Chemistry:Rhenium diboride
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| IUPAC name
Rhenium diboride
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3D model (JSmol)
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| Properties | |
| ReB2 | |
| Molar mass | 207.83 g/mol |
| Appearance | black powder |
| Density | 12.7 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 2,400 °C (4,350 °F; 2,670 K)[1] |
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| Structure | |
| Hexagonal, Space group P63/mmc. | |
| Hazards | |
| GHS pictograms |  [2]
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| GHS Signal word | Warning[2] |
| H315, H319, H335[2] | |
| P261, P280, P305+351+338, P304+340, P405, P501[2] | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
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Rhenium diboride (ReB2) is a synthetic high-hardness material that was first synthesized in 1962[3][4]. The compound is formed from a mixture of rhenium, noted for its resistance to high pressure, and boron, which forms short, strong covalent bonds with rhenium. It has regained popularity in recent times in hopes of finding a material that possesses hardness comparable to that of diamond.[5]
Unlike other high-hardness synthetic materials, such as the c-BN, rhenium diboride can be synthesized at ambient pressure,[4] potentially simplifying a mass production. However, the high cost of rhenium and commercial availability of alternatives such as polycrystalline c-BN, make a prospect of large-scale applications less likely.[4]
Synthesis
ReB2 can be synthesized by at least three different methods at standard atmospheric pressure: solid-state metathesis, melting in an electric arc, and direct heating of the elements.[5]
In the metathesis reaction, rhenium trichloride and magnesium diboride are mixed and heated in an inert atmosphere and the magnesium chloride byproduct is washed away. Excess boron is needed to prevent the formation of other phases such as Re7B3 and Re3B.
In the arc-melting method, rhenium and boron powders are mixed and a large electric current is passed through the mixture, also in an inert atmosphere.
In the direct reaction method, the rhenium-boron mixture is sealed in a vacuum and held at a high temperature over a longer period (1,000 °C for five days).
At least the last two methods are capable of producing pure ReB2 without any other phases, as confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Hardness
Rhenium diboride is occasionally, and controversially,[4][6] cited as a "superhard material" due to its high hardness level. However, tested in the asymptotic-hardness region, as recommended for hard and superhard materials,[4] rhenium diboride demonstrates a Vickers hardness of only 30.1 ± 1.3 GPa at 4.9 N, well below the generally-accepted threshold of 40 GPa or more needed to classify it as "superhard".[4] Another research has estimated the Hv of full-dense ReB2 at about 22 GPa under an applied load of 2.94 N,[6] comparable to that of tungsten carbide, silicon carbide, titanium diboride or zirconium diboride.[6]
Values greater than 40 GPa have been observed only in tests with very low loads, which is not a suitable testing method for this type of solids.[4] In one test, the lowest tested load of 0.49 N yielded the average hardness of 48 ± 5.6 GPa and a maximum hardness of 55.5 GPa, which is comparable to the hardness of cubic boron nitride (c-BN) under an equivalent load.[5] Such phenomenon of inverse relationship between the applied load and hardness is known as the indentation size effect.[5]
In recent times, there has been a significant amount of research into improving the hardness and other properties of the ReB2. In one study, the hardness for the ReB2(R-3m) polymorph was estimated at 41.7 GPa, while for the ReB2(P63/mmc) it was placed at c.a. 40.6 GPa.[7] In another study, a fully dense B4C-27wt.%ReB2 ceramic composite nanopowder was fabricated by spark plasma sintering. It has exhibited a microhardness of 50 ± 3 GPa under a 49 N load in the asymptotic-hardness region and had a 3.2 g/cm3 density, comparable with the hardness and density of the c-BN.[8]
The hardness of ReB2 exhibits considerable anisotropy because of its hexagonal layered structure, being greatest along the c axis. Two factors contribute to the high hardness of ReB2: a high density of valence electrons, and an abundance of short covalent bonds.[5][9] Rhenium has one of the highest valence electron densities of any transition metal (476 electrons/nm3, compare to 572 electrons/nm3 for osmium and 705 electrons/nm3 for diamond[10]). The addition of boron requires only a 5% expansion of the rhenium lattice because the small boron atoms fill the existing spaces between the rhenium atoms. Furthermore, the electronegativities of rhenium and boron are close enough (1.9 and 2.04 on the Pauling scale) that they form covalent bonds in which the electrons are shared almost equally.
See also
References
- ↑ Gaidar', L. M.; Zhilkin, V. Z. (1968). "Forward slip in the rolling of strip from metal powders". Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 7 (4): 258. doi:10.1007/BF00775787.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Rhenium Diboride". https://www.americanelements.com/rhenium-diboride-12355-99-6. Retrieved 2018-08-02.
- ↑ La Placa, S. J.; Post, B. (1962). "The crystal structure of rhenium diboride". Acta Crystallographica 15 (2): 97. doi:10.1107/S0365110X62000298.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Dubrovinskaia, Natalia; Dubrovinsky, Leonid; Solozhenko, Vladimir L. (2007-12-07). "Comment on "Synthesis of Ultra-Incompressible Superhard Rhenium Diboride at Ambient Pressure"" (in en). Science 318 (5856): 1550–1550. doi:10.1126/science.1147650. ISSN 0036-8075. OCLC 264200699. PMID 18063772. Bibcode: 2007Sci...318.1550D. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1147650. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Chung, Hsiu-Ying et al. (April 20, 2007). "Synthesis of Ultra-Incompressible Superhard Rhenium Diboride at Ambient Pressure". Science 316 (5823): 436–9. doi:10.1126/science.1139322. PMID 17446399. Bibcode: 2007Sci...316..436C. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/316/5823/436.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Qin, Jiaqian; He, Duanwei; Wang, Jianghua; Fang, Leiming; Lei, Li; Li, Yongjun; Hu, Juan; Kou, Zili et al. (2008). "Is Rhenium Diboride a Superhard Material?". Advanced Materials 20 (24): 4780. doi:10.1002/adma.200801471. Bibcode: 2008AdM....20.4780Q.
- ↑ Maździarz, Marcin; Mościcki, Tomasz (2015-10-12). "Structural, mechanical, optical, thermodynamical and phonon properties of stable ReB2 polymorphs from density functional calculations" (in en). Journal of Alloys and Compounds 657: 878–888. 2016-02-05. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.10.133. ISSN 0925-8388. OCLC 5937517569. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092583881531389X?via%3Dihub. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ↑ Mnatsakanyan, R.; Davtyan, D.; Minasyan, T.; Aydinyan, S.; Hussainova, I. (2021-02-15). "Superhard B4C-ReB2 composite by SPS of microwave synthesized nanopowders". Materials Letters 285: 129163. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2020.129163. ISSN 0167-577X. OCLC 8885940810. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167577X2031870X.
- ↑ W. Zhou; H. Wu; T. Yildirim (2007). "Electronic, dynamical, and thermal properties of ultra-incompressible superhard rhenium diboride: A combined first-principles and neutron scattering study". Phys. Rev. B 76 (18): 184113–184119. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.184113. Bibcode: 2007PhRvB..76r4113Z.
- ↑ Cumberland, Robert W. et al. (April 27, 2005). "Osmium Diboride, An Ultra-Incompressible, Hard Material". Journal of the American Chemical Society 127 (20): 7264–5. doi:10.1021/ja043806y. PMID 15898746. http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jacsat/2005/127/i20/abs/ja043806y.html.
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