, Debian accepted OpenJDK-6 in unstable,[48][49] and it later was included in stable.[50] OpenJDK is also available on openSUSE,[51] Red Hat Enterprise Linux and RHEL derivatives such as CentOS.[52]

In June 2008, Red Hat announced that the packaged binaries for OpenJDK on Fedora 9, built using IcedTea 6, had passed the Technology Compatibility Kit tests and could claim to be a fully compatible Java 6 implementation.[53] In July 2009, an IcedTea 6 binary build for Ubuntu 9.04 passed all of the compatibility tests in the Java SE 6 TCK.[54]

Since August 2008, OpenJDK 7 is usable on macOS and other BSD variants.[55]

On Android Nougat, OpenJDK replaced the now-discontinued Apache Harmony as the Java libraries in the source code of the mobile operating system. Google was in a legal dispute with Oracle over claims of copyright and patent infringement through its use of re-implementations of copyrighted Java APIs via Harmony. While also stating that this change was to create a more consistent platform between Java on Android and other platforms, the company admitted that the switch was motivated by the lawsuit, arguing that Oracle had authorized its use of the OpenJDK code by licensing it under the GPL.[56]

History

Sun's promise and initial release

Sun announced in JavaOne 2006 that Java would become open-source software,[57][58] and on October 25, 2006, at the Oracle OpenWorld conference, Jonathan Schwartz said that the company intended to announce the open-sourcing of the core Java Platform within 30 to 60 days.[59]

Sun released the Java HotSpot virtual machine and compiler as free software under the GNU General Public License on November 13, 2006, with a promise that the rest of the JDK (which includes the Java Runtime Environment) would be placed under the GPL by March 2007, "except for a few components that Sun does not have the right to publish in source form under the GPL".[60] According to free-software advocate Richard Stallman, this would end the "Java trap", the vendor lock-in that he argues applied to Java and programs written in Java.[61]

Release of the class library

Following their promise to release a Java Development Kit (JDK) based almost completely on free and open-source code in the first half of 2007,[62] Sun released the complete source code of the Java Class Library under the GPL on May 8, 2007, except for some limited parts that had been licensed to Sun by third parties and Sun was unable to re-license under the GPL.[63] Included in the list of encumbered parts were several major components of the Java graphical user interface (GUI). Sun stated that it planned to replace the remaining proprietary components with alternative implementations and to make the class library completely free.

When initially released in May 2007, 4% of the OpenJDK class library remained proprietary.[64] By the appearance of OpenJDK 6 in May 2008, less than 1% (the SNMP implementation,[65] which is not part of the Java specification) remained,[43] making it possible to build OpenJDK without any binary plugs.[65] The binary plug requirement was later dropped from OpenJDK 7 as part of b53 in April 2009.[66]

This was made possible, over the course of the first year, by the work of Sun Microsystems and the OpenJDK community. Each encumbrance[67] was either released as free and open-source software or replaced with an alternative. Beginning in December 2010, all the so-called binary plugs were replaced by open-source replacements, making the whole JDK open sourced and the binary plugs not necessary anymore.[68]

Community improvements

On November 5, 2007, Red Hat announced an agreement with Sun, signing Sun's broad contributor agreement (which covers participation in all Sun-led free and open-source software projects by all Red Hat engineers) and Sun's OpenJDK Community Technology Compatibility Kit (TCK) License Agreement (which gives the company access to the test suite that determines whether a project based on OpenJDK complies with the Java SE 6 specification).[69]

Also in November 2007, the Porters Group was created on OpenJDK to aid in efforts to port OpenJDK to different processor architectures and operating systems. The BSD porting project led by Kurt Miller and Greg Lewis and the Mac OS X porting project (based on the BSD one) led by Landon Fuller have expressed interest in joining OpenJDK via the Porters Group. As of January 2008, both are part of the mailing list discussions. Another project pending formalization on the Porters Group is the Haiku Java Team led by Bryan Varner.[70]

In December 2007, Sun moved the revision control of OpenJDK from TeamWare to Mercurial (and later to Git and GitHub), as part of the process of releasing it to open-source communities.[71][72]

OpenJDK has comparatively strict procedures of accepting code contributions: every proposed contribution must be reviewed by another OpenJDK committer and the contributor must have signed the Sun/Oracle Contributor Agreement (SCA/OCA).[73] Preferably, there should also be a jtreg[74] test demonstrating the bug has been fixed. Initially, the external patch submission process was slow[75] and, until September 2008, commits to the codebase were only made by Sun engineers.[76] The process has improved and, (As of 2010), simple patches and backports from OpenJDK 7 to OpenJDK 6 can take place within hours rather than days.[77]

In 2011, an unofficial port of OpenJDK 6.0 to OS/2 was first released.[78] This port is included in the OS/2 derivative ArcaOS.[79]

On 25 September 2013, Microsoft and Azul Systems collaborated to create Zulu,[80] a build of OpenJDK for users of the Windows Azure cloud. Zulu is available as a free download from the community site Zulu.org. It is also possible to get Zulu on Amazon Web Services[81] via Canonical's Juju Charm Store,[82] the Docker Hub,[83] and Azul Systems repositories. Azul contributes bug fixes and enhancements back to the OpenJDK project and has several project committers on staff.[84] Red Hat resigned leadership of OpenJDK 6 at the beginning of 2017 and this was then taken up by Azul Systems.[85][86]

Since April 2016 there are unsupported community builds of OpenJDK for Microsoft Windows on GitHub in the project ojdkbuild which are released in pace with updates for Oracle JDK. From build 8u151 on, the MSI-installer offers an optional component for using Java Web Start based on the IcedTea-Web project.

In 2020, a port of OpenJDK 8 to OpenVMS on the Itanium platform was released.[87]

The number of external contributions to OpenJDK is growing since project inception. OpenJDK 11, released in September 2018, received 20% of external fixes[88] and brought 17 new JEPs (features), out of which 3 were contributed by the community. Namely, JEP 315: "Improve Aarch64 Intrinsics" (contributed by BellSoft), JEP 318: "Epsilon: A No-Op Garbage Collector" (by Red Hat) and JEP 331: "Low-Overhead Heap Profiling" (contributed by Google).[89]

Collaboration with IBM, Apple, and SAP

On October 11, 2010, IBM, by far the biggest participant in the Apache Harmony project, decided to join Oracle on the OpenJDK project, effectively shifting its efforts from Harmony to OpenJDK.[90][91] Bob Sutor, IBM's head of Linux and open source, blogged that "IBM will be shifting its development effort from the Apache Project Harmony to OpenJDK".[92]

On November 12, 2010, Apple Inc. (just three weeks after deprecating its own Java runtime port[93]) and Oracle Corporation announced the OpenJDK project for Mac OS X. Apple will contribute most of the key components, tools and technology required for a Java SE 7 implementation on Mac OS X, including a 32-bit and 64-bit HotSpot-based Java virtual machine, class libraries, a networking stack and the foundation for a new graphical client.[94]

On January 11, 2011, the Mac OS X Port Project was created on OpenJDK, and Apple made the first public contribution of code to the project. The initial Apple contribution built on the OpenJDK BSD port.[95]

In July 2011, SAP AG announced that SAP officially joined the OpenJDK project.[96]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "OpenJDK homepage". Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. http://openjdk.java.net/. 
  2. ↑ Moving to OpenJDK as the official Java SE 7 Reference Implementation
  3. ↑ Java Platform, Standard Edition 7 Reference Implementations
  4. ↑ "Java Platform, Standard Edition 8 Reference Implementations". http://jdk.java.net/java-se-ri/8. 
  5. ↑ Darcy, Joe (June 8, 2009). "OpenJDK and the new plugin". http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/jdk6-dev/2009-June/000604.html. 
  6. ↑ "Ahead-of-Time (AOT) Compilation May Come to OpenJDK HotSpot in Java 9". InfoQ.com. 2016-10-01. https://www.infoq.com/news/2016/10/AOT-HotSpot-OpenJDK-9. "AOT brings about a new tool called 'jaotc' which uses Graal as the backend (to generate code)" 
  7. ↑ "[JDK-8232118 Add JVM option to enable JVMCI compilers in product mode - Java Bug System"]. https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8232118. 
  8. ↑ "Didn't you promise to open source both JDK 6 and JDK 7 last November? What happened to JDK 6?". Sun Microsystems. http://www.sun.com/software/opensource/java/faq.jsp#b10. "Sun did make that promise, and we plan to keep it. But in the six months since the November 2006 announcement, it has become clear that doing this is far more complex than just changing the license and publishing the source code." 
  9. ↑ oracle.com, mark reinhold at (September 26, 2017). "CFV: New Project: JDK". http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/announce/2017-September/000231.html. 
  10. ↑ oracle.com, mark reinhold at (September 6, 2017). "Accelerating the JDK release cadence". http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/discuss/2017-September/004281.html. 
  11. ↑ "Time to look beyond Oracle's JDK". https://blog.joda.org/2018/09/time-to-look-beyond-oracles-jdk.html. 
  12. ↑ Difference between OpenJDK and AdoptOpenJDK
  13. ↑ Java is Still Free
  14. ↑ "AdoptOpenJDK - Open source, prebuilt OpenJDK binaries". https://adoptopenjdk.net/. 
  15. ↑ "Good-bye AdoptOpenJDK. Hello Adoptium!" (in en). https://blog.adoptopenjdk.net/2021/08/goodbye-adoptopenjdk-hello-adoptium/. 
  16. ↑ "Alibaba Dragonwell". http://dragonwell-jdk.io/. 
  17. ↑ "Amazon Corretto". https://aws.amazon.com/corretto/. 
  18. ↑ "Zulu Community: Free, tested builds of OpenJDK managed by Azul engineers". https://www.azul.com/products/zulu-community/. 
  19. ↑ "Download Liberica JDK, OpenJDK, Java 8, Java 11, Linux, Windows, macOS". https://bell-sw.com/java. 
  20. ↑ "Eclipse Temurin". Adoptium. https://adoptium.net/temurin/. 
  21. ↑ "Home - Java SDK". https://developer.ibm.com/javasdk/. 
  22. ↑ "IBM Semeru Runtimes - IBM Developer". https://developer.ibm.com/languages/java/semeru-runtimes/. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Introducing the no-cost IBM Semeru Runtimes to develop and run Java applications". https://developer.ibm.com/blogs/introducing-the-ibm-semeru-runtimes/. 
  24. ↑ "IBM Semeru Runtimes - IBM Developer". https://developer.ibm.com/languages/java/semeru-runtimes/. 
  25. ↑ "JetBrains Runtime - JetBrains Runtime - Confluence". https://confluence.jetbrains.com/display/JBR/JetBrains+Runtime. 
  26. ↑ "Microsoft Build of OpenJDK". https://www.microsoft.com/openjdk. 
  27. ↑ "ojdkbuild/ojdkbuild". https://github.com/ojdkbuild/ojdkbuild. 
  28. ↑ "OpenJDK Downloads". https://www.openlogic.com/openjdk-downloads. 
  29. ↑ "GraalVM". https://www.graalvm.org/. 
  30. ↑ "GraalVM Enterprise". https://www.oracle.com/java/graalvm/. 
  31. ↑ "Oracle Java Technologies". https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/. 
  32. ↑ "JDK Builds from Oracle". https://jdk.java.net/. 
  33. ↑ "JDK Builds from Oracle". https://jdk.java.net/. 
  34. ↑ "OpenJDK: GPLv2 + Classpath Exception". https://openjdk.org/legal/gplv2+ce.html. 
  35. ↑ "[JDK-8215030 Disable shenandoah in Oracle builds"]. https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8215030. 
  36. ↑ "Not all OpenJDK 12 builds include Shenandoah: Here's why". April 19, 2019. https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2019/04/19/not-all-openjdk-12-builds-include-shenandoah-heres-why. 
  37. ↑ "OpenJDK Overview". https://developers.redhat.com/products/openjdk/overview. 
  38. ↑ "An OpenJDK release maintained and supported by SAP". https://sap.github.io/SapMachine/. 
  39. ↑ Fitzsimmons, Thomas (June 8, 2007). "Credits". http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/distro-pkg-dev/2007-June/000032.html. 
  40. ↑ Andrew, Haley (June 7, 2007). "Experimental Build Repository at icedtea.classpath.org". http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.java.openjdk.distro-packaging.devel/5. 
  41. ↑ Mark, Wielaard (June 7, 2007). "Experimental Build Repository at icedtea.classpath.org". http://developer.classpath.org/pipermail/classpath/2007-June/002109.html. 
  42. ↑ "Red Hat and Sun Collaborate to Advance Open Source Java Technology". Red Hat. November 5, 2007. http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20071105005882&newsLang=en. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Wade, Karsten (March 13, 2008). "OpenJDK in Fedora 9!". redhatmagazine.com. http://developer.redhatmagazine.com/2008/03/12/openjdk-to-replace-icedtea-in-fedora-9/. "Thomas Fitzsimmons updated the Fedora 9 release notes source pages to reflect that Fedora 9 would ship with OpenJDK 6 instead of the IcedTea implementation of OpenJDK 7. Fedora 9 (Sulphur) is due to release in May 2008." 
  44. ↑ "Open Source Java Technology Debuts In GNU/Linux Distributions". Sun Microsystems. http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/pr/2008-04/sunflash.20080430.1.xml. 
  45. ↑ "openjdk-6 in Ubuntu". https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/openjdk-6. 
  46. ↑ Reinhold, Mark (April 24, 2008). "There's not a moment to lose!". http://blogs.sun.com/mr/entry/in_hardy_heron. 
  47. ↑ "icedtea-java7 in Ubuntu". https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/icedtea-java7. 
  48. ↑ Topic, Dalibor (July 14, 2008). "QotD: Debian Overview of openjdk-6 source package". http://robilad.livejournal.com/33750.html. 
  49. ↑ "Overview of openjdk-6 source package". debian.org. http://packages.qa.debian.org/o/openjdk-6.html. 
  50. ↑ "Package: openjdk-6-jdk". debian.org. February 14, 2009. http://packages.debian.org/stable/openjdk-6-jdk. 
  51. ↑ "Package: OpenJDK". opensuse.org. http://en.opensuse.org/OpenJDK. 
  52. ↑ "How to download and install prebuilt OpenJDK packages". http://openjdk.java.net/install/#epel. 
  53. ↑ Sharples, Rich (June 19, 2008). "Java is finally Free and Open". http://blog.softwhere.org/archives/196. 
  54. ↑ Announcing OpenJDK 6 Certification for Ubuntu 9.04 (jaunty)
  55. ↑ Fuller, Landon (August 19, 2008). "SoyLatte, Meet OpenJDK: OpenJDK 7 for Mac OS X". http://landonf.bikemonkey.org/code/java/SoyLatte_Meets_OpenJDK.20080819.html. 
  56. ↑ "Android N switches to OpenJDK, Google tells Oracle it is protected by the GPL". January 6, 2016. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/01/android-n-switches-to-openjdk-google-tells-oracle-it-is-protected-by-the-gpl/. 
  57. ↑ Schwartz, Jonathan (May 23, 2006). "Busy Week...". Sun Microsystems. http://blogs.sun.com/roller/page/jonathan/200605#busy_week1. 
  58. ↑ "Sun Opens Java" (OGG Theora). Sun Microsystems. http://mediacast.sun.com/share/tmarble/Sun_Opens_Java.ogg. 
  59. ↑ "Sun CEO sets open source Java time frame - Announcement set for 30 to 60 days". InfoWorld. October 25, 2006. http://www.infoworld.com/d/developer-world/sun-ceo-sets-open-source-java-time-frame-558. 
  60. ↑ "Sun Opens Java". Sun Microsystems. November 13, 2006. http://www.sun.com/2006-1113/feature/index.jsp. 
  61. ↑ Stallman, Richard. "Free But Shackled—The Java Trap". https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/java-trap.html. 
  62. ↑ Oracle and Sun . Sun.com (2011-10-04). Retrieved on 2013-08-09.
  63. ↑ "Open JDK is here!". Sun Microsystems. May 8, 2007. http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/announce/2007-May.txt. 
  64. ↑ Fitzsimmons, Thomas (May 18, 2007). "Plans for OpenJDK". http://fitzsim.org/blog/?p=17. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "OpenJDK 6 b10 source posted". May 30, 2008. http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/jdk6-dev/2008-May/000058.html. 
  66. ↑ "Changes in OpenJDK7 b53". April 2, 2009. http://download.java.net/jdk7/changes/jdk7-b53.html. 
  67. ↑ Herron, David (October 4, 2007). "Plans for OpenJDK". http://weblogs.java.net/blog/robogeek/archive/2007/10/openjdk_encumbr.html. 
  68. ↑ Kelly O'Hair (December 2010). "OpenJDK7 and OpenJDK6 Binary Plugs Logic Removed". Oracle Corporation. http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/build-dev/2010-December/003881.html. 
  69. ↑ Broad contributor agreement and TCK License pave way for a fully compatible, free and open-source Java Development Kit for Red Hat Enterprise Linux
  70. ↑ koki (January 3, 2008). "New java for haiku team formed". Haiku. http://haiku-os.org/news/2008-01-03/new_java_for_haiku_team_formed. 
  71. ↑ James Gosling (October 2006). "James Gosling on Open Sourcing Sun's Java Platform Implementations, Part 1" (Interview). Interviewed by Robert Eckstein.
  72. ↑ O'Hair, Kelly (December 12, 2007). "Mercurial OpenJDK Questions". http://blogs.sun.com/kto/entry/mercurial_openjdk_questions. 
  73. ↑ "Sun Microsystems Inc. Contributor Agreement". http://oss.oracle.com/oca.pdf. 
  74. ↑ "Regression Test Harness for the OpenJDK platform: jtreg". http://openjdk.java.net/jtreg/. 
  75. ↑ Tripp, Andy (July 16, 2007). "Classpath hackers frustrated with slow OpenJDK process". http://www.javalobby.org/java/forums/t98834.html. 
  76. ↑ Kennke, Roman (September 29, 2008). "A small step for me". http://kennke.org/blog/2008/09/29/a-small-step-for-me/. 
  77. ↑ Darcy, Joe (June 10, 2010). "Backporting changeset from 7 to 6 for bugfix". http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/jdk6-dev/2010-June/001708.html. 
  78. ↑ "Java for OS/2 and OS/2-based systems". https://trac.netlabs.org/java. 
  79. ↑ "Compatibility Subsystems". https://www.arcanoae.com/wiki/arcaos/compatibility-subsystems/. 
  80. ↑ "Microsoft, Azul Bring OpenJDK to Windows Azure With 'Zulu'". http://www.eweek.com/developer/microsoft-azul-bring-openjdk-to-windows-azure-with-zulu.html. 
  81. ↑ "Azul Zing goes live on Red Hat Enterprise Linux on Amazon Web Services | Financial Industry & Algorithmic Trading News | Automated Trader". http://www.automatedtrader.net/news/at/154682/azul-zing-goes-live-on-red-hat-enterprise-linux-on-amazon-web--services. 
  82. ↑ "Azul Systems Joins Canonical's Charm Partner Program". http://www.enterprisetech.com/2015/07/22/azul-systems-joins-canonicals-charm-partner-program/. 
  83. ↑ "Azul Systems puts Java 8 into Docker containers for Linux users". http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/2371497/azul-systems-puts-java-8-into-docker-containers-for-linux-users. 
  84. ↑ "Java Standards: Essential for Your Business - Azul Systems, Inc." (in en-US). Azul Systems, Inc.. https://www.azul.com/products/zulu-and-zulu-enterprise/java-standards/. 
  85. ↑ Haley, Andrew (October 1, 2016). "OpenJDK6 End Of Life". jdk6-dev (Mailing list). Archived from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  86. ↑ Bell, Tim (October 1, 2016). "New lead for the JDK 6 Project: Andrew Brygin". jdk6-dev (Mailing list). Archived from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  87. ↑ "New OpenJDK for OpenVMS announced". 2020-06-10. https://vmssoftware.com/about/news/2020-06-10-openjdk-announcement/. 
  88. ↑ Dalibor Topic (October 2018). "Building JDK 11 Together". Oracle Corporation. https://blogs.oracle.com/java-platform-group/building-jdk-11-together. 
  89. ↑ Mark Reinhold (October 2018). "JDK 11". Oracle Corporation. https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk/11/. 
  90. ↑ "Oracle and IBM Collaborate to Accelerate Java Innovation Through OpenJDK". Oracle Corporation. http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Oracle-and-IBM-Collaborate-to-Accelerate-Java-Innovation-Through-OpenJDK-NASDAQ-ORCL-1332855.htm. 
  91. ↑ Ryan Paul. "Java wars: IBM joins OpenJDK as Oracle shuns Apache Harmony". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2010/10/ibm-joins-openjdk-as-oracle-shuns-apache-harmony.ars. 
  92. ↑ Bob Sutor. "IBM joins the OpenJDK community, will help unify open source Java efforts". http://www.sutor.com/c/2010/10/ibm-joins-the-openjdk-community/. "IBM will be shifting its development effort from the Apache Project Harmony to OpenJDK. For others who wish to do the same, we’ll work together to make the transition as easy as possible. IBM will still be vigorously involved in other Apache projects." 
  93. ↑ "Java for Mac OS X 10.6 Update 3 and 10.5 Update 8 Release Notes". October 20, 2010. https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#releasenotes/Java/JavaSnowLeopardUpdate3LeopardUpdate8RN/NewandNoteworthy/NewandNoteworthy.html. 
  94. ↑ "Oracle and Apple Announce OpenJDK Project for Mac OS X". Business Wire. November 12, 2010. http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20101112005253/en/Oracle-Apple-Announce-OpenJDK-Project-Mac-OS. "Oracle and Apple today announced the OpenJDK project for Mac OS X. Apple will contribute most of the key components, tools and technology required for a Java SE 7 implementation on Mac OS X, including a 32-bit and 64-bit HotSpot-based Java virtual machine, class libraries, a networking stack and the foundation for a new graphical client. OpenJDK will make Apple’s Java technology available to open source developers so they can access and contribute to the effort." 
  95. ↑ Mike Swingler (Apple) (January 11, 2011). "Announcing: OpenJDK for Mac OS X source repository, mailing list, project home". OpenJDK. http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/macosx-port-dev/2011-January/000007.html. "I'm very happy to let you know that today we made the first public contribution of code to the OpenJDK project for Mac OS X. This initial contribution builds on the hard work of the BSD port, and initially has the same functionality. Today's contribution simply modifies the build process to create universal binary, and produces a .jdk bundle which is recognized by Java Preferences and the JVM detection logic in Mac OS X." 
  96. ↑ Volker Simonis (SAP AG) (July 14, 2011). "SAP joins the OpenJDK". OpenJDK. http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/discuss/2011-July/001982.html. "I'm really happy that as of today, SAP has signed the Oracle Contributor Agreement (OCA). This means that with immediate effect the SAP JVM developers can officially join the discussions on the various OpenJDK mailing lists and contribute patches and enhancements to the project." 

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