Astronomy:WD 0137−349

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Short description: Binary star system in the constellation Sculptor
WD 0137-349
Observation data
Equinox J2000.0]] (ICRS)
Constellation Sculptor
Right ascension  01h 39m 42.847s[1]
Declination −34° 42′ 39.32″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) +15.33 ± 0.02[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type DA[3] + L8[2]/T[4]
B−V color index −0.02
Astrometry
Proper motion (μ) RA: -42.059[5] mas/yr
Dec.: -48.895[5] mas/yr
Parallax (π)9.8472 ± 0.0367[5] mas
Distance331 ± 1 ly
(101.6 ± 0.4 pc)
Orbit[6]
Period (P)0.0803 ± 0.0002
Semi-major axis (a)0.65 R☉
Periastron epoch (T)2453686.5276 ± 0.0001
Semi-amplitude (K1)
(primary)		27.9 ± 0.3 km/s
Semi-amplitude (K2)
(secondary)		−187.5 ± 1.1 km/s
Details
WD 0137-349A
Mass0.39 ± 0.035[6] M☉
Radius0.0186 ± 0.0012[6] R☉
Luminosity0.023 ± 0.004[6] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)7.49 ± 0.08[6] cgs
Temperature16500 ± 500[6] K
Age250 ± 80[6] Myr
WD 0137-349B
Mass0.053 ± 0.006[2] M☉
Temperature1300 to 1400[2] K
Other designations
2MASS J01394284-3442393, BPS CS 29504-0036[7]
Database references
SIMBADA
B

WD 0137-349 is a binary star in the constellation of Sculptor. It is located about 330 light-years (100 parsecs) away, and appears exceedingly faint with an apparent magnitude of 15.33.[2]

It is composed of a white dwarf with a brown dwarf in orbit around it, and is one of the few systems composed of a white dwarf and an associated brown dwarf.[6] The brown dwarf orbits with a period of 116 minutes, or nearly 2 hours.[6]

Properties

The primary is a typical hydrogen white dwarf, as indicated by its spectral type of DA. It has about 39% of the Sun's mass and is only 1.86% as wide (12,900 km).[6] With a high effective temperature of 16,500 K, it emits radiation mostly in the ultraviolet range.[8]

The brown dwarf, designated WD 0137-349B, can be detected from an infrared excess.[2] Although it glows with an effective temperature of 1300 to 1400 K, the side facing the white dwarf's intercepts 1% of its light, and heats it up to around 2000 K.[8] The "night" side spectrum of WD 0137-349B therefore matches that of a mid-T-type brown dwarf, while the "day" side spectrum matches that of an early L-type brown dwarf.[4] The brown dwarf is suspected to be a white dwarf or even a strange star, as a hydrogen-dominated substellar object may be unstable in such a small orbit.[9]

Evolution

The brown dwarf is known to have survived being engulfed when the primary star was a red giant,[6] because it was relatively massive. At that time, the red giant had a radius of 100 R☉.[10] It is thought that the red giant phase of the current white dwarf was shortened from around 100 million years on average, to a few decades—while the brown dwarf was within the red giant, it hastened the expulsion of matter during this phase by rapidly heating gas and accreting a portion of it. During this phase, drag from the red giant also decreased the orbital speed of the brown dwarf, causing it to fall inwards.[11]

The orbit of the brown dwarf is slowly decaying.[6] In about 1.4 billion years, it is thought that the orbit of the brown dwarf will have decayed sufficiently to allow the white dwarf to draw matter away and accrete it on its surface, leading to a cataclysmic variable.[6]

As of 2006, this is the coldest known companion to a white dwarf.[2] This brown dwarf was also the object with the lowest mass known to have survived being engulfed by a red giant. Previously, only red dwarfs had been known to survive being enveloped during a red giant phase. It is thought that objects smaller than 20 Jupiter masses would have evaporated.[11]

Post common envelope white dwarf-brown dwarf binaries

WD 0137-349 represents the first confirmed post common envelope binary (PCEB) containing a white dwarf and a brown dwarf. As of 2018 only 8 of these wd+bd PCEBs are known. The first with a confirmed spectral type was GD 1400, but this second confirmed wd+bd binary after GD 165B[12] was confirmed as a PCEB in 2011, five years later than WD 0137-349.[13]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cutri, Roc M.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Beichman, Charles A.; Carpenter, John M.; Chester, Thomas; Cambresy, Laurent; Evans, Tracey E. et al. (2003). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues 2246: II/246. Bibcode: 2003yCat.2246....0C. http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=II/246. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Burleigh, M. R.; Hogan, E.; Dobbie, P. D.; Napiwotzki, R.; Maxted, P. F. L. (2006). "A near-infrared spectroscopic detection of the brown dwarf in the post common envelope binary WD 0137-349". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 373 (1): L55–L59. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00242.x. Bibcode: 2006MNRAS.373L..55B. 
  3. ↑ Koester, D.; Voss, B.; Napiwotzki, R.; Christlieb, N.; Homeier, D.; Lisker, T.; Reimers, D.; Heber, U. (2009). "High-resolution UVES/VLT spectra of white dwarfs observed for the ESO SN Ia Progenitor Survey". Astronomy and Astrophysics 505 (1): 441–462. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912531. Bibcode: 2009A&A...505..441K. http://uhra.herts.ac.uk/bitstream/2299/3998/1/903628.pdf. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Zhou, Yifan; Apai, Dániel; Tan, Xianyu; Lothringer, Joshua D.; Lew, Ben W. P.; Casewell, Sarah L.; Parmentier, Vivien; Marley, Mark S. et al. (2022). "HST/WFC3 Complete Phase-resolved Spectroscopy of White-dwarf-brown-dwarf Binaries WD 0137 and EPIC 2122". The Astronomical Journal 163 (1): 17. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac3095. Bibcode: 2022AJ....163...17Z. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Brown, A. G. A. (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics 649: A1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. Bibcode: 2021A&A...649A...1G.  Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 Maxted, P. F. L.; Napiwotzki, R.; Dobbie, P. D.; Burleigh, M. R. (2006). "Survival of a brown dwarf after engulfment by a red giant star". Nature 442 (7102): 543–5. doi:10.1038/nature04987. PMID 16885979. Bibcode: 2006Natur.442..543M. 
  7. ↑ "BPS CS 29504-0036". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=BPS+CS+29504-0036. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Casewell, S. L.; Lawrie, K. A.; Maxted, P. F. L.; Marley, M. S.; Fortney, J. J.; Rimmer, P. B.; Littlefair, S. P.; Wynn, G. et al. (2015). "Multiwaveband photometry of the irradiated brown dwarf WD0137-349B". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 447 (4): 3218. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2721. Bibcode: 2015MNRAS.447.3218C. 
  9. ↑ Kuerban, Abudushataer; Geng, Jin-Jun; Huang, Yong-Feng; Zong, Hong-Shi; Gong, Hang (2020), "Close-in Exoplanets as Candidates for Strange Quark Matter Objects", The Astrophysical Journal 890 (1): 41, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab698b, Bibcode: 2020ApJ...890...41K 
  10. ↑ Passy, Jean-Claude; Mac Low, Mordecai-Mark; De Marco, Orsola (2012). "On the Survival of Brown Dwarfs and Planets Engulfed by Their Giant Host Star". The Astrophysical Journal 759 (2): L30. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/2/L30. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...759L..30P. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ker Than (2 August 2006). "Object Survives Being Swallowed by a Star". http://www.space.com/2696-object-survives-swallowed-star.html. 
  12. ↑ Farihi, J.; Christopher, M. (October 2004). "A Possible Brown Dwarf Companion to the White Dwarf GD 1400" (in en). The Astronomical Journal 128 (4): 1868–1871. doi:10.1086/423919. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2004AJ....128.1868F. 
  13. ↑ Casewell, S. L.; Braker, I. P.; Parsons, S. G.; Hermes, J. J.; Burleigh, M. R.; Belardi, C.; Chaushev, A.; Finch, N. L. et al. (2018-05-01). "The first sub-70 minute non-interacting WD-BD system: EPIC212235321". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 476 (1): 1405–1411. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty245. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2018MNRAS.476.1405C. 

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