Earth:Cisuralian

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Short description: First series of the Permian
Cisuralian
298.9 ± 0.15 – 273.01 ± 0.14 Ma
The World of the Carboniferous-Permian boundary.svg
The world at the start of the Cisuralian
Chronology
Permian graphical timeline
Subdivision of the Permian according to the ICS, as of 2021.[1]
Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
Etymology
Name formalityFormal
Synonym(s)Early/Lower Permian
Usage information
Celestial bodyEarth
Regional usageGlobal (ICS)
Time scale(s) usedICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unitEpoch
Stratigraphic unitSeries
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definitionFAD of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus within the morphotype Streptognathodus wabaunsensis chronocline
Lower boundary GSSPAidaralash, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan
[ ⚑ ] 50°14′45″N 57°53′29″E / 50.2458°N 57.8914°E / 50.2458; 57.8914
GSSP ratified1996[2]
Upper boundary definitionFAD of the Conodont Jinogondolella nanginkensis
Upper boundary GSSPStratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, United States
[ ⚑ ] 31°52′36″N 104°52′36″W / 31.8767°N 104.8768°W / 31.8767; -104.8768
GSSP ratified2001[3]

The Cisuralian is the first series/epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the Pennsylvanian and followed by the Guadalupian. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan and dates between 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma.[4]

In the regional stratigraphy of southwestern North America, the Cisuralian encompasses two series: the Wolfcampian (Asselian to mid-Artinskian) and Leonardian (mid-Artinskian to Kungurian).[5][6][7]

The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years.

Name and background

The Cisuralian is the first series or epoch of the Permian.[8] The Cisuralian was preceded by the last Pennsylvanian epoch (Gzhelian) and is followed by the Permian Guadalupian Epoch.

The name "Cisuralian" was proposed in 1982,[9] and approved by the International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996.[10] The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan.[11][12][13]

Limestones on the edge of Russian Platform and make up the Ishimbay oil fields. These oil fields were vital to the Soviet Union during WW2 when the Germans controlled the oil fields to the west.[11]

The International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2018/07)[8] provides a numerical age of 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma.[14]

The base of the Cisuralian series and the Permian system is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus first appear. The global reference profile for the base (the GSSP or golden spike) is located in the valley of the Aidaralash River, near Aqtöbe in the Ural Mountains of Kazakhstan.[15]

Geography

Gondwana collided with Laurussia and created the Alleghenian orogeny in present-day North America.[11] In northwestern Europe, the Hercynian orogeny continued.[11] This created the large supercontinent, Pangea, by the middle of the early Permian, which was to have an impact on the climate.[11]

Climate

At the start of the Permian, the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age, which began in the Carboniferous, was at its peak. Glaciers receded over the course of the late Cisuralian as the Earth's climate gradually warmed,[16] particularly during the Artinskian Warming Event,[17] drying the continent's interiors.[18][19][20] The pan-tropical belt of Pangaea experienced particularly significant aridification during this epoch.[21][22][23]

Biodiversity

The swampy fringes were mostly ferns, seed ferns, and lycophytes. The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies.[11]

The coal swamps from the Carboniferous continued and the herbivores, Diadectes and Edaphosaurus.[12] The dry interior with small insectivores. Caseids and prototherapsid Tetraceratops made their appearance.[12] The marine life was probable more diverse than modern times as the climate warmed.[11] Unusual sharks such as Helicoprion continued in this series.

Early Permian terrestrial faunas were dominated by pelycosaurs, diadectids, and amphibians,[24][25] The pelycosaurs appeared during the Late Carboniferous, and reached their apex in the Cisuralian remaining the dominant land animals for some 40 million years.[12][26] A few continued into the Capitanian. They were succeeded by the therapsids.[12]

Subdivisions

Global

  • Asselian stage (298.9 ± 0.15 – 294.6 ± 0.8 Ma)
  • Sakmarian stage (294.6 ± 0.8 – 290.1 ± 0.7 Ma)
  • Artinskian stage (290.1 ± 0.7 – 283.5 ± 0.7 Ma)
  • Kungurian stage (283.5 ± 0.7 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma)

Regional

  • New Zealand
    • Telfordian (289 – 278 Ma)
    • Mangapirian (278 – 270.6 Ma)

References

  1. ↑ "Chart/Time Scale". International Commission on Stratigraphy. http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale. 
  2. ↑ Davydov, Vladimir; Glenister, Brian; Spinosa, Claude; Ritter, Scott; Chernykh, V.; Wardlaw, B.; Snyder, W. (March 1998). "Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System". Episodes 21: 11–18. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003. https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/asselian.pdf. Retrieved 7 December 2020. 
  3. ↑ "GSSP for Roadian Stage". https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/roadian. 
  4. ↑ Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521786737. 
  5. ↑ Ross, C. A.; Ross, June R. P. (1995). "Permian Sequence Stratigraphy". The Permian of Northern Pangea. pp. 98–123. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78593-1_7. ISBN 978-3-642-78595-5. 
  6. ↑ "Permian: Stratigraphy". University of California Berkeley. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/permstrat.html. 
  7. ↑ Henderson, C.M.; Shen, S.Z.; Gradstein, F.M.; Agterberg, F.P. (2020), "The Permian Period" (in en), Geologic Time Scale 2020 (Elsevier): pp. 875–902, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00024-3, ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128243602000243, retrieved 2023-09-12 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 International Commission on Stratigraphy. "Chart". http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale. 
  9. ↑ Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004). A geologic time scale 2004. Cambridge University Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-521-78673-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=rse4v1P-f9kC&pg=PA254. 
  10. ↑ Ganelin, V.G.; Goman'kov, A.V.; Grunt, T.A.; Durante, M.V. (January 1997). "On the revised stratigraphic scale for the Permian System adopted at the Second Guadalupian Symposium, alpine, Texas, USA, April 1996". Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 5 (2): 126–130. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289289471. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Ross, June R.P.; Ross, Charles A. (16 October 2018). "Permian Period". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Permian-Period. Retrieved 18 April 2019. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Kazlev, M. Alan (4 May 2002). "The Cisuralian Epoch". http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/permian/cisuralian.html. 
  13. ↑ Allaby, Michael (2015). A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001. ISBN 9780199653065. 
  14. ↑ International Commission on Stratigraphy. "GSSPs". http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-gssps. 
  15. ↑ Davydov, V.I.; Glenister, B.F.; Spinosa, C.; Ritter, S.M.; Chernykh, V.V.; Wardlaw, B.R. and Snyder, W.S.; 1998: Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System, Episodes 21(1): pp 11–18.
  16. ↑ Scotese, Christopher R.; Song, Haijun; Mills, Benjamin J. W.; van der Meer, Douwe G. (April 2021). "Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years". Earth-Science Reviews 215: 103503. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503. ISSN 0012-8252. Bibcode: 2021ESRv..21503503S. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825221000027. Retrieved 18 March 2023. 
  17. ↑ Marchetti, Lorenzo; Forte, Giuseppa; Kustatscher, Evelyn; DiMichele, William A.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Roghi, Guido; Juncal, Manuel A.; Hartkopf-Fröder, Christoph et al. (March 2022). "The Artinskian Warming Event: an Euramerican change in climate and the terrestrial biota during the early Permian". Earth-Science Reviews 226: 103922. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103922. Bibcode: 2022ESRv..22603922M. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001282522200006X. Retrieved 30 October 2022. 
  18. ↑ Michel, Lauren A.; Tabor, Neil J.; Montañez, Isabel P.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Davydov, Vladimir (15 July 2015). "Chronostratigraphy and Paleoclimatology of the Lodève Basin, France: Evidence for a pan-tropical aridification event across the Carboniferous–Permian boundary". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 430: 118–131. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.020. Bibcode: 2015PPP...430..118M. 
  19. ↑ Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time > The Permian Period Accessed 1 April 2013.
  20. ↑ Grossman, Ethan L.; Yancey, Thomas E.; Jones, Thomas E.; Bruckschen, Peter; Chuvashov, Boris; Mazzullo, S. J.; Mii, Horng-sheng (24 October 2008). "Glaciation, aridification, and carbon sequestration in the Permo-Carboniferous: The isotopic record from low latitudes". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 286 (3–4): 222–233. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.053. Bibcode: 2008PPP...268..222G. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018208003027#!. Retrieved 30 October 2022. 
  21. ↑ Forte, Giuseppa; Kustatscher, Evelyn; Roghi, Guido; Preto, Nereo (15 April 2018). "The Permian (Kungurian, Cisuralian) palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate of the Tregiovo Basin, Italy: Palaeobotanical, palynological and geochemical investigations". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 495: 186–204. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.012. Bibcode: 2018PPP...495..186F. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018217308805. Retrieved 22 December 2022. 
  22. ↑ Mujal, Eudald; Fortuny, Josep; Marmi, Josep; Dinarès-Turell, Jaume; Bolet, Arnau; Oms, Oriol (January 2018). "Aridification across the Carboniferous–Permian transition in central equatorial Pangea: The Catalan Pyrenean succession (NE Iberian Peninsula)". Sedimentary Geology 363: 48–68. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.11.005. Bibcode: 2018SedG..363...48M. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0037073817302476. Retrieved 22 December 2022. 
  23. ↑ Matamales-Andreu, Rafal; Mujal, Eudald; Dinarès-Turell, Jaume; Kustatcher, Evelyn; Roghi, Guido; Oms, Oriol; Galobart, Àngel; Fortuny, Josep (May 2022). "Early–middle Permian ecosystems of equatorial Pangaea: Integrated multi-stratigraphic and palaeontological review of the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)". Earth-Science Reviews 228: 103948. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103948. Bibcode: 2022ESRv..22803948M. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825222000320. Retrieved 3 January 2023. 
  24. ↑ Huttenlocker, A. K., and E. Rega. 2012. The Paleobiology and Bone Microstructure of Pelycosaurian-grade Synapsids. Pp. 90–119 in A. Chinsamy (ed.) Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation, Histology, Biology. Indiana University Press.
  25. ↑ "NAPC Abstracts, Sto – Tw". berkeley.edu. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/napc/abs23.html#SumidaS. 
  26. ↑ Brocklehurst, Neil; Kammerer, Christian F.; Fröbisch, Jörg (23 June 2013). "The early evolution of synapsids, and the influence of sampling on their fossil record". Paleobiology 39 (3): 470–490. doi:10.1666/12049. Bibcode: 2013Pbio...39..470B. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/early-evolution-of-synapsids-and-the-influence-of-sampling-on-their-fossil-record/F954EFC9ABBCEF36ED469C715C3B16A3. Retrieved 2 April 2023. 



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